• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.59-97
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• 1971

As a study on the cellulase of Myriococcum albomyces the culture media for enzyme formation and properties of its crude preparation were investigated and the crude enzyme preparation was further fractionated. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Wheat bran solid culture produced stronger activities of cellulase than rice bran or defatted soy bean meal solid culture. 2. Shaking culture with wheat bran, rice bran or defatted soy bean meal produced higher cellulase activities than solid culture with the corresponding media. 3. The enzyme formation was higher at $45^{\circ}C$ than at $37^{\circ}C$ or $50^{\circ}C$ regardless of the kind of culture medium. 4. The formation of CMCase activity was more promoted by organic nitrogen source than inorganic nitrogen source. 5. The formation of cellulase activities were increased 1.5 to 3.0-fold by adding CMC, Avicel or cellulose powder as an inducer into 5% wheat bran basal medium. 6. Cellulase production using a tank culture procedure with addition of CMC or Avicel as an inducer was the highest at fifth day and thereafter decreased slightly. 7. The crude enzyme preparation showed pH optimum in 4.0 to 4.5, and pH stability in the range of 3.5 to 8.0. Optimum temperature for the activity was $65^{\circ}C$ which was higher than among other cellulases and it was stable at $60^{\circ}C$ for 120 minutes. 8. Dialyzed crude enzyme was activated by $Ca^{++}$ and $Mg^{++}$, but inhibited by $Hg^{++}$, $Cu^{++}$ and $Ag^{+}$. 9. Four different types of cellulase, i. e., fraction I, fraction II-a, fraction II-b, and fraction III were purified from the culture filtrate of Myriococcum albomyces through a sequence of ammonium sulfate fractionation, and elution chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-25, Amberlite CG-25 type 2 and hydroxyapatite columns. 10. These four cellulase fractions were showed to be homogenous by electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation and also gave a typical ultraviolet absorption spectrum of protein. 11. Four purified fraction showed different specificity toward substrates, fraction I has a stronger activity toward Avicel, cellulose powder, and gauze than that of other cellulase fractions. Fraction II-a had a powerful activity toward cellobiose but it was almost inactive agaisnt fibrous cellulose contrary to fraction I. On the contrary, the main component fraction II-b had a fairly higher activity on CMC and Avicel. Activity of fraction II-b toward cellobiose was about one-third of that of fraction II-a and activity on Avicel was lower than that of fraction I. Fraction III had a more powerful activity in decreasing viscosity of CMC. 12. Final hydrolysis products of fibrous cellulose by each fraction were cellobiose and glucose. Whereas oligosaccharides were predominant in the early stage of hydrolysis, prolonged reaction produced more glucose than cellobiose. Fraction I and fraction II-a acted synergically on Avicel. 13. Optimum pH for the activities of cellulase fraction I, fraction II-a, fraction II-b and fraction III were found to be 5.5, 5.0, 4.0 and $4.0{\sim}4.5$, respectively. These fractions were found to be stable in the range of pH $3.0{\sim}7.5$. 14. Optimum temperature for the activities of fraction I, fraction II-a, fraction II-b, and fraction III were $50^{\circ}C$, $55^{\circ}C$, $60^{\circ}C$ and $55^{\circ}C$, respectively. No less of activity was found by heating 120 minutes at $55^{\circ}C$ and fraction II-a was more stable than the others at $60^{\circ}C$. 15. Fraction I and fraction II-b were activated by $Ca^{++}$ and $Mg^{++}$ but inhibited by $Hg^{++}$ and $Ag^{+}$.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.684-689
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• 2012

Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) microspheres is one of the widely-used polymeric materials for the bio-field application and the electric materials. For the synthesis of PAA microspheres, the polymerization technique using surfactants is applied. After the synthesis, the purification and separation processes are required for the removal of surfactant. When general organic solvents were used, many problems, such as huge amount of waste solvent, additional separation processes, and the possibility of residual media, were occurred. Thus, High-pressure Soxhlet extraction using liquid $CO_2$ was developed to solve these problems. In this study, High-pressure Soxhlet extraction of the synthesized PAA microspheres using liquid $CO_2$ was conducted for the removal of Monasil PCA which is used for the dispersion polymerization of acrylic acid in compressed liquid Dimethyl ether (DME). The morphology of the extracted PAA particles was checked by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and the residual concentration of Monasil PCA was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma - Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES). For studying the effect of the solvent effect, Soxhlet extraction was conducted using n-hexane, liquid DME, and liquid $CO_2$. In case of n-hexane, some extracted PAA microspheres were produced. However, deformation was also occurred due to the high thermal energy of n-hexane vapor. Liquid DME could not remove Monasil PCA. When using liquid $CO_2$, the extracted PAA microspheres which were free for the residual solvent were produced without deformation. For finding the optimum operating condition, high-pressure Soxhlet extraction was conducted for 8 hours with changing the temperature of reboiler and condenser. When the extractor temperature is $19.6{\pm}0.2^{\circ}C$ and the pressure is $51.5{\pm}0.5$ bar, the best removal efficiency was obtained.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.10 no.10
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• pp.483-490
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• 2012

In parallel with advancement of the industrial society and accompanied quality-of-life improvement, jewelry is now rather viewed as one of common accessories used in daily life, than as a luxurious item as treated before change of perception about it in the past, attracting thus gradually multiplying demand for it. Thanks to rapid spread of multi media like the Internet, an increasing number of people have come to develop great liking for exceptional design and unique format of jewelry products. Following drain of their reserves, natural gems are unlikely to meet the demand for them fully in the future. As a consequence, it seems essential to rely on synthetic, artificial, imitation jewelry or organic substances and quasi-mineral in amorphous structure for substitute jewelry. Since synthetic jewelry has such a great potential as substitute jewelry, it is expected to maximize added value to jewelry if and when accompanied with development of creative design and upgrading of processing technology for jewelry, in addition to various types of synthetic jewelry and glass that have been already put in use as substitute substances. Synthetic jewelry is thus believed to be able to greatly contribute to progress of the jewelry industry. In many countries of the world, jewelry and gem industry has been regarded as one of promising sectors vital in enriching the national wealth. In this context, the Korean Ministry of Finance and Economy announced in July 2007 "an activating policy for the jewelry and gem industry, declaring to cultivate and grow it to be new engine for the nation's growth". The present paper thus aims to conduct a study exclusively on cutting design of synthetic jewelry as a part of measures to activate the jewelry industry in Korea. Efforts are made to develop designs for jewelry that are unique and different from the conventional stereotyped form of polishing and are added with color, pattern and fashionable cutting. Priority is given in this regard to designing jewelry that may attract general public and may be shared by public beyond the limit of conventional design for jewelry and producing products that stand in contrast with other products. By upgrading the quality of jewelry design, competitiveness of the jewelry industry may be ensured and the creative area of jewelry design may be expanded by far.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.116-122
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• 2011

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of several cooling methods such as water hose cooling, mist, fog and control on growth and microclimate, and to develop a simple nutriculture bed for production of fresh leaves of narrowhead goldenaray 'Ligularia stenocephala'. When the root-zone was cooled with 240 L/hr flow rate of $13^{\circ}C$ ground water using water hose, the temperature was lowered approximately by 2 to $3^{\circ}C$ than that of control. The growth of narrowhead goldenaray were favorable in the water hose cooling compared with the other cooling methods. Nutrient culture system having part cooling effect around plant canopy was developed. The system was composed of 15 cm diameter of water hose on side wall of beds, cooling hose, and expanded rice hull media as organic substrate. When cool water which the temperature changed in the range of 14 to $22^{\circ}C$ diurnally with 240 L/hr of flow rate through water hose, the air temperature around canopy and root-zone temperature were dropped by $0.5^{\circ}C$ and $3^{\circ}C$ compared with that of conventional styrofoam bed, respectively. These results showed that newly devised bed system using water hose was simple and economical for the production of high quality narrowhead goldenaray leaves. This system might be practically used both at summer and winter season for the cultivation of narrow head goldenaray by part cooling or heating around root-zone and plant canopy.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.183-189
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• 2017

This study investigated the synergistic effect of single inoculation and co-inoculation of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) Burkholderia metallica JH-7 and Burkholderia contaminans JH-15. Phosphate-solubilizing abilities of these strains were assessed by measuring phosphorus content in culture media that were singly inoculated or co-inoculated with these strains for 7 days. B. metallica JH-7 was found to release the highest content of soluble phosphorus ($140.80{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$ ) into the medium, followed by single inoculation of B. contaminans JH-15 ($135.95{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$ ) and co-inoculation of two strains ($134.84{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$ ). The highest pH reduction, organic acid production, and glucose consumption were observed in the medium inoculated with B. metallica JH-7 alone compared with that in the medium co-inoculated with both the strains. Results of a plant growth promotion bioassay showed 17.4% and 7.48% higher leaf and root growth, respectively, in romaine lettuce inoculated with B. metallica JH-7 alone than in romaine lettuce inoculated with a control strain. However, no significant difference was observed between single inoculation and co-inoculation of these strains with respect to phosphorus release and plant growth. Although the results of the present study did not show the synergistic effect of phosphate solubilization by the PSB strains examined, these results indicate that treatment with PSB exerts a beneficial effect on crop growth.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.35-42
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• 2005

This research was investigated the applicability of the biofiltration technology for the removal of volatile organic carbons (VOCs) produced from the bioremediation of oil contaminated soil. Diesel was used as surrogate for oil and, two types of biofilter systems made of ceramic and polymer media were compared for the removal efficiencies of diesel VOCs at different inlet concentrations and space velocity (SV) conditions. During the first 30-d operation, the removal efficiencies of the biofilter packed with polymer and the biofilter packed with ceramic were investigated at constant SV of $153\;h^{-1}$ When inlet concentrations of diesel VOCs were below 10 ppmv, the average removal efficiencies of the polymer biofilter and the ceramic biofilter were average $67\%\;and\;75\%$, respectively. When the inlet concentration increased to 30 ppmv, the VOC removal efficiency in the polymer biofilter was $80\%$, while the average removal efficiency in the ceramic biofilter was $60\%. Effect of the inlet concentration and SV on the removal efficiency of total diesel VOCs was investigated. As SV increased from $153\;h^{-1}$ to $204\;h^{-1}$ and $306\;h^{-1}$, the removal efficiency of total diesel VOCs was decreased gradually. The average removal efficiency of the biofilter packed with polymer carrier was decreased from $82\%\;to\;80\%\;and\;77\%$. The biofilter packed with polymer carrier showed that the removal efficiency of benzene and toluene were maintained within the range of $81\%\~86\%$. In contrast, for the biofilter packed with ceramic carrier, when SV increased from $153\;h^{-1}$ to $204\;h^{-1}$ and $306\;h^{-1}$, the removal efficiency of benzene decreased from $87\%\;to79\%\;and\;74\% . respectively. The removal efficiency of toluene decreased from $80\%\;to\;77\%\;and\;76\%$ at SV of $153\;h^{-1},\;204\;h^{-1}\;and\;306\;h^{-1}$, and $306\;h^{-1}$, respectively.

• Proceedings of the Technology Innovation Conference
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• 1997.07a
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• pp.222-223
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• 1997

By analyzing the successful innovation case of potato microtuber mass production technology, a representative case of technology-push type creative innovation in an imitation oriented research culture, this paper attempts to figure out conceptual model of creative innovation that is initiated by the public laboratories in catching-up country, Stages of creative innovation can be divided into the internal R&D stage and the external commercialization stage. Success of the internal R&D stage depended on autonomy to secure creative research idea and commitment of individual researchers. Psychological pressure evoked from sportlights of mass media and commitment of sponsor increased the intensity of research efforts of the researcher Recognition of research problem and its significance was intensified by site visits of agricultural fields, and the recognized higher impacts of expected research results and knowledge creation achieved were a fundamental source of self-motivation. In the stage of commercialization stage, various legal, socio-economic, and psychological barriers were confronted. In a catching-up country lacking of experiences of creative innovation, creative innovation process can be regarded as a barrier elimination and cultural revolution process. Among the barriers, psychological refusal of farmers to corn-sized potato seeds was critical, which finally enforced to further researches to enlarge the size of potato seeds. In addition, the researcher has concentrated his research efforts in one specialized research area by getting a series of similar research project funds rather than diversification. It was lucky for him to have a chance to carry out a series of similar researches in one research area during the last 10 years. In getting research funds from government and private companies continuously in one research area, both internal and external promoters played significant roles.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.19-30
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• 2008

Proper development of fertilized oocyte to blastocyst is a key step in mammalian development to implantation. During development of preimplantation embryos, the mammalian embryo needs supply the energy substrate for keep viability. Usually mammalian oocyte get substrate especially energy substrate from oviduct and uterus, because it does not store much substrate into cytoplasm during oogenesis. Carbohydrates are known as a main energy substrate for preimplantation stage embryos. Glucose, lactate and pyruvate are essential component in preimplantation embryo culture media and there are stage specific preferences to them. Glucose transporter and $H^+$-monocarboxylate cotransporter are a main mediator for carbohydrate transport and those expression levels are primarily under the control of intrinsic or extrinsic factors like insulin and glucose. Other organic substances, amino acids, lipids and nucleotides are used as energy substance and cellular regulation factor. Though since 1960s, successful development of fertilized embryo to blastocyst has been accomplished with chemically defined medium for example BWW and give rise to normal offspring in mammals, the role of metabolites and the regulation of intermediary metabolism are still poorly understood. Glucose may permit expression of metabolic enzymes and transporters in compacting morula, capable of generating the energy required for blastocyst formation. In addition, it has been suggested that the cytokines can modulate the metabolic rate of carbohydrate in embryos and regulate the preimplantation embryonic development through control the metabolic rate. Recently we showed that lactate can be used as a mediator for preimplantation embryonic development. Those observations indicate that metabolites of carbohydrate are required by the early embryo, not only as an energy source, but also as a key substrate for other regulatory and biosynthetic pathways. In addition metabolites of carbohydrate may involve in cellular activity during development of preimplantation embryos. It is suggested that through these regulation and with other regulation mechanisms, embryo and uterus can prepare the embryo implantation and further development, properly.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.147-154
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• 2018

This study was aimed to improve the productivity and income of mushroom farming by developing a new casing material as a substitute for clay loam casing soil, which is becoming more difficult to acquire. When the new casing materials were used for the stable production of button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus), a 1:1 mixture of clay loam and button mushroom media obtained after harvest supported 13% greater mycelial growth ($32.0kg/3.3m^2$). This material was better than clay loam soil in preventing contamination with environmental compounds and pests. The use of an inexpensive 1:1 mixture of peat moss and coco peat resulted superior mycelial growth with 4% better yield ($32.9kg/3.3m^2$) compared with conventional clay loam soil. Advantages of these casing materials included ready availability and improved productivity. Mixtures of peat moss + coco peat + zeolite (50%:30%:20%) and coco peat + coal ash (75%:25%) could substitute for conventional casing soil. Additionally, the novel mixtures containing material obtained after cultivation might be used to produce organic fertilizer.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.63-70
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• 2017

A functional screen of 60,672 fosmid metagenomic clones amplified from marine sediment obtained from the Dokdo islets in Korea identified the gene EstES1, whose product, EstES1, displayed lipolytic properties on tributyrin-supplemented media. EstES1 is a 576 amino acid protein with a predicted molecular weight of 59.4 kDa including 37 N-terminal leader amino acids. EstES1 exhibited the highest sequence similarity (44%) to a carboxylesterase found in Haliangium ochraceum DSM14365. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that EstES1 belongs to a currently uncharacterized family of lipases. Within the conserved domain, EstES1 retains the catalytic triad that consists of the consensus penta-peptide motif, GESAG. EstES1 demonstrated a broad substrate specificity toward the long acyl group of ethyl esters (C2-C12), and its optimal activity was recorded toward p-Nitrophenyl butyrate (C4) at pH 9.0 and $40^{\circ}C$ (specific activity of 255.4 U/mg). The enzyme remained stable in the ranges of $60-65^{\circ}C$ and pH 9.0-10.5 and in the presence of methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and dimethyl sulfoxide. Therefore, EstES1 has potential for use in industrial applications involving high temperature, organic solvents, and/or alkaline conditions.