• 유기물자원화
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.13-28
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• 2023

본 연구에서는 초본계 바이오매스인 잔디 예지물의 혐기소화 원료 가치를 평가하기 위하여 잔디 3종 (Poa pratensis, PP; Zoysia japonica, ZJ; Agrostis stolonifera, AS)의 생화학적 메탄퍼텐셜을 측정하였으며, 사일리지 저장기간 (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180일)에 따른 잔디 예지물 (PP)의 생화학적 메탄퍼텐셜 변화를 분석하여 사일리지 저장기간이 잔디 예지물의 혐기소화에 미치는 영향을 평가하고자 하였다. Parallel first-order kinetics model에 의한 생화학적 메탄퍼텐셜 (B_u-P)은 PP, ZJ, AS에서 각각 0.330, 0.297, 0.261 Nm³/kg-VS_added이었으며, PP의 잔디 예지물이 메탄생산을 위한 혐기소화 원료로서 가장 적합하였다. PP의 잔디 예지물 사일리지의 B_u-P는 저장기간 0일 0.269 Nm³/kg-VS_added에서 저장기간 180일 0.217 Nm³/kg-VS_added로 약 19% 감소하였다. 또한, 잔디 예지물 사일리지 저장기간 0일에 NDF, ADF, BP 함량은 각각 67.59, 39.68, 3.02%인 반면, 180일에는 각각 77.12, 54.65, 6.24%로 나타나 저장기간 180일에 잔디 예지물 사일리지에서 세포벽 구성 물질의 함량이 크게 증가하였다. 잔디 예지물을 효율적으로 혐기소화 하기 위해서는 사일리지 저장 방식 외에도 사일리지 제조과정에서 초기 수분함량, 효소 또는 알칼리 처리와 같은 전처리 방법, 잔류 농약에 의한 혐기소화 저해 영향 등에 관한 추가적인 연구가 요구된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권11호
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• pp.1652-1662
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• 2014

The present study investigated the optimum blending condition of protected fat, choline and yeast culture for lowering of rumen temperature. The Box Benken experimental design, a fractional factorial arrangement, and response surface methodology were employed. The optimum blending condition was determined using the rumen simulated in vitro fermentation. An additive formulated on the optimum condition contained 50% of protected fat, 25% of yeast culture, 5% of choline, 7% of organic zinc, 6.5% of cinnamon, and 6.5% of stevioside. The feed additive was supplemented at a rate of 0.1% of diet (orchard grass:concentrate, 3:7) and compared with a control which had no additive. The treatment resulted in lower volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration and biogas than the control. To investigate the effect of the optimized additive and feed energy levels on rumen and rectal temperatures, four rumen cannulated Hanwoo (Korean native beef breed) steers were in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Energy levels were varied to low and high by altering the ratio of forage to concentrate in diet: low energy (6:4) and high energy (4:6). The additive was added at a rate of 0.1% of the diet. The following parameters were measured; feed intake, rumen and rectal temperatures, ruminal pH and VFA concentration. This study was conducted in an environmentally controlled house with temperature set at $30^{\circ}C$ and relative humidity levels of 70%. Steers were housed individually in raised crates to facilitate collection of urine and feces. The adaptation period was for 14 days, 2 days for sampling and 7 days for resting the animals. The additive significantly reduced both rumen (p<0.01) and rectal temperatures (p<0.001) without depressed feed intake. There were interactions (p<0.01) between energy level and additive on ruminal temperature. Neither additive nor energy level had an effect on total VFA concentration. The additive however, significantly increased (p<0.01) propionate and subsequently had lower acetate:propionate (A/P) ratios than non-additive supplementation. High concentrate diets had significantly lower pH. Interactions between energy and additive were observed (p<0.01) in ammonia nitrogen production. Supplementation of diets with the additive resulted in lower rumen and rectal temperatures, hence the additive showed promise in alleviating undesirable effects of heat stress in cattle.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.446-455
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• 2020

Objective: Our recent series of laboratory- and large-scale experiments confirmed that under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, sodium metabisulfite (SMB) was effective in preserving nutrients and antioxidant capacity of highly perishable fruit and vegetable discards (FVD). Hence, the purpose of this study was to examine how partial inclusion of SMB-treated FVD in total mixed ration (TMR) influences in vitro ruminal fermentation, whole-tract digestibility, nitrogen metabolism, blood metabolites, and voluntary feed intake of sheep. Methods: The FVD were mixed thoroughly with 6 g SMB/kg wet biomass and kept outdoors under aerobic conditions for 7 days. Four TMRs including four levels of SMB-treated FVD (as-fed basis) at 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% (equaling to 0%, 1.9%, 3.8%, and 5.7% on dry matter basis, respectively), were prepared as replacement for corn grain. The ruminal fermentation metabolites were studied using an in vitro gas production test. Four mature male Corriedale sheep were assigned at random to the 4 diets for two separate sub-experiments; i) digestibility trial with four 21-d periods, and ii) voluntary feed intake trial with four 28-d periods. Results: Inclusion of SMB-treated FVD in the TMR tended to quadratically increase partitioning factor. No effect was seen on total-tract digestibility of organic matter, ether extract, crude protein, and acid detergent fiber, except for neutral detergent fiber digestibility that tended to linearly increase with increasing SMB-treated FVD in the TMR. The progressive increase of FVD preserved with SMB in the diet had no effect on nitrogen metabolism. Treatment had no effect on serum antioxidant capacity and blood metabolites assayed. Voluntary feed intake was not impaired by inclusion of SMB-treated FVD in the TMR. Conclusion: It appears that FVD preserved with SMB can be safely incorporated into TMR as replacement of corn grain without impairment of nutrient metabolism and feed intake.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권11호
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• pp.1568-1574
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• 2012

Three Holstein steers in the growing phase, each with a ruminal cannula, were used to test the hypothesis that the synchronization of the hourly rate of carbohydrate and nitrogen (N) released in the rumen would increase the amount of retained nitrogen for growth and thus improve the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (EMPS). In Experiment 1, in situ degradability coefficients of carbohydrate and N in feeds including Korean rice wine residue (RWR) were determined. In Experiment 2, three total mixed ration (TMR) diets having different rates of carbohydrate and N release in the rumen were formulated using the in situ degradability of the feeds. All diets were made to contain similar contents of crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) but varied in their hourly pattern of nutrient release. The synchrony index of the three TMRs was 0.51 (LS), 0.77 (MS) and 0.95 (HS), respectively. The diets were fed at a restricted level (2% of the animal's body weight) in a $3{\times}3$ Latin-square design. Synchronizing the hourly supply of energy and N in the rumen did not significantly alter the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, NDF or acid detergent fiber (ADF) (p>0.05). The ruminal $NH_3$-N content of the LS group at three hours after feeding was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of the other groups; however, the mean values of ruminal $NH_3$-N, pH and VFA concentration among the three groups were not significantly different (p>0.05). In addition, the purine derivative (PD) excretion in urine and microbial-N production (MN) among the three groups were not significantly different (p>0.05). In conclusion, synchronizing dietary energy and N supply to the rumen did not have a major effect on nutrient digestion or microbial protein synthesis (MPS) in Holstein steers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.816-824
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• 2006

This study was conducted to evaluate the shoot height at which the yield and nutritive value of wormwood (Artemisia montana) is optimized in order to provide information on its potential to support animal production (Experiment 1). A second objective was to determine how the essential oil (EO) concentration in wormwood hay and silage differ (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, Artemisia montana was harvested at five different shoot heights (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 cm) from triplicate $1.8{\times}1.8m$ plots. Dry matter (DM) yield was measured at each harvest date and the harvested wormwood was botanically separated into leaf, stalk and whole plant fractions and analyzed for chemical composition and in vitro dry matter digestibility (DMD). Values for total digestible nutrients (TDN), digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) were subsequently calculated using prediction equations. Dry matter yields of stalk and whole plant increased linearly (p<0.001) and leaf yield increased quadratically (p<0.01) with shoot height, whereas the leaf/stalk ratio decreased linearly (p<0.001). As shoot height increased, there was a linear increase (p<0.001) in leaf DM, ether extract (EE) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents and a quadratic increase (p<0.05) in leaf acid detergent fiber (ADF) and nitrogen free extract (NFE) contents, and stalk and whole plant DM (p<0.001), organic matter (OM, p<0.01 and p<0.05), NDF (p<0.001 and 0.05) and NFE (p<0.05) contents. However, there were decreases in leaf crude protein content (CP, quadratic, p<0.001) and stalk and whole plant EE content (linear, p<0.001), CP (quadratic, p<0.05) and ash (quadratic, p<0.05) contents. Digestibility of DM and TDN, and DE and ME value in leaves were not affected by increasing shoot height, but these measures linearly decreased (p<0.001) in stalk and whole plant. In Experiment 2, the hay had higher DM and CP concentrations, but lower EE concentration than the silage. Essential oil (EO) content in wormwood silage (0.49 g/100 g DM) was higher (p<0.05) than that in wormwood hay (0.32 g/100 g DM). Wormwood hay contained 25 essentail oils (EO) including camphor (10.4 g/100 g), 1-borneol (11.6 g/100 g) and caryophyllene oxide (27.7 g/100 g), and wormwood silage had 26 EO constituents including 3-cyclohexen-1-ol (8.1 g/100 g), trans-caryophyllene (8.6 g/100 g) and ${\gamma}$-selinene (16.8 g/100 g). It is concluded that the most ideal shoot height for harvesting wormwood is 60 cm based on the optimization of DM yield and nutritive value. Wormwood silage had a greater quantity and array of EO than wormwood hay.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권12호
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• pp.1705-1711
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• 2001

Silage corn (Zea mays L) is grown extensively in livestock operations, and many managements focus on forage yield. This experiment was conducted at Seoul National University (SNU) Experimental Livestock Farm, Suwon in 1998. We determined the effect of planting date and harvest stage on forage yield and quality responses of corn hybrids (five relative maturity groups). The five maturity groups (100 d, 106 d, 111 d, 119 d and 125 d) were planted on 15 April and 15 May, and harvested at maturity stages (1/3, 1/2 and 2/3 kernel milkline). Whole plant dry matter (DM) and ear percentages had significant differences among corn hybrids. Ear percentages of early maturing corns (100 d and 106 d) were higher than for other hybrids. Ear percentage at the early planting date was higher than that at the late planting date for all corn hybrids. The DM and total digestible nutrients (TDN) yields of the 106 d and 111 d corn hybrids were higher than other hybrids, and the DM and TDN yields at the early planting date were higher than that at the late planting date. The acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) percentages were greater for the late maturity corn hybrids. For plants of the early planting date, the ADF and NDF percentages were lower than for those of late planting date for hybrids. From the comparison among harvest stages, ADF and NDF percentages were decreased as harvest stage progressed. The TDN, net energy for lactation (NEL), and cellulase digestible organic matter of dry matter (CDOMD) were decreased as maturity of corn hybrid delayed. The TDN, NEL, and CDOMD values at the early planting date were higher than those at the late planting date among for corn hybrids. From the comparison among harvest dates, TDN, NEL, and CDOMD values were increased as harvest stage progressed. The correlation coefficient for DM percentage of grain at harvest with DM and TDN yields were 0.68*** and 0.76***, respectively. And the correlation coefficient for ear percentage with ADF, NDF, and CDOMD were -0.81***, -0.82*** and 0.73***, respectively. Our study showed differences of silage corn in forage production and quality resulting from hybrid maturity, planting date, and harvest stage. We believe that for the best silage corn, selection of the hybrid and best management practices are very important.

• BMB Reports
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.696-702
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• 2006

Recently three proteins, playing central roles in the bidirectional transport of urate in renal proximal tubules, were identified: two members of the organic anion transporter (OAT) family, OAT1 and OAT3, and a protein that designated renal urate-anion exchanger (URAT1). Antibodies against these transporters are very important for investigating their expressions and functions. With the cytokine gene as a molecular adjuvant, genetic immunization-based antibody production offers several advantages including high specificity and high recognition to the native protein compared with current methods. We fused high antigenicity fragments of the three transporters to the plasmids pBQAP-TT containing T-cell epitopes and flanking regions from tetanus toxin, respectively. Gene gun immunization with these recombinant plasmids and two other adjuvant plasmids, which express granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor and FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand, induced high level immunoglobulin G antibodies, respectively. The native corresponding proteins of URAT1, OAT1 and OAT3, in human kidney can be recognized by their specific antibodies, respectively, with Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. Besides, URAT1 expression in Xenopus oocytes can also be recognized by its corresponding antibody with immuno-fluorescence. The successful production of the antibodies has provided an important tool for the study of UA transporters.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제58권6호
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• pp.19.1-19.7
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• 2016

Background: Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.]) is a legume cultivated throughout most tropical countries and is valued as food and feed for human and livestock respectively. The search for an improved cowpea variety has been on-going with the aim of improving traits such as grain yield, drought and pest resistance. But no information exist on the feeding value of these improved varieties. Phosphate (P) fertilizer application is recommended to augment grain yield in grain legumes but data on the effect of P fertilizer on haulm quality is limited. Results: Two separate experiments were conducted to determine the effect of P fertilizer dose on the nutritive value of haulms from different cowpea varieties (V). In experiment 1, effect of three P doses (30, 60 and 90 kg $P_2O_5/ha$) on in vitro gas production (IVGP) characteristics, concentrations of digestible organic matter (DOM), crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of haulms from five cowpea varieties (Zaayura-SARC 4-75, Songotra-IT97K-499-35, Hewale-IT93K-192-4, IT99K 573-1-1 and Asomdwe-IT94K-410-2) were investigated using the $3(P){\times}5(V)$ factorial treatment arrangements in a completely randomized design. In experiment 2, the effects of two P doses (30 and 90 kg $P_2O_5/ha$) and two varieties (Zaayura-SARC 4-75 and Hewale-IT93K-192-4) on the voluntary feed intake, live weight, haematology and carcass characteristics of Djallonke lambs were also assessed using a $2(P){\times}2(V)$ factorial treatment arrangement. The $V{\times}P$ interaction significantly affected CP, NDF and ADF with CP concentration increasing with increase in P doses in Zaayura-SARC 4-75 and Asomdwe-IT94K-410-2. Whilst an increase (P < 0.05) in NDF was observed in Songotra-IT97K-499-35and Asomdwe-IT94K-410-2 as P doses increased, the other V only increased from P dose 30 to 60 kg/ha and declined at P dose 90 kg/ha. The ADF decreased (P < 0.05) with increase in P dose for all V with the exception of Songotra-IT97K-499-35. There was a significant V effect on DOM with the highest reported in Zaayura-SARC 4-75 (43.44 %). Daily DM intake, carcass length and blood urea nitrogen of the lambs were significantly affected by the V x P interaction. There was a significant V effect on globulin and P effect on live weight at slaughter, dressed weight, chuck, leg, loin, rib and flank and liver and lungs. Conclusion: It can be concluded that nutrient concentrations of cowpea haulms were positively influenced by different P dose and varieties with favorable effects on growth, haematology and carcass composition of lambs. Varieties Zaayura-SARC 4-75 and Hewale-IT93K-192-4 at P dose at 90 kg/ha are recommended to enhance growth performance and carcass yield of Djallonke lambs.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.647-657
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 섬애약쑥의 유효성분인 jaceosidin과 eupatilin을 함유하는 식초의 제조 가능성을 확인하기 위해 섬애약쑥 70% 주정추출물을 첨가하여 식초를 제조하였으며, 물추출물 첨가군과 그 품질특성을 비교하였다. 모든 실험군은 동량의 10% 맥아추출물을 첨가하였으며, 여기에 동량의 정제수와 주정을 혼합한 것을 대조군(CO), 정제수와 섬애약쑥 주정추출물을 혼합한 것을 SE, 주정과 섬애약쑥 물추출물을 혼합한 것을 SW, 섬애약쑥 물추출물 및 주정추출물을 혼합한 것을 SM군으로 구분하여 각각의 발효기질을 제조하였다. 최종 혼합물의 주정 농도는 6%로 조절하였으며, 각각의 발효기질 3 L에 종배양한 초산균액을 3% 접종하고, $30^{\circ}C$에서 정치배양하면서 발효 10일부터 5일간격으로 25일까지 시료를 취하였다. 25일간 발효한 섬애약쑥 식초의 L 값은 26.5-46.6, a 값은 -0.4-3.1이었고, b 값은 5.7-12.4의 범위였다. 최종 산도의 경우 3.60-4.44% 였으며, 섬애약쑥 주정추출물이 첨가된 SE 및 SM시료는 발효 20일 이후부터 급격히 산도가 증가하여 발효 25일에는 SM시료에서 가장 높았다. 유리당은 fructose 및 glucose 두 종류가 정량되었고 발효기간 동안 감소하여 발효 25일차에 각각 0.13-0.22 g/100 mL 및 0.18-0.48 g/100 mL이었다. Acetic acid는 주요 유기산으로 발효 25일에 3,638.51-4,532.90 mg/100 mL 범위였다. 페놀화합물들은 섬애약쑥 주정추출물의 첨가 유무에 따라 검출여부 및 함량에 차이가 있었는데, 주정추출물이 첨가된 시료에서는 총 7종의 페놀화합물이 검출된 반면 대조군과 물추출물이 첨가된 시료에서는 4종만이 검출되었다. Jaceosidin과 eupatilin은 섬애약쑥 주정추출물을 첨가한 SE 및 SM시료에서만 검출되었는데 발효기간이 경과할수록 점차 감소하여 발효 25일차에 jaceosidin은 각각 6.88 mg/L와 6.49 mg/L였으며, eupatilin은 각각 2.24 mg/L 및 2.23 mg/L였다. 이상의 결과부터 섬애약쑥 주정 추출물을 첨가함으로써 25일간의 초산발효 단일과정을 통해 식초로서 적합한 산도를 가지며, 유기산과 페놀화합물의 함량이 더 높고 유효성분으로 jaceosidin과 eupatilin을 함유하는 식초의 제조가 가능하였다.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.977-984
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• 2009

Campbell Early 포도 품종은 생육 조건이 우리나라의 기후 조건에 매우 적합하며, 생과로서 향이 좋고, 오랜 기간 생과로 먹어 왔으므로 우리의 입맛에 잘 맞는 포도로서 과즙의 제조에는 적합한 특성을 가지고 있으나 당의 함량이 14-15%로서 포도주 가공을 위하여 보당을 하여야 하는 등 포도주 제조에는 다소 문제점이 있다. 국내산 포도주의 품질 개선을 위한 원료 전처리 방법으로 본 연구에서는 동결 농축 기술을 이용하여 Campbell Early 포도 과즙을 농축한 후 다양한 포도주 효모를 사용하여 무가당 포도주의 제조 시험을 행하였다. 포도주 효모로는 산업용 포도주 효모인 S. cerevisiae OC2, S. cerevisiae Fermivin, S. cerevisiae W-3를 이용하여 농축 포도 과즙의 알코올 발효를 행하면서 발효 특성과 발효 후 여과하여 제성한 포도주의 품질 특성을 조사하였다. 발효가 끝날 시점의 알코올 함량은 12.6-13.0%로 비슷하였으며 환원당의 함량은 거의 흔적 정도로 검출되었으며 pH는 약 3.6-3.7, 총산 함량은 0.6-0.7%로 모든 시험구에서 정상적으로 발효가 일어났음을 알 수 있었다. 발효 종료 후 여과한 포도주의 아세트알데히드, 메탄올, fusel oil의 함량은 식품공전에 명시된 과실주의 기준치보다 매우 낮게 나왔으며 총 폴리페놀 함량이 모든 시험구에서 1.32-1.67 mg/mL 정도를 나타내었다. 각 시험구의 포도주는 모두 농축으로 인하여 진한 색을 띄었고 특히 적색을 나타내는 520nm에서의 흡광도가 높았으며 이는 색도인 L, a, b 값을 통해서도 확인하였다. 관능 검사를 실시한 결과는 색은 S. cerevisiae W-3 포도주가 가장 우수한 것으로 나타났으며 향과 맛은 S. cerevisiae OC2 포도주에서 가장 우수한 점수를 받았으며 전반적인 기호는 S. cerevisiae Fermivin 포도주가 가장 우수한 것으로 나타났다.