• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.1010-1016
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• 2000

Effect on the bio-mass and nutrient yield of Lemna perpusilla Torry was studied at two nutrient loading frequencies. Six polythene sinks ($6{\times}2{\times}0.5m^{3}$ area) randomly allocated to two treatments having three sinks in each treatment. Each sink containing $6{\times}2{\times}0.35m^{3}$ water body, was changed either daily with 12.6 kg anaerobically fermented cattle manure (effluent) or with 76 kg efluent at six-day interval. Media Kjeldhal-N (40 vs. 36 mg/L; p>0.05) and $NH_3$-N (9 vs 7 mg/L; p<0.05) concentration were higher in daily charged sinks than those charged at six-day interval. However, temperature ($28.48{^{\circ}C}\;vs.\;28.60{^{\circ}C}$) and pH (6.82 vs. 6.84) were sinilar in both groups of sinks. Biomass (93 vs. $80g/m^{2}/d$) and crude protein (1.24 vs. $1.11g/m^{2}/d$) yield were non-significantly (p>0.05) higher in the daily charged than 6-d interval charged ponds. However, dry matter (4.52 vs. 4.15%), organic matter (83 vs. 84%), crude protein (31.4 va. 29.6%) and organic carbon (47 vs. 47%) content were similar in both daily and 6-d interval charged ponds. There were no apparent relationships between the crude protein content of Lemna and the media Kjeldhal-N or $NH_3$-N concentration apparently due to saturated level of nutrient (N in particular). It was concluded that with the level of effluent used for two treatments, nutrient-loading frequency had no significant effect on the biomass and protein yield of Lemna. Technique described here can be used for year-round duckweed production from fermented cattle manure for feeding poultry/fish in smallholder production system.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.307-326
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• 2009

The present study suggests a concept of resources circulation type agriculture and a concept of a livestock zone related to it and evaluated economical efficiency about a possibility of the resources circulation type livestock zone based on the concept. As a result, when the resources circulation type livestock zone is operated in an area of 1,300ha, it was evaluated that the profit of 11,244 hundred thousand won per year is generated, compared to the conventional agriculture. When light and heat expenses and roughage of Hanwoo production, production of TMR forage as well as income of the energy and composting business of livestock manure at the recycling center were considered in addition to that, it was judged that the present zone development bushiness has enough business feasibility. However, it is necessary that the support regulations, etc. is constructed so that all produced compost byproducts are used at farmhouses and the system related to facility investment assurance and assistance of operating expenses is maintained. It is thought that the complement of a system is also necessary so that energy or power generation expenses can be operated in the same conditions as other new & renewable energy, and the nation's purchase of carbon credits(CDM) is investigated and systemized in the early period, and construction of a revitalization plan of the business through budget securing of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry related to the trade of CDM and carbon emission rights is also a business that should be urgently developed. In the future, the change of an outside environment will further promote use of the energy. Also, as people, who don't know agriculture. farm village, increase day by day because of population concentration in a city, an opportunity that can new added value through experience tourism or educational programs utilizing them is increasing. Accordingly, if programs utilizing social characteristics, such as utilization as a space of tourism. leisure. experience, system construction of bio-energy and system construction that Micro Grid or Smart Grid as a dispersed storage and generation system is stabilized, are constructed, it can be said that revitalization or success conditions of the zone is further achieved.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.331-339
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the biodegradability and performance of organic removal and methane production rate when treating piggery wastewater using a pilot scale two-phase anaerobic system operated up to a volumetric rate of $10m^3/day$. The pilot scale two-phase anaerobic process is consisted of a continuous-flow stirred-tank reactor (CFSTR) for the acidification phase and an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket reactor (UASB) for the methanogenesis. The acidogenic reactor played key roles in reducing the periodically applied shock-loading and in the acidification of the influent organics. The acidogenic CFSTR was operated at organic loading rates (OLR) between 1.8 and $14.4kgCOD/m^3{\cdot}day$, and the UASB reactor was operated between 0.5 and $5.6kgCOD/m^3{\cdot}day$. A stable maximum biogas production rate was $81m^3/day$ and the methane conversion rate of the organic matter varied from 0.30 to $0.42L\;CH_4/g\;COD_{removed}$(0.40) at hydraulic retention time (HRT) above 3.5days. The methane contents ranged from 73 to 82% during the experimental period. It is known that most of the removed organic matter was converted to methane gas, and the produced biogas might be high quality for its subsequent use.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.67-76
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• 2007

The conclusion of free Trade Agreement between South Korea and USA can become a serious threat to the Korean agriculture. On the strategic scheme the foodstuffs is the basis for protection of the state sovereignty. The Amur oblast of Russian Federation is region, which can supply South Korea cheap and good qualitative feeds. It means South Korea should create agricultural cooperation with the Amur oblast of Russian Federation with the purpose to begin organic agriculture in this area and it will help South Korea to counteract a quantitative attack on Korea from the side of american agricultural production. In the Amur oblast there are following fodder crops; Alfalfa, Smooth brome grass (gromus adonis L.), Siberian couch grass, Sudan pass, Colza rape (Brassica napus) and Amaranth (Avfranthus). In the same area also exist oatmeal, wheat, corn and barley, which is possible to use for feeds. All these above written cultures are cultivated organically, therefore it is possible to use them as organic forages in South Korea. It is very important to know system of crop rotation in the Amur oblast. There is a scheme of crop rotation, which is connected with increase and preservation of fertility of soil, maintenance of growth of productivity of agricultural cultures and reception of high-quality production. It is necessary to begin organic agriculture in a southern part of Amur oblast, where, in 2001 year, 97% of all sowing areas was concentrated. The acidity degree of soil in this part is not high ($ph5.1{\sim}5.5$), therefore does not require liming.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.8_spc
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• pp.1244-1255
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• 2019

Dairy goat production continues to be a socially, economically and culturally important part of the livestock industry in North, Central and South America and the Caribbean islands. Goat milk, cheese and other dairy products offer consumers food products with nutritional, health and environmental benefits. In North America, Mexico produces the greatest volume of goat milk, but most is for family or local consumption that is typical of a mixed farming system adopted by subsistence farmers in dry areas. The United States is not yet a large global goat milk producer, but the sector has expanded rapidly, with dairy goat numbers doubling between 1997 and 2012. The number of dairy goats has also increased dramatically in Canada. Commercial farms are increasingly important, driven by rising demand for good quality and locally sourced goat cheese. In South America, Brazil has the most developed dairy goat industry that includes government assistance to small-scale producers and low-income households. As of 2017, FAO identified Haiti, Peru, Jamaica, and Bolivia as having important goat milk production in the Western Hemisphere. For subsistence goat producers in the Americas on marginal land without prior history of chemical usage, organic dairy goat production can be a viable alternative for income generation, with sufficient transportation, sanitation and marketing initiatives. Production efficiency, greenhouse gas emission, waste disposal, and animal welfare are important challenges for dairy goat producers in the Americas.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.15-37
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• 2003

Recently, production-consumption quantity and market size of environment-friendly agricultural products(EFAP) have been increased. Consumers have demanded food safety and nutrition of EFAP, but in the near future they will need many kinds of item, relatively low price and high quality. So producers have to make an effort for down-cost, increasing items and developing technical know-how, which can be attained by producer/region organization. Correlation coefficient between the recognition degree for certification system and purchasing amounts at a time is higher than other ones. Therefore public information works using the TV and newspaper must be promoted all the more about certification system. And if the consumer’s satisfaction level of EFAP purchased gets higher, the quantity demanded will be increased more. And consumer’s trust on EFAP is derived from certification system or close relation between producers and consumers. Thus the most important thing of marketing strategies for EFAP is continuously to focus on explanation and information works on certification system by region in metropolitan area. Also, it necessary to introduce green marketing principles and apply to strategies item type. Namely those need to establish target market segmentation And marketing strategy stages according to the green degrees of market And commodity.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Postharvest Science and Technology of Agricultural Products Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.51-70
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• 2003

In recent years, Korean rice must compete with the rice of advanced countries under Doha Development Agenda(DDA) and free Trade Agreement(FTA). Therefore we should find more active and positive solution in rice industry according to the inncreasing power of international pressure. Increasing rice production was the most important policy during the past food-deficient days, but recently, with overproduction of rice, various circulation system by the brand(price)-differentiation should be settled in a recent market of Korea. Nowadays, some advanced rice farmers and Rice Processing Complex(RPC) managers developed new brands of rice with high-quality, adding healthy materials and environment-friendly farming methods. Therefore, the future strategy of making a new brand rice should be planned including selection of rice variety, cultural and post-harvest techniques, circulation and processing methods to compete against foreign rice. And environment-friendly farming is also recommendable for food safety and differentiate from imported rice. For the purpose of successful brand-rice, the following points might be considered. Firstly, selection of good quality rice and continual development of good variety must be conducted for the differentiation of Korean rice from foreign rice. Secondly, a special contract between producer and consumer with functional-rice, organic filming-rice, specific-rice will be recommendable. Thirdly, improvement of post-harvest management and milling system are necessary for the production of differentiated-rice. Fortunately, standard of inspection, rules of description for brand-rice must be developed by a more scientific examination in order to settlement of trust for consumer. Finally, provincial or regional-representative brand rice must be settled and conducted for the development of agreement market system between producer and consumer.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.47-55
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• 2023

This study evaluated the biochemical methane potential (BMP) of primary sludge, secondary sludge, and food waste in batch anaerobic mono-digestion tests, and investigated the effects of mixture ratio of those organic wastes on methane yield and production rate in batch anaerobic co-digestion tests, that were designed based on a simplex mixture design method. The BMP of primary sludge, secondary sludge and food waste were determined as 234.2, 172.7, and 379.1 mL CH₄/g COD, respectively. The relationships between the mixing ratio of those organic wastes with methane yield and methane production rate were successfully expressed in special cubic models. Both methane yield and methane production rate were estimated as higher when the mixture ratio of food waste was higher. At a mixing ratio of 0.5 and 0.5 for primary sludge and food waste, the methane yield of 297.9 mL CH₄/g COD was expected; this was 19.4% higher than that obtained at a mixing ratio of 0.3333, 0.3333 and 0.3333 for primary sludge, secondary sludge, and food waste (249.5 mL CH₄/g COD). These findings could be useful when designing field-scale anaerobic digersters for mono- and co-digestion of sewage sludges and food waste.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.1.1-15
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• 1995

This study was performed to estimate the characteristics of the organic wastewater treatment and bed porosity with the circulation velocity in the anaerobic fluidized bed biofilm reactor. The results were as follows; 1. With Increasing circulation velocity the fluidized bed expanded smooth and with increasing initial particle volume the fluidized bed was increased. 2. With increasing circulation velocity the gasproduction was increased, but at 1.Scnt/sec of circulation velocity AFBBR showed the highest value of methane production rate per removed COD. Therefore, for the purpose of economical operation in AFBBR, 1.5cm/sec of circulation velocity was optimum 3. The microorganisms were colonized in the crevice of the media. 4. On fluidization, COD, VA,55 profiles with the reactor height were not showed. In conclusion, AFBBR suit the organic wastewater treatment's purpose, and at 1.5cm/sec of circulation velocity the system is economical in an energy Point of view.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.15-21
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• 2014

The main purpose of the research is to suggest a new business model of direct distribution of organic agricultural products cultivated in suburban area. To secure competitiveness, logistics cost reduction is important through direct transaction of organic agricultural products cultivated on suburban area. The research addresses food safety, farmers' income and unemployment issues with Eco-M business model. The research methods include investigation on the followings: current domestic agriculture; related problems on the existing literature reviews; the current status of suburban agriculture; specialty store of eco-friendly agricultural products. Eco-M business model can solve various problems of suburban agriculture supply system, challenges of organic farming specialty stores, unemployment issues, and difficulties of processing verticalization. Future research should include followings. First, there should be comparative analysis between businesses of environment-friendly specialty stores through suburban agriculture and producer's agriculture connected with organic farming market. Second, it is required to develop strategy of environment-friendly specialty stores. Finally, analysis of the potential of Sextic industries is necessary throughout production-process-service process.