• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.469-477
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• 2023

Animal welfare has been gradually gathering more attention from consumers over time, making it increasingly important to assess the level of stress experienced by livestock. Traditionally, stress has been measured by collecting blood to assess cortisol levels, an action that can be considered distressing for the animal. Therefore, we aimed to explore the feasibility of using hair as an alternative medium to blood for stress assessment. We utilized B/F (blood collected at the farm), B/A (blood collected after transport to the auction), and H/A (hair collected at the auction after blood sampling) from calves at the age of 7-9 months transported from the farm to the auction. Hair underwent a washing and extraction process to utilize hair extracts, while blood was centrifuged to analyze using ELISA. The cortisol concentration in the blood was significantly higher in B/A compared to B/F (p<0.05), confirming that the calves experienced stress during transportation. Additionally, H/A was significantly lower than both B/A and B/F (p<0.0001). These results emphasized that cortisol in hair is not suitable for investigating short-term stress in livestock, as it is with blood. While measuring stress indices using hair may not be appropriate for replacing blood, it is considered a highly suitable practice for animal welfare, and further research in this area should be continued.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.235-240
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• 1991

A CRD experiment with thirty growing cross bred calves were assigned at random to three treatments rations. 1) $T_0$, 0% Urea + 20% M. O. cake, 2) $T_1$, 1% Urea + 10% M. O. cake and 3) $T_2$, 2% Urea + 0% M. O. cake to develop a rice straw based ration for ruminants. Sweetish odour and yellowish colour were observed in good recovered silage. Organic matter varied from 87.45% to 89.63% whereas crude protein varied from 14.0% to 14.5% in each treatment. No significant differences were found among the nutrient composition of the ration. The dry matter in take (DMI) and dry matter digestibility was higher in $T_0$ (0% Urea) than those of ration containing 1% ($T_1$) and 2% Urea ($T_2$). The organic matter digestibility decreases with increasing doses of urea. The crude protein & nitrogen-free-extract digestibility were found higher in the ration $T_1$ containing 1% urea whereas crude fibre digestibility and available metabolizable energy (ME) were higher in $T_0$ containing no urea as compared to $T_1$ and $T_2$. Total digestible nutrient (TDN) decreases with the increase of urea level. The highest feed efficiency was found in $T_0$ having no urea and lowest was in $T_2$. The animals gained in weights from each ration. Highest gain in weight was found in $T_0$ ration, then followed $T_1$, and $T_2$. This is due to natural protein available in M. O. cake only. It is concluded that supplemetation of urea or M. O. cake with readily available energy source as molasses upto 20% of total dietary dry matter in a complete ration may increase the intake of low quality fibrous roughage only when nitrogen and mineral are not limiting factor.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.469-473
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• 2013

Livestock manure is a valuable source of nutrients and organic matter for plant. Thus, livestock manure compost is commonly used fertilizer in organic vegetable and fruit production in many countries. However, contaminated or inadequate manure compost can give negative effect to soil microorganisms. This study was conducted to investigate the survival difference of Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes in chicken and pig manure compost under the selected environmental conditions. Commercially available manure compost (pig, chicken) was inoculated with S. enterica and L. monocytogenes. Manure compost was incubated at $25^{\circ}C$ and consistent moisture content. Samples had been collected during 200 days depending on the given conditions. S. enterica survived for 130 days in pig manure compost and over 200 days in chicken manure compost, respectively. L. monocytogenes persisted for 120 days in pig manure compost and over 200 days in chicken manure compost, respectively. It is noted that the number of S. enterica and L. monocytogenes gradually decreased over time. The results indicate that S. enterica survived longer than L. monocytogenes in manure compost at $25^{\circ}C$. S. enterica and L. monocytogenes survived longer in chicken manure compost than in pig manure compost. Increased knowledge of pathogen behavior in agricultural environments is a valuable part of future work on improving risk evaluations and, in a longer perspective, in providing data for guidelines regarding safe handling of pathogen-contaminated manure compost and soil.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.61-66
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• 2015

In this study, manufacture of kitchen garden soil and its application on the growth of Lettuce has been performed. The optimal ratio of various raw materials for pH, total nitrogen, phosphate, cations, and salt content was found to be 49 : 35 : 10 : 5 : 1(w/w) in peatmoss, livestock manure, cocopeat, zeolite, and microbial fertilizer, respectively. In the growth experiment using Lettuce, the manufactured soil obtained 21% & 20% increase in leaf length and width, 17% increase in chlorophyll, and 22% in biomass, compared to the control.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.21-36
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• 2012

In this study, the assessment of livestock manure nitrogen loading for recycling farming in Yeoju-Gun carried out comparing manure units based on the cultivation areas and the N-amount of manure that are generated from livestock manure. Manure units (MU) are used in the permitting, registration, because they allow equal standards for all animals based on manure nutrient production. An MU is calculated by multiplying the number of animals by manure unit factor for the specific type of animal. The manure unit factor for MU determination was determined by dividing amounts of manure N produced 80kg N/year. In this study, manure unit by nitrogen concentration and amount of animal manure was calculated as follows: Hanwoo multiplied by 0.36, dairy cows multiplied by 0.8. swine multiplied by 0.105. The laying hens and broilers multiplied by 0.0079, 0.0049, respectively. The analysis of liquid manure unit per ha shows that the N loading by LMU is quite different by region. When it comes to nitrogen loading, the LMU per ha of cultivated land in excess of the N-amount was the highest in the Bukne-myeon province with 2.76 MU/ha, which is higher than the appropriate level. The Ganam-myeon province came next with 2.53 LMU. To be utilized as a valid program to build the environmentally friendly agricultural system, diverse measures shall be mapped out to properly determine manure units, evaluate N-loading and to properly manage their nutrient balance of each region.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.53-62
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• 1999

This study was carried out to investigate how to reuse the livestock waste and develop fly ash as a subsitution of sawdust which is used commonly to make compost. Fly ash and sawdust were mixed the ratio of 8 to 2, 7 to 3, 6, to 4, 5 to 5, 4 to 6. 3 to 7 and 2 to 8 after fermentation for 60 days the change of temperature, moisture, pH, organic matter, nitrogen content and C/N ratio were analyzed. The results are as follows; Temperature was reached to maximum (63.5$^{\circ}C$) more quickly in scraper type than in slurry type with adding large sawdust. When fly ash and sawdust were mixed same amount at scraper type and slurry type, moisture was 46.6~53.7% and maintained a good condition for fermentation. pH was showed the range of 7~10 as a mixture of fly ash. Organic matter contents were increased with increasing the added sawdust but did not show any tendency. Nitrogen content was also increased with increasing the amount of added sawdust but did not show any tendency. C/N ratio was increased to 20~60 with increasing the added sawdust, but when sawdust and fly ash were mixed 50:50, there was no significant during fermentation periods. In conclusion, supplementation of fly ash at the level of 50% of sawdust maintained a good condition for fermentation as a livestock waste composting.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.37-46
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• 2021

Nitrogen and phosphorus in livestock manure are environmental pollutants, but also could be valuable industrial resources. In the present study, we (1) introduced various nitrogen removal technologies such as stripping, thermal method, membrane, and electrodialysis, (2) reviewed relevant studies reported in 2011-2020, in particular, full-scale experiences, and (3) assessed each technologies based on the above survey results. In addition, we provided the information on the appropriate range of the pH, temperature, gas and liquid ratio, and so on in ammonia stripping process, and expected mass balance when it is connected to biogasification process. We hope the content herein can be helpful for making policy and operating full-scale plant in Korea.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.409-414
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• 2009

In this study, the quality of chicken breasts from organically reared chickens was compared with that of chicken breasts from conventionally reared chickens. Broilers were raised in an indoor pen with conventional and organic production system, respectively. The diet formulation for the organically reared chickens and the production density were in accordance with the guidelines for organic chicken products. Twenty birds from each group were slaughtered and their breasts were obtained for analysis. The organic chicken breasts had a higher cooking loss, and waterholding capacity, and a lower shear force (p<0.05) compared to the conventional chicken breasts. The organic chicken breasts also showed higher $a^{\ast}$ and $b^{\ast}$ values and myoglobin contents compared with the conventional chicken breasts (p<0.05). In the fatty-acid analysis, the organic chicken breasts resulted in higher polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and unsaturated fatty acid contents, and a higher PUFA-saturated fatty acid ratio.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.621-632
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• 2007

The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize bacteriocin-producing bacteria from the intestine of duck to use as probiotics for livestock. A total of 416 strains were isolated from the small intestine and cecum of ducks and 13 isolates were finally selected after determinging inhibitory activity against pathogenic indicators by spot-on-lawn method. The selected strains were identified as Lactobacillus salivarius JWS 58, Lactobacillus plantarum JWS 1354, Pediococcus pentosaceus JWS 939, 7 strains of enterococci, and 3 strains of Escherichia coli. Lact. salivarius JWS 58, Ent. faecium JWS 833, and Ped. pentosaceus JWS 939 showed a strong inhibitory activity against Listeria monocytogenes. E. coli JWS 108 inhibited the growth of E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Lact. salivarius JWS 58 strain survived almost 50% in pH 2.5 phosphate buffer for 2 hr. Ped. pentosaceus JWS 939 and Lact. plantarum JWS 1354 showed strong amylolytic activity. These results suggest that a combination of bacteriocins or multispecies probiotics of the selected strains has a strong potential of alternative to antibiotics in livestock production.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.91-98
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• 2018

This study was conducted in 2014 in the Gangjin area of Jeonnam province for the purpose of confirming the potential of Kenaf as an alternative feed crop of rice. The weather and soil conditions were favorable and there was no adverse effect on the growth of Kenaf. The amount of seeding was given at 10 kg, 15 kg and 20 kg. As the seeding volume increased, plant height and dry matter yield increased, and stem diameter and number of nodes decreased. The highest growth rate was observed between 75 and 90 days from the date of planting(p<0.05). As the growth progressed, stem rate increased and leaf rate decreased(p<0.05). Increased amount of seeding and growth resulted in decreased CP and TDN and increased ADF and NDF, which resulted in the decreased economic value of Kenaf as a feed crop. The result of increasing the use of organic fertilizer to 20 kg and 30 kg was similar to increasing the amount of seeding. As organic fertilizer usage increased, dry matter yield and growth rate improved(p<0.05).