• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.662-672
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• 2009

Obesity has increased dramatically increased in recent days. It has resulted in obesity-associated diseases and metabolic syndromes including hyperlipidemia, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Our study was investigated to determine the antiobese effects of mixed 2 medicinal herbs (AR+AC) in rats fed high-fat diet with an abundance of carbohydrates. Two groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed different diets during 8 weeks: normal diet containing 5% corn oil (w/w), high-fat diet containing 10% (w/w) lard plus 5% (w/w) corn oil (HF). And High-fat diet group was treated with saline or 100 mg/kg ARAC or 300 mg/kg ARAC (PO). Antiobese effect was evaluated by measuring the changes of body weight, adipose tissues weight. Also we examined levels of leptin, adiponectin and lipid profiles in serum. Finally we compared morphological change in adipocytes and hepatocytes between HF and ARAC group. Mixed combination of 2 medicinal herbs, but not alone, caused significant decrease in body weight, organ weight (liver, epididymal fat, and BAT) compared with control HF group. The ARAC group had markedly lower serum levels of adiponectin when compared with HF group. Also the epididymal white adipocyte size of ARAC group were diminished comparing to the HF group. These results suggest that the possibility of ARAC combination, as an antiobese formula, by suppression of body weight gain and increased lipid profiles.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.78-85
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• 2023

Objectives: Weight gain is one of the symptoms of hypothyroidism and it could deteriorate thyroid function. Our objectives are to evaluate weight changes and analyze adverse events in overweight and obese women with hypothyroidism who were prescribed Gamitaeeumjowee-tang. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted using medical records of patients with hypothyroidism, who had body mass indexes (BMI) above 23 and were prescribed Gamitaeeumjowee-tang for 12 weeks between August 2017 and November 2022. Reported adverse events (AEs) were assessed by severity, causality and system-organ classes. Results: Thirty patients were included (mean±standard deviation, age 46.10±9.94 years, weight 70.52±11.18 kg, BMI 28.30±3.80 kg/m²). The mean total weight loss of hypothyroidism patients was 5.45±2.77 kg, while the mean weight loss rate and mean BMI change were 7.66±3.41% and 2.18±1.07 kg/m², respectively. Among evaluated causality of adverse events, 'Unlikely' was predominant (80.8%) and severity assessment showed most of the symptoms were mild (91.7%). Conclusions: Gamitaeeumjowee-tang could be an option for hypothyroidism patients, who are overweight or obese, to lose weight and no serious adverse events occurred. Further well-designed clinical studies are recommended.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.27-33
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• 1998

Arisaema robustum, which has the ability to change sex, was studied in a temperate broadleaf forest of Sanseong-ri, Joongbu-myeon, Gwangju-gun, Kyonggi Province, Korea. \ulcornerThe study, carried out from 1993 to 1997, focused on population dynamics energy budget among organs, size distribution, mortality, the relationships between sex and size, seed production and germination rate. In terms of energy budget among the organs, the ratio of aboveground to belowground biomass was 36.6 : 63.4 in non-female plants, and 81.4 : 18.6 in female plants. Also, in female plants, the ration of leaf to sexual organ biomass was 39.5 : 41.9. Therefore, the belowground ratio of female plants was lower than that of non-female plants. Plants were classified into 8 levels relative to the amount of leaf area by $100cm^2$. The rates of the smallest and the largest classes were 49% and 1%, respectively, and population distribution by size was relatively stable. The mortality averaged 13.1% per year and decreased in inverse proportion to leaf size (6.6% in the smallest and 0.0% in the largest size classes). Leaf areas were $64.1{\pm}48.5cm^2$ in non-flowering plants, $232.1{\pm}123.9cm^2$ in males and $444.8{\pm}153.9cm^2$ in females. The increase rates of leaf area per year varied from 1.9% in plants changing from female tomale, to 152.4% in plants changing from non-flowering to female. But plants which remained female for 2 years showed a decrease of 34.7%. >From this result, it is thought that the female plants invest more energy to reproduction than to vegetative organs. The correlation coefficient (CC) value between plant size and the number of seeds produced (0.55) was larger than the CC value between plant size and total seed weight (0.73). That is, the larger the plant size, the heavier the seed produced. The germination rate increased along with seed weight, and it was 95% in plants which were over 60mg fresh weight/seed.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.203-225
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• 1997

Jihwangbakhotang(地黃白虎楊) is made by Li Je Ma, the creator of the Four Constitutional Medicine. Single and 13 weeks oral repeated dose toxicity studies were conducted in Sprague Dawley rats of both sexes to elucidate the potential acute and subchronic toxicity of JBT extract and reversibility of any effects. In the single dose study, JBT extract was administered orally to rats with the dose of 2 g/kg and 8 g/kg. In the long term administration of 13 weeks, the JBT extract of 125 mg/kg/day, 500 mg/kg/day, 2000 mg/kg/day was administered to rats. The change of blood weight, urine volume, electrolyte in urine, hematological change, the change of blood chemistry, autopsy finding, and histological observation were researched, the results were as follows; 1. The lethal dose of JBT extract seems to be over 10 g/kg, the single administration of JBT extract 8 g/kg showed no toxical signs except little increase of urine volume. 2. The change of body weight had the trend of decrease in the group of, but has no significance, and also the consumption of food and water had no changes. 3. The hematological changes induced by the 13 weeks administration of JBT extract showed the significance in the item of Hb, MCH, MCV, WBC in the group of 125 mg/kg/day. 4. In the test of blood chemistry, total cholesterol showed little decrease and A/G ratio showed little increase, but the change was not clear, and the standard error was large. So the result was obtained insignificantly and the toxicity of JBT extract was not observed. 5. In the male group after recovery period, the level of cholesterol and triglyceride decreased slightly, but the result was not significant. 6. In the urine test, the little change of electrolyte was appeared, but it seemed not to be the result induced by the toxicity of JBT extract. 7. In each group of male and female rats, the weight change of organ and the serum histological changes was observed, but the result did not showed the dose dependent toxicity. So the toxicity of JBT extract was not regarded. In the conclusion, the toxicity of JBT extract was not observed in the single dose treatment and long term repetitive administration of JBT extract.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.168-186
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• 1979

Three hundred gram of Korean ginseng root was extracted with 95% ethanol on a boiling water bath for about 300 hr. Evaporation of alcohol yieled 50.2g of dark brown residue which was used by dissolving 4 mg of the residue in 1 ml of physiological saline. The ginseng group and the saline group received each day 0.5 ml per 100 g body weight of ginseng extract and physiological saline, respectively. Both the ginseng and saline group with stress were exposed to positive radial acceleration (1∼29g), cold (5$^{\circ}C$, 0$^{\circ}C$ &-10$^{\circ}C$) and heat (35$^{\circ}C$) environment, and surgical stress. After termination of the last stress, the tolerance, body weight, visceral organ weight, basal metabolism rate, rectal temperature, the number of erythrocyte and leucocyte, hemoglobin level, hematocrit ratio, total serum protein content and it's fraction and the content of adrenal ascorbic acid in the experimental animal exposed to stress were measured and at the corresponding periods, the same measurements were also carried out with the ginseng and the saline groups without stress exposure (serving as control). Results obtained were as follows. 1. Administration of ginseng does depressed the decrease of the tolerance, body weight, visceral organ weight, basal metabolism rate, the number of erythrocyte, hemoglobin value, hematocrit ratio and the A/G ratio in the mice and rats exposed to various stress. 2. The change of the rectal temperature, eosinophile counts, total serum protein content and the content of adrenal ascorbic acid of ginseng group that exposured to various stress facilitates the reaction to, and accelerates the recovery from the stress. 3. Even after hypophysectomy which served the link between the central and the peripheral portion of the stress mechanism, the adrenal ascorbic acid content of ginseng group decreased significantly more than that of the saline group 30 min. after administration of ACTH, while the value approached the normal level significantly closer in the ginseng group than in the saline group 1 and 2 hr after ACTH administration. Judging from the above results, it is concluded that administration of ginseng extract tolerated the experimental animals under the environment of stressfu1 stmuli, although the ginseng has no significant influence upon the stress mechanism in the absence of stressful stimuli. The site of action of the ginseng appears to be in the peripheral portion of the stress mechanism.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.290-300
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• 2011

Objectives: There is limited data regarding the toxicity of methylcyclohexane, despite its wide use in rubber adhesives, paint diluents, and cleansing agents. This study aimed to verify the toxicity and influence on the reproductive system of methylcyclohexane after its repeated injection in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Methods: Methylcyclohexane was injected subcutaneously into male and female SD rats once a day, five times a week, for 13 weeks at different doses (0, 10, 100, and 1,000 mg/kg/day) for each group. The toxicity of testing material was verified by observing the change in body and organ weight, hematological change, pathological findings, and effect on the reproductive system at each different concentration. Results: In the 1,000 mg/kg/day group, there were cases of animal deaths. In animals that survived, hematological changes, including a decrease in the red blood cell count, were observed. A considerable weight gain or loss and pathological abnormalities in the liver, kidney, and other organs were found. However, the 10 and 100 mg/kg/day groups did not cause deaths or other specific abnormalities. In terms of reproductive toxicity, there were changes in hormone levels, including a significant decrease in hormones such as estradiol and progesterone (p < 0.001) in male animals. Menstrual cycle change for female animals did not show concentration dependency. Conclusion: When injected repeatedly for 13 weeks, methylcyclohexane proved to be toxic for the liver, heart, and kidney at a high dose. The absolute toxic dose was 1,000 mg/kg/day, while the no observed adverse effect level was less than 100 mg/kg/day. The substance exerted little influence on the reproductive system.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.8-13
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• 2001

This study was carried out effect of red ginseng extract(1.0g/kg) on organotin compounds (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) which poisons against some organs like thyroid gland, liver, kindey, testis, ovary, serum immuinty and sex hormone activity of rats were examinned by gastric tubing for 3 weeks. The weight of each organ in TBTO treated group were significantly increased other organs which excepted kinedy in males and only liver in females.(p<0.05, p<0.01). In case of Immunity activity of each sex, IgM level was small change comparsion with that of control group in all sex. but IgG level was significantly decreased females rather than males comparsion with that of control group.(p<0.05, p<0.01) In case of sex hormone activity, the testosterone activity of males and the estradiol activity of females were significantly decreased rather than the control group. on the other hand, red singsong treated group was only significantly increased estradiol activity.( p<0.05, p<0.01)

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1978.09a
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• pp.103-108
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• 1978

Ginseng jellies and candies were prepared by adding ginseng extracts as final concentration of $0.5\%\;and\;1\%$ for jellies and $0.7\%$ for candies. Feeding experiments of the diets containing ginseng extract were carried out for evaluation in respects of growth rate, feed efficiency ratio, organ weight change, hematocrit value, and blood cholesterol content by feeding rats for 6 week. The results of ginseng supplemented diets were not significantly different from those for the control. Liver, spleen and kidney cells of ginseng products feeding rats appeared no abnormalities in comparison with the control rats.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to examine the four week repeated toxicity in Sprague-Dawley rats orally administrated with Rhus-II (water fraction of Rhus Veniciflua). In acute toxicity test, three groups (40 rats of both sex) were administrated different dosages of Rhus-II, 2 g/kg (high dosage group), 1 g/kg, 0.5 g/kg and one group (10 rats of both sex) were received by orally only saline according to the Regulation on Korea Food and Drug Administration, respectively. There was no difference in body weight change, feed intake and water consumption among different dose groups. There was no alteration in relative organ weight by the administration of Rhus-II. No death of abnormal clinical signs was observed during the experimental period. Between the groups orally administered Rhus-II and the control group, there was no statistical significance in urinalysis, hematological test or serum biochemical values. There were no gross findings at final sacrifice. There was no evidence of histopathological alteration mediated by four week treatment with Rhus-II. These results suggest that no observable effect level(NOEL) of the test orally administration was considered to be more than 2g/kg in rats under the conditions employed in this study.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.37-51
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• 1974

This Study was carried out to observe the effect of nutritional condition on the change of protein metabolism in the animal body by feeding on imbalanced protein diet. A total 242 growing male albino rats, weighing $115{\sim}120$ gm, were used for the experimental animals. The rats were fed on the standard diet(st), protein flee diet(pf) and imbalanced protein diet(ib) for twelve weeks respectively. Hemoglobin, packed cell volume in blood, and total nitrogen, amino acid nitrogen, urea-nitrogen, creatinine, transaminases(GPT, GOT) in liver and serum, and total nitrogen in small intestine, and total nitrogen, urea-nitrogen In small intestine, and total nitrogen, urea-nitrogen, creatinine, urea-nitrogen/creatinine ratio in urine were measured. The results obtained are as follows; 1. The gained body weight were lower in pf group and ib group than those of st group. The gained body weight fed for 12 weeks, were 80% lower in pf group than those of st group, and the body weight of pf group for $50{\sim}75$ days feeding were $40{\sim}60%$ decreased, compared with the stating weight, and then all of them died. 2. The change of the brain, liver, kidney, spleen and small intestine by feeding on imbalanced diet for 12 weeks were no remarkable difference with the starting weight, but those of protein free diet group were half or more decrease and those were significantly lower in spleen and small intestine especially than the other organ 3. The contents of hemoglobin in pf group for 8 weeks feeding, and the packed cell volume in pf group for 8 weeks feeding and in ib group for 12 weeks feeding were decreased. but those of the other feeding group were almost same value. 4. The total nitrogen in the liver, small intestine and serum of each diet group were no remarkable difference respectively. The contents of amino acid nitrogen in pf group for 2 and 6 weeks feeding were increased. 5. On transaminases: a) The cycle of increase and decrease of GPT activities were come periodically and the interval of cycle were fast in the early stage of feeding and slow there-after. b) The GPT activities were decreased gradually in pf group after feeding and those were increased in ib group for 6 weeks feeding but decreased there-after. The frequency of cycle were more GPT than GOT and specially those of GPT in early stage of feeding were two or three times while GOT was one. c) The interval of increase and decrease in GOT and amino acid nitrogen cycle were similar tendency. 6. The contents of total nitrogen, creatinine and urea-nitrogen of pf group in urine were decreased very sharply from sharting feeding to one week but increased dully from six weeks to eight weeks feeding. The contents of urea-nitrogen of ib group were increased dully by feeding on ten weeks but decreased by feeding on twelve weeks. From the above results, it is concluded that the trend of the metabolic change is maintained equally by homeostatic mechanism using the endogenous protein source during a certain period by imbalanced protein diet feeding. The homeostatic mechanism is come peridically, very fast in early stage of feeing and than slow there-after.