• 자원환경지질
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.79-93
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• 1979

한반도 내에 부존되고 있는 중적광상들은 세 주요한 Metallousenetic Epoch (Pre-Cambrian E., Jurassic-early Cretaceous E., 및 late Cretaceous-early Tertiary E.)에 생성되었고 성인으로 열수작용과 접촉교대작용에 기인된다고 보고되었다. 이중 12개 광상(달성, 산내, 일광, 상동, 대화, 월악, 복수, 옥방, 쌍전, 홍성, 삼봉, 청양)을 본 연구의 대상으로 택하고 각 지역에서 채취한 표품중 모두 25개 시료에 대하여 지화학적 실험을 수행하였다. 즉 각 분쇄된 시료 (-80+120mesh)는 super panner, 중액, isodynamic separator, UV lamp를 이용한 물리적인 처리과정을 거쳐 최종으로 입체현미경 하에서 단체분리된 후 Jarrell-Ash 1.5m Grating Spectrometer를 이용하여 본 연구대상 시료로 개발한 Spectrochemical method (Carrier: NaCl, Internal standard: $La_2O_3$)로 정량 분석되었다. 본 연구에서 밝혀낸 국내 회중석 광내에 함유되는 희유 윈소의 종류는 모두 Al, Bi, Fe, Si, Mn, Pb, Mg, Sn, Mo, Cu, Sr, Cr, Y, Ag, Ti, Ni, As, Yb의 18개 원소이며, 이들은 각각의 절대적 및 상대적인 함량과 각 광화작용의 시기, 광상의 성인, 모암, 각 원소의 mobility 그리고 회중석광의 형광색 및 육안색과 비교 검토되었다. 본 연구의 결과로 회중석광이 정출되는 과정에서 유사한 지질환경의 물리화학적인 여건이 이루어지면 그 내에 함유되는 몇 성분원소들의 화학적인 특성은 매우 유사성을 보여주는 typochemical habit를 가짐을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구에서 밝혀진 한국산 회중석 광내의 희유성분(稀有成分)으로서 Y, Mn, Sr 원소들의 Geochemical mobility의 특성(特性)은 앞으로 회중석광의 심도탐광을 위하여 고려되어야하고, 더욱 연구개발되어야 할 것이다. 또한 상기 회중석 광내의 물리적 및 화학적으로 결합되어 있는 불순물의 희유성분들은 선광 제련 파정에서 금속성분의 추출농집공정(工程)에 유용한 자료가 될 것이다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.10-16
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• 2000

Objectives : This study was carried out to investigate the sources of infection and modes of transmission of an outbreak of shigellosis that occurred among students of B middle and high school in Bonghwa, Korea from May 1 to 21, 1999. Methods : We conducted questionnaires to 468 students, 38 stalls and 9 food handlers twice times (May 6, May 21) for follow up and secondary attack rate. Personal details and history of illness and exposure to particular foods were sought. And we conducted rectal swab for culture to 243 students, 33 staffs and 9 food handlers. Bacteriological examinations of water in the school were done. Cases were identified as subjects who had diarrhea (two or more loose stools in a 24-hour periods) on or after May 1. Results : A total of 307 cases (attack rate: 59.6%) of 515 subject were identified, including 50 confirmed (46 students and 4 staffs) by S. sonnei. All 9 food handlers denied illness and were had rectal swab for culture at May 6 that were negative for S. sonnei. 146 of 307 reported fever, 156 had tenesmus, 44 reported vomiting, and only 5 of 307 reported blood in the stool. The median duration of diarrhea was 4 days (range: 1-18 days). The mean incubation period until onset of diarrhea was 63 hours (range: 46-144 hours) and the secondary attack rate was 2.8% (43 cases of 1,561 family members). Risk for illness was higher among students who had eaten watered kimchi at March 30 than among those who did not [301(72.7%) of 417 versus 5(9.6%) of 52; RR=7.51;95% CI=3.26-17.31]. Conclusion : The source of infection was estimated to be contaminated watered kimchi by ore or two food hardier who is presumed to be carrier.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.467-475
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• 2006

Fatigue strength of hull structural steel plate, extracted from longitudinal bulkhead of a 17-year-old ore/oil carrier for renewal, was investigated in air and in artificial seawater condition. The surface of the plate was covered with corrosion pits and they proved to be crack initiation sites by fractography using SEM. From this research, it was found that the evaluation method for fatigue strength of virgin mild steel plates in air and in artificial seawater can also be applied to the evaluation of the fatigue strength of mild steel plates those were long-term exposed to a corrosive environment and their surfaces had been rusted intensively.

• 한국항해항만학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국항해항만학회 1996년도 The Korean Institute of Navigation 1996년도 춘계학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.77-92
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• 1996

When an automatic course-keeping is concerned as is quite popular in modern navigation the closed-loop steering system consists of autopilot device power unit (or telemotor unit) steering gear magnetic or gyro compass and ship dynamics. The consideration of irregular disturbances to ship dyanmics and a few non-linear mechanisms involved in the system inevitably or artificially are known to be very important in properly evaluating or analyzing the automatic steering system. In the present study the mathematical model of each element of an automatic steering system is derived which takes account of a fex non-linear mechanisms. PD(Proportional-Derivative) controller and low-pass filter with a weather adjustment are adopted to modelling the characteristics of an autopilot. The calculation method of imposing irregular disturbances to ship dynamics is proposed where irregular disturbances implying irregular wave and the fluctuating component of wind. For he evaluation of automatic steering system of ships in the open seas an important term "performance index" is introduced from the viewpoint of energy saving which derived from the concept of energy loss on ship propulsion. Finally the present methods are applied to two typical types of ship ; an ore carrier and a fishing boat. The various effects of linear and/or non-linear control constants of autopilot on propulsive energy loss are investigated to validate and clarify the present smulation technique.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제19권6호통권67호
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• pp.58-63
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• 2005

The estimation of springing responses for recent ships is carried out, and application to a ship design is described. To this aim, springing effects on hull girder were re-evaluated, including non-linear wave excitations and torsional vibrations of the hull. The Timoshenko beam model was used to calculate stress distribution on the hull girder, using the superposition method. The quadratic strip method was employed to calculate the hydrodynamic forces and moments on the hull. In order to remove the irregular frequencies, we adopted 'rigid lid' on the hull free surface level, and addedasymptotic interpolation along the high frequency range. Several applications were carried out on the following existing ships: The Bishop and Price's container ship, S-175 container ship, large container, VLCC, and ore carrier. One of them is compared with the ship measurement result, while another with that of the model test. The comparison between the analytical solution and the numerical solution for a homogeneous beam-type artificial ship shows good agreement. It is found that Most springing energy comesfrom high frequency waves for the ships having low natural frequency and North Atlantic route etc. Therefore, the high frequency tail of the wave spectrum should be increased by $\omega$$\^{-3}$ instead of $\omega$$\^{-4}$ or $\omega$$\^{-5}$ for the springing calculation.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.1096-1110
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• 2014

Whipping/springing research started in the 50'ies. In the 60'ies inland water vessels design rules became stricter due to whipping/springing. The research during the 70-90'ies may be regarded as academic. In 2000 a large ore carrier was strengthened due to severe cracking from North Atlantic operation, and whipping/springing contributed to half of the fatigue damage. Measurement campaigns on blunt and slender vessels were initiated. A few blunt ships were designed to account for whipping/springing. Based on the measurements, the focus shifted from fatigue to extreme loading. In 2005 model tests of a 4,400 TEU container vessel included extreme whipping scenarios. In 2007 the 4400 TEU vessel MSC Napoli broke in two under similar conditions. In 2009 model tests of an 8,600 TEU container vessel container vessel included extreme whipping scenarios. In 2013 the 8,100 TEU vessel MOL COMFORT broke in two under similar conditions. Several classification societies have published voluntary guidelines, which have been used to include whipping/springing in the design of several container vessels. This paper covers results from model tests and full scale measurements used as background for the DNV Legacy guideline. Uncertainties are discussed and recommendations are given in order to obtain useful data. Whipping/springing is no longer academic.

• 한국해양공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국해양공학회 2004년도 학술대회지
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• pp.173-178
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• 2004

The estimation of springing responses for recent ships are carried out and application to a ship design are described. To this aim, springing effects on hull girder were re-evaluated including non-linear wave excitations and torsional vibrations of the hull. The Timoshenko beam model was used to calculate stress distribution on the hull girder by the superposition method. The strip method was employed to calculate the hydrodynamic forces and moments on the hull. In order to remove the irregular frequencies, we adopted 'rigid lid' on the hull free surface level and added asymptotic interpolation along the high frequency range. Several applications to the existing ships were carried out. They are Bishop and Price's container ship, S-175 container ship, large container, VLCC and ore carrier. One of them is compared with ship measurement result while another with that of model test. Comparison between analytical solution and numerical one for homogeneous beam type artificial ship shows good agreement. It is found that most springing energy came from high frequency waves for the ships having low natural frequency and North Atlantic route etc. Therefore, the high frequency tail of the wave spectrum should be increased by $\omega^{-3}\;instead\;of\;\omega^{-4}\;or\;\omega^{-5}$ for springing calculation.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• 제7권6호
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• pp.979-994
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• 2015

The mode shapes of a segmented hull model towed in a model basin were predicted using both the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) and cross random decrement technique. The proper orthogonal decomposition, which is also known as Karhunen-Loeve decomposition, is an emerging technology as a useful signal processing technique in structural dynamics. The technique is based on the fact that the eigenvectors of a spatial coherence matrix become the mode shapes of the system under free and randomly excited forced vibration conditions. Taking advantage of the simplicity of POD, efforts have been made to reveal the mode shapes of vibrating flexible hull under random wave excitation. First, the segmented hull model of a 400 K ore carrier with 3 flexible connections was towed in a model basin under different sea states and the time histories of the vertical bending moment at three different locations were measured. The measured response time histories were processed using the proper orthogonal decomposition, eventually to obtain both the first and second vertical vibration modes of the flexible hull. A comparison of the obtained mode shapes with those obtained using the cross random decrement technique showed excellent correspondence between the two results.

• 폴리머
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.464-470
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• 2006

메톡시 폴리(에틸렌 글리콜)(MPEG)과 생분해성 폴리에스테르 계열의 폴리카프로락톤(PCL), 폴리발레로락톤(PVL), 폴리락타이드(PLLA) 및 폴리 (락타이드-co-글리콜라이드) 공중합체(PLGA)로 이루어진 블록공중합체의 합성 및 특성을 비교하였다. MPEG-PCL과 MPEG-PVL 블록공중합체는 단량체 활성화제로서 $HCl{\cdot}Et_2O$의 존재 하에 상온에서 카프로락톤(${\epsilon}-CL$)과 발레로락톤(${\delta}-VL$)의 개환중합에 의해 합성하였으며, MPEG-PLLA와 MPEG-PLGA 블록공중합체는 $Sn(Oct)_2$의 존재 하에 $130^{\circ}C$에서 락타이드(L-LA)와 PLGA의 개환중합에 의해 합성하였다. 합성된 블록공중합체는 $^1H-NMR$, GPC, DSC 및 XRD의 측정을 통해 특성을 분석하였다. 합성된 NPEG-폴리에스테르 블록공중합체의 수용액 상에서의 미셀 특성은 $^1H-NMR$, 광산란기, 원자 현미경 및 형광 측정기를 이용하여 확인하였다. 원자 현미경을 통해 관찰된 미셀의 형태는 대부분의 블록공중합체에서 구형으로 존재함을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구에서는 미셀의 특성 비교를 통해 폴리에스테르 블록의 종류에 따라 열적 특성, 결정화도, 임계 미셀 농도 및 미셀의 직경이 다르게 나타남을 확인할 수 있었으며, MPEG-폴리에스테르 블록공중합체의 미셀내부에 선택적으로 소수성의 약물을 분포시킬 수 있으므로 소수성 약물 전달체로서의 가능성을 확인하였다.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.54-61
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• 1998

본 논문에서는 보유추 이론을 적용하여 초기 설계된 선체거더에 대한 상하 고유진동해석을 수행함과 동시에 설계변수 변경에 따른 고유진동수 및 고유모드의 변화율을 계산하는 감도해석방법을 활용하여 설계변경 또는 적화상태 변화시의 선체 고유진동 특성을 신속하게 예측할 수 있는 방법을 제시하였다. 이때, 이산화 해석방법은 전달행렬법을 적용하였으며, 설계변수로는 각 이산화 요소의 선체 중량, 2차원 부가수질량 및 동 3차원 수정계수, 유효굽힘강성 등으로 설정하였다. 감도해석 결과를 이용하여 중형 광석/살물운반선의 적화상태 변경시의 고유진동수를 추정한 결과는 통상적 재해석 결과와 비교하여 오차 2%이내의 매우 양호한 부합성을 나타내었다.