• Title/Summary/Keyword: Order of Magnitude

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정보통신분야의 기술정책수립 모형개발

  • 배종태;류희숙
    • Proceedings of the Korean Operations and Management Science Society Conference
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    • 1996.10a
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    • pp.173-176
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    • 1996
  • 정보통신기술은 현재 및 미래의 생활양식, 사회모습, 정치/경제/문화등에 이르기까지 모든 분양에 미치는 파급효과가 크기 때문에, 정보통신 기술개발에 관한 의사결정에 있어서는 기술 정책적인 고려가 반드시 필요하다. 그러나, 그 동안 정보통신 기술개발에 관한 의사결정에서 국가 차원의 정책적 고려가 매우 미흡하였다. 본 연구에서는 정보통신 분야에서의 기술정책에 대한 체계적 접근을 시도하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 세부분으로 구성되어 있다. 첫째, 정보통신 분야 기술정책의 체계를 제시하였다. 기존의 관련자료와 기술개발 전문가 및 정책 입안자들과의 면담을 거쳐 본 연구에서는 정보통신 기술정책에 포함되어야 할 주요내용을 1. 비전 및 우선순, 2. 산업조직및 하부구조, 3. 기술확보, 관리및 활용, 4. 정부 역할 및 정책 추진 기본 체계, 5. 국가 기술혁신시스템의 구축등 5개 부문으로 구분하고 각 부문별로 우리나라 정책현황과 문제점, 개선방안을 검토하였다. 둘째, 정보통신 기술개발에 관한 의사결정에서 고려해야 할 사항들을 정리하여 3단계 기술정책 수립모형을 개발하였다. 1단계에서는 검토대상사업이 정보통신 기술정책의 기본 지침과 일치하는지 확인하고, 2단계에서는 검토대상사업이 정보통신 기술정책의 내용상 우선순위에 부합하는지 검토한다. 3단계에서는 구체적인 기술정책지표에 의해 검토대상사업을 항목별로 검토하고 종합평가하여 최종의사결정을 한다. 여러 기술정책지표 항목들에 대해 가중치를 주어 평점모형(Scoring Model)을 통해 종합지표를 산출할 수도 있다. 셋째, 본 연구에서 제시한 3단계 기술정책 의사결정과정 모형을 CDMA 개발의 타당성을 검증하였다., (4) 교수-학생간의 인간적인 관계, (5) 숙제 및 과제물과 같은 5가지의 요인으로 구성되어진 것으로 분석되었다. 특히 한국학생을 대상으로 하여 AHP를 이용하여 각 요인들의 수업효과에 대한 상대적 가중치를 조사하였다. 특이한 결과는, 미국학생의 경우 수업준비 및 강의 방법이 상대적으로 중시된 반면, 한국학생들은 미국학생들이 비교적 덜 중시하는 교수-학생간의 인간적인 관계가 수업효과를 높이는데 가장 큰 기여를 하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 한국 문화의 특징이라 할 수 있는 교수-학생간의 인간적인 관계가 중시되는 교육환경하에서, 정보화 사회의 한 수업형태인 재택수업을 외국(특히 미국)의 방법을 그대로 따라 실시할 경우, 많은 부작용이 있을 수 있다는 것을 암시하며, 따라서 우리 교육문화에 맞는 재택수업 형태의 개발이 시급함을 제시한다고 하겠다.column density of HCaN is (1-3):n1014cm-2. Column density at distant position from MD5 is larger than that in the (:entral region. We have deduced that this hot-core has a mass of 10sR1 which i:s about an order of magnitude larger those obtained by previous studies.previous studies.업순서들의 상관관계를 고려하여 보다 개선된 해를 구하기 위한 연구가 요구된다. 또한, 준비작업비용을 발생시키는 작업장의 작업순서결정에 대해서도 연구를 행하여, 보완작업비용과 준비비용을 고려한 GMMAL 작업순서문

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다세대 확산모형을 활용한 기업용 전용선 서비스 시장 수요예측

  • 전효리
    • Proceedings of the Korean Operations and Management Science Society Conference
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    • 2001.10a
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    • pp.338-341
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    • 2001
  • 본 연구는 현재 정부의 규제완화 및 다양한 대체서비스의 등장으로 인해 점차 시장내 경쟁이 심화되어 가고 있는 기업용 전용선 서비스 시장에 있어 향후 경쟁상황이 어떻게 진행될지에 대한 연구를 통하여 이에 속한 기업들의 향후 시장전략을 제시하는 것을 목적으로 하고 있다. 향후 경쟁상황을 예측하는데 있어 본 연구에서는 사용하는 방법론으로 첫째, 기업용 전용선 서비스 시장의 전체 수요예측을 우선적으로 실시한 후 둘째, 전체 시장의 수요를 바탕으로 이에 속하는 개별 서비스간의 경쟁관계와 대체관계에 의한 개별 서비스 수요를 예측하게 된다. 이상과 같은 서비스간의 수요를 도출함으로써 시장내 경쟁상황과 경쟁정도를 파악하게 된다. 현재 기업용 전용선 서비스 시장의 경우 가장 큰 특징이 바로 신규 대체 서비스들의 등장이고, 이들 서비스에 의해 전체 시장규모가 얼마나 성장할 것인지, 전체 시장에서 개별 서비스들의 기여도는 어느 정도가 되는지가 최대 관심사이다. 이에 대한 문제를 해결하기 위해 본 연구에서는 신규 대체 서비스가 시장에 진입하였을 때 파급효과가 얼마나 되는지를 추정하여 수요를 예측하였다. 이에 대한 추정결과 연구대상으로 하고 있는 전용회선서비스, 프레임릴레이서비스, 가상사설망서비스에서 전용회선서비스에 대한 타 유사서비스들의 영향력은 그리 크지 않는 것으로 나타났으며, 이에 반해 가상사설망서비스는 프레임릴레이서비스를 대체하고 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 연구 결과를 통해 사업자들은 향후 시장경쟁 상황을 예측할 수 있기 때문에 이에 대해 적절한 사업전략을 수립하는데 큰 도움을 얻게 되리라 기대한다.적 분할납품 전략 적용 수요지로 선택하고 사이버 거래를 통해 생성된 물류가 부분적 분할납품 전략 적용 수요지에 분배되게 함으로써 각 분배 센타의 재고 완충역할을 수행하게 한다. 이에 따라 안전 재고 및 역 배송을 최소화 할 수 있을 뿐 아니라 미 출고로 인한 손실을 최소화하며 고객의 서비스를 일정하게 유지시킬 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.증진, 페기물 발생 억제 분야에 상당한 성공을 거두었으며, 지금도 지속적으로 유지 관리 및 미비한 부분(CAER, 등)의 향상에 노력하고 있다. Dow Korea의 수입 판매 부분에 주로 관련된 Product Stewardship 및 Distribution Code는 여러 사업부 및 여러 지역(미국, 유럽, 아시아 등)에 위치한 담당자가 관련된 까닭에 가장 복잡한 부분이어서 많은 인력과 시간을 소비하면서 노력하고 있으나 아직까지 소정의 목표에 도달하지 못했으며, 2000년 말에 모든 실행지침이 실행되도록 목표, 실행 계획 및 조직을 수정하여 노력하고 있다.lumn density at distant position from MD5 is larger than that in the (:entral region. We have deduced that this hot-core has a mass of 10sR1 which i:s about an order of magnitude larger those obtained by previous studies.previous studies.업순서들의 상관관계를 고려하여 보다 개선된 해를 구하기 위한 연구가 요구된다. 또한, 준비작업비용

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행성 근접통과를 이용한 행성간 탐사선의 궤도 설계에 관한 연구

  • 송영주;유성문;박은서;박상영;최규홍;윤재철;김방엽;김병교;최준민
    • Bulletin of the Korean Space Science Society
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    • 2003.10a
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    • pp.50-50
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    • 2003
  • 본 연구에서는 행성 근접통과(Gravity Assist, Swingby, Flyby)를 이용한 행성간 탐사선의 궤도를 설계할 수 있는 알고리즘 개발을 자체적으로 수행하였다. 미 항공우주국(NASA)에서는 이를 이용한 행성간 탐사선의 궤도에 관한 연구를 이미 1950년대부터 시작하여 왔으며, 1973년 Mariner 10호가 한번에 두 행성, 금성과 수성을 탐사하는데 성공하였다. 행성간 임무에 있어서 행성 근접통과를 적절하게 이용한다면 임무 수행시 요구되는 에너지를 최소화 시킬 수 있어 발사비용의 절감효과와 함께 한번의 발사로 여러 행성의 탐사가 가능하여 임무의 효율성을 증대 시킬 수 있다. 행성 근접통과를 이용한 행성 탐사선의 궤도설계를 위해서는 근접 통과하는 행성(Flyby planet)에서의 진입속도벡터( $V_{\infty}$$^{ -}$) 및 출발속도벡터( $V_{\infty}$$^{+}$)의 크기, 근접 통과시의 비행 고도(Flyby altitude), 근접 통과 행성과의 충돌여부 분석(B-plane analysis), 최종적으로 도착하고자 하는 행성(Target planet)의 위치 등 많은 제한조건이 고려되어야 한다. 연구된 알고리즘의 결과를 미 항공우주국 (NASA)의 임무였던 Mariner 10호의 결과와 비교하여 보았으며, 우리나라가 향후 목성으로 탐사선을 보낸다고 가정하였을 경우, 행성 근접통과를 이용한 탐사선의 발사시기(Launch Window), 요구되는 발사 에너지(C3)값, 그리고 각각에 따른 궤적들을 산출하여 보았다. 이미 기술 개발을 완료한 국가들이 관련 기술의 제휴를 기피하고 있는 현 상황에서 이와 관련된 연구는 우주개발의 시대를 열고 있는 우리나라의 우주개발관련 기초 기술 분야를 위해 선행 연구되어야 할 부분이다. 기초 기술 분야를 위해 선행 연구되어야 할 부분이다.다.향을 해석하고 시뮬레이션 하였다.Device Controller)는 ECU로부터 명령어를 받아서 arm 및 safe 상태에 대한 텔리 메트리 데이터를 제공한다 그리고, SAR(Solar Array Regulator)는 ECU로부터 Bypass Relay 및 ARM Relay에 관한 명령어를 받아 수행되며 그에 따른 텔리 메트리 데이터를 제공한다. 마지막으로 EPS 소프트웨어를 검증하는 EPS Software Verification을 수행하였다 전력계 소프트웨어의 설계의 검증 부분은 현재 설계 제작된 전력계 .소프트웨어의 동작 특성 이 위성 의 전체 운용개념과 연계하여 전력계 소프트웨어가 전력계 및 위성체의 요구조건을 만족시키는지를 확인하는데 있다. 전력계 운용 소프트웨어는 배터리의 충ㆍ방전을 효율적으로 관리해 3년의 임무 기간동안 위성체에 전력을 공급할 수 있도록 설계되어 있다this hot-core has a mass of 10sR1 which i:s about an order of magnitude larger those obtained by previous studies.previous studies.업순서들의 상관관계를 고려하여 보다 개선된 해를 구하기 위한 연구가 요구된다. 또한, 준비작업비용을 발생시키는 작업장의 작업순서결정에 대해서도 연구를 행하여, 보완작업비용과 준비비용을 고려한 GMMAL 작업순서문제를 해결하기 위한 연구가 수행되어야 할 것이다.로 이루어 져야 할 것이다.태를 보다 효율적으로 증진시킬 수 있는 대안이 마련되어져야 한다고 사료된다.$\ulcorner$순응$\lrcorner$의 범위를 벗어나지 않는다. 그렇기 때문에도 $\ulcorner$순응$\lrcorner$$\ulcorner$표현$\lrcorner$의 성격과 형태를 외형상으로 더욱이 공간상에서는 뚜렷하

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TML 방법에 의한 우주환경에서의 인공위성 부품 탈기체 특성에 관한 연구

  • 정성인;박홍영;유상문;오대수;이현우;임종태
    • Bulletin of the Korean Space Science Society
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    • 2003.10a
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    • pp.62-62
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    • 2003
  • 과학위성 1호에는 위성의 임무를 수행하기 위하여 광학계, 구조부, 및 전자부 등 여러가지 부품들이 실장되는데, 그 중 전자부의 가장 중요한 부품 중의 하나인 인쇄회로기판(Printed Circuit Board, PCB)의 우주환경에서의 특성 대해서 논의하고자 한다. Solder Resistor(Solder Mask)의 화학성분이 위성체가 작동하는 우주환경에서 위성체 임무수행 시 발생할 수 있는 out-gassing으로 인해 위성체가 본연의 임무 실패라는 결과를 초래할 수 있다 NASA 및 ESA의 Out-gassing에 관한 규정과 TRW에 의한 KOMSAT에 사용된 재료의 진공상태의 Outgassing에 관한 내용에 의하면, 재료의 진공상태와 Out-gassing은 America Society for Testing and Materials에서 제시한 ASTM E959 기준에 따라 제작된다. 일반적으로 우주 환경에서 광학계나 전자부의 원활한 동작을 위해서는 인쇄 회로 기판의 총 질량손실(Total Mass Loss, TML)은 1.00%을 넘지 말아야 하며, 휘발성 응축 질량 (Collected Volatile Condensable Mass, CVCM)은 0.1% 미만이어야 한다. Total Mass Loss(TML) 방법은 대기중에서 측정한 질량과 진공 조건에서 변화되는 질량을 측정함으로써 진공조건에서의 탈기체 특성을 측정하는 방법이다. 본 연구에서는 Solder Resistor(Solder Mask)의 탈기체 측정을 위한 진공챔버의 측정방법 및 진공 형성 과정을 기술하고 실제 과학위성1호에 장착될 시료를 예로 들어 인쇄회로기판에 입힌 Solder Resistor(Solder Mask)가 우주환경인 진공상태에서 위성체 부품의 작동 시 발생할 수 있는 탈기체되는 정도를 질량의 변화분으로 측정하여 위성체가 우주 환경에서 본연의 임무를 안전하게 수행할 있는지를 검증하였다.부분이다.다.향을 해석하고 시뮬레이션 하였다.Device Controller)는 ECU로부터 명령어를 받아서 arm 및 safe 상태에 대한 텔리 메트리 데이터를 제공한다 그리고, SAR(Solar Array Regulator)는 ECU로부터 Bypass Relay 및 ARM Relay에 관한 명령어를 받아 수행되며 그에 따른 텔리 메트리 데이터를 제공한다. 마지막으로 EPS 소프트웨어를 검증하는 EPS Software Verification을 수행하였다 전력계 소프트웨어의 설계의 검증 부분은 현재 설계 제작된 전력계 .소프트웨어의 동작 특성 이 위성 의 전체 운용개념과 연계하여 전력계 소프트웨어가 전력계 및 위성체의 요구조건을 만족시키는지를 확인하는데 있다. 전력계 운용 소프트웨어는 배터리의 충ㆍ방전을 효율적으로 관리해 3년의 임무 기간동안 위성체에 전력을 공급할 수 있도록 설계되어 있다this hot-core has a mass of 10sR1 which i:s about an order of magnitude larger those obtained by previous studies.previous studies.업순서들의 상관관계를 고려하여 보다 개선된 해를 구하기 위한 연구가 요구된다. 또한, 준비작업비용을 발생시키는 작업장의 작업순서결정에 대해서도 연구를 행하여, 보완작업비용과 준비비용을 고려한 GMMAL 작업순서문제를 해결하기 위한 연구가 수행되어야 할 것이다.로 이루어 져야 할 것이다.태를 보다 효율적으로 증진시킬 수 있는 대안이 마련되어져야 한다고 사료된다.$\ulcorner$순응$\lrcorner$의 범위를 벗어나지 않는다. 그렇기 때문에도 $\ulcorner$순응$\lrcorner$$\ulcorner$표현$\lrcorner$의 성격과 형태를 외형상으로

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Flood Simulation for Basin-Shaped Urban Watershed Considering Surface Flow (분지형 도시유역에서의 노면류를 고려한 침수모의)

  • Ahn, Jeonghwan;Cho, Woncheol;Jung, Jaehee
    • KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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    • v.34 no.3
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    • pp.841-847
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    • 2014
  • Urban runoff models have been continuously developing with concerns for urban flood. Recently, models that be able to quantitatively analyze surface inundation caused by overflowed water from storm sewer were also developed by coupling 1-dimensional sewer model and 2-dimensional surface flow model. However, only overflowed water from storm sewer can be analyzed by the models have been developed until now. They are limited to be not able to analyze surface inundation caused by surface runoff that could not flow into the storm sewer. In order to overcome the limitation, basin-overlap method was devised adding a dummy 1-dimensional sewer layer to the model, so it can consider the efficiency of inflow to the storm sewer system. XP-SWMM 2011 is applied for urban runoff model and the flood event occurred on July 27, 2011 in basin-shaped Sadangcheon watershed is chosen for study inundation event. According to simulation results basin-overlap method reappear the observed inundation event more precisely than traditional method. This results suggest that drainage system has to be improved for reducing inundation caused by surface runoff and would be used as considerations for planning an urban basin design magnitude.

Information types and characteristics within the Wireless Emergency Alert in COVID-19: Focusing on Wireless Emergency Alerts in Seoul (코로나 19 하에서 재난문자 내의 정보유형 및 특성: 서울특별시 재난문자를 중심으로)

  • Yoon, Sungwook;Nam, Kihwan
    • Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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    • v.28 no.1
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    • pp.45-68
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    • 2022
  • The central and local governments of the Republic of Korea provided information necessary for disaster response through wireless emergency alerts (WEAs) in order to overcome the pandemic situation in which COVID-19 rapidly spreads. Among all channels for delivering disaster information, wireless emergency alert is the most efficient, and since it adopts the CBS(Cell Broadcast Service) method that broadcasts directly to the mobile phone, it has the advantage of being able to easily access disaster information through the mobile phone without the effort of searching. In this study, the characteristics of wireless emergency alerts sent to Seoul during the past year and one month (January 2020 to January 2021) were derived through various text mining methodologies, and various types of information contained in wireless emergency alerts were analyzed. In addition, it was confirmed through the population mobility by age in the districts of Seoul that what kind of influence it had on the movement behavior of people. After going through the process of classifying key words and information included in each character, text analysis was performed so that individual sent characters can be used as an analysis unit by applying a document cluster analysis technique based on the included words. The number of WEAs sent to the Seoul has grown dramatically since the spread of Covid-19. In January 2020, only 10 WEAs were sent to the Seoul, but the number of the WEAs increased 5 times in March, and 7.7 times over the previous months. Since the basic, regional local government were authorized to send wireless emergency alerts independently, the sending behavior of related to wireless emergency alerts are different for each local government. Although most of the basic local governments increased the transmission of WEAs as the number of confirmed cases of Covid-19 increases, the trend of the increase in WEAs according to the increase in the number of confirmed cases of Covid-19 was different by region. By using structured econometric model, the effect of disaster information included in wireless emergency alerts on population mobility was measured by dividing it into baseline effect and accumulating effect. Six types of disaster information, including date, order, online URL, symptom, location, normative guidance, were identified in WEAs and analyzed through econometric modelling. It was confirmed that the types of information that significantly change population mobility by age are different. Population mobility of people in their 60s and 70s decreased when wireless emergency alerts included information related to date and order. As date and order information is appeared in WEAs when they intend to give information about Covid-19 confirmed cases, these results show that the population mobility of higher ages decreased as they reacted to the messages reporting of confirmed cases of Covid-19. Online information (URL) decreased the population mobility of in their 20s, and information related to symptoms reduced the population mobility of people in their 30s. On the other hand, it was confirmed that normative words that including the meaning of encouraging compliance with quarantine policies did not cause significant changes in the population mobility of all ages. This means that only meaningful information which is useful for disaster response should be included in the wireless emergency alerts. Repeated sending of wireless emergency alerts reduces the magnitude of the impact of disaster information on population mobility. It proves indirectly that under the prolonged pandemic, people started to feel tired of getting repetitive WEAs with similar content and started to react less. In order to effectively use WEAs for quarantine and overcoming disaster situations, it is necessary to reduce the fatigue of the people who receive WEA by sending them only in necessary situations, and to raise awareness of WEAs.

Cardio-pulmonary Adaptation to Physical Training (운동훈련(運動訓練)에 대(對)한 심폐기능(心肺機能)의 적응(適應)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究))

  • Cho, Kang-Ha
    • The Korean Journal of Physiology
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    • v.1 no.1
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    • pp.103-120
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    • 1967
  • As pointed out by many previous investigators, the cardio-pulmonary system of well trained athletes is so adapted that they can perform a given physical exercise more efficiently as compared to non-trained persons. However, the time course of the development of these cardio-pulmonary adaptations has not been extensively studied in the past. Although the development of these training effects is undoubtedly related to the magnitude of an exercise load which is repeatedly given, it would be practical if one could maintain a good physical fitness with a minimal daily exercise. Hence, the present investigation was undertaken to study the time course of the development of cardio-pulmonary adaptations while a group of non-athletes was subjected to a daily 6 to 10 minutes running exercise for a period of 4 weeks. Six healthy male medical students (22 to 24 years old) were randomly selected as experimental subjects, and were equally divided into two groups (A and B). Both groups were subjected to the same daily running exercise (approximately 1,000 kg-m). 6 days a week for 4 weeks, but the rate of exercise was such that the group A ran on treadmill with 8.6% grade for 10 min daily at a speed of 127 m/min while the group B ran for 6 min at a speed of 200 m/min. In order to assess the effects of these physical trainings on the cardio-pulmonary system, the minute volume, the $O_2$ consumption, the $CO_2$ output and the heart rate were determined weekly while the subject was engaged in a given running exercise on treadmill (8.6% grade and 127 m/min) for a period of 5 min. In addition, the arterial blood pressure, the cardiac output, the acid-base state of arterial blood and the gas composition of arterial blood were also determined every other week in 4 subjects (2 from each group) while they were engaged in exercise on a bicycle ergometer at a rate of approximately 900 kg m/min until exhaustion. The maximal work capacity was also determined by asking the subject to engage in exercise on treadmill and ergometer until exhaustion. For the measurement of minute volume, the expired gas was collected in a Douglas bag. The $O_2$ consumption and the $CO_2$ output were subsequently computed by analysing the expired gas with a Scholander micro gas analyzer. The heart rate was calculated from the R-R interval of ECG tracings recorded by an Offner RS Dynograph. A 19 gauge Cournand needle was inserted into a brachial artery, through which arterial blood samples were taken. A Statham $P_{23}AA$ pressure transducer and a PR-7 Research Recorder were used for recording instantaneous arterial pressure. The cardiac output was measured by indicator (Cardiogreen) dilution method. The results may be summarized as follows: (1) The maximal running time on treadmill increased linearly during the 4 week training period at the end of which it increased by 2.8 to 4.6 times. In general, an increase in the maximal running time was greater when the speed was fixed at a level at which the subject was trained. The mammal exercise time on bicycle ergometer also increased linearly during the training period. (2) In carrying out a given running exercise on treadmill (8.6%grade, 127 m/min), the following changes in cardio·pulmonary functions were observed during the training period: (a) The minute volume as well as the $O_2$ consumption during steady state exercise tended to decrease progressively and showed significant reductions after 3 weeks of training. (b) The $CO_2$ production during steady state exercise showed a significant reduction within 1 week of training. (c) The heart rate during steady state exercise tended to decrease progressively and showed a significant reduction after 2 weeks of training. The reduction of heart rate following a given exercise tended to become faster by training and showed a significant change after 3 weeks. Although the resting heart rate also tended to decrease by training, no significant change was observed. (3) In rallying out a given exercise (900 kg-m/min) on a bicycle ergometer, the following change in cardio-vascular functions were observed during the training period: (3) The systolic blood pressure during steady state exercise was not affected while the diastolic blood Pressure was significantly lowered after 4 weeks of training. The resting diastolic pressure was also significantly lowered by the end of 4 weeks. (b) The cardiac output and the stroke volume during steady state exercise increased maximally within 2 weeks of training. However, the resting cardiac output was not altered while the resting stroke volume tended to increase somewhat by training. (c) The total peripheral resistance during steady state exercise was greatly lowered within 2 weeks of training. The mean circulation time during exorcise was also considerably shortened while the left heart work output during exercise increased significantly within 2 weeks. However, these functions_at rest were not altered by training. (d) Although both pH, $P_{co2}\;and\;(HCO_3-)$ of arterial plasma decreased during exercise, the magnitude of reductions became less by training. On the other hand, the $O_2$ content of arterial blood decreased during exercise before training while it tended to increase slightly after training. There was no significant alteration in these values at rest. These results indicate that cardio-pulmonary adaptations to physical training can be acquired by subjecting non-athletes to brief daily exercise routine for certain period of time. Although the time of appearance of various adaptive phenomena is not identical, it may be stated that one has to engage in daily exercise routine for at least 2 weeks for the development of significant adaptive changes.

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The Effects of Self-regulatory Resources and Construal Levels on the Choices of Zero-cost Products (자아조절자원 및 해석수준이 공짜대안 선택에 미치는 영향)

  • Lee, Jinyong;Im, Seoung Ah
    • Asia Marketing Journal
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    • v.13 no.4
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    • pp.55-76
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    • 2012
  • Most people prefer to choose zero-cost products they may get without paying any money. The 'zero-cost effect' can be explained with a 'zero-cost model' where consumers attach special values to zero-cost products in a different way from general economic models (Shampanier, Mazar and Ariely 2007). If 2 different products at the regular prices of ₩200 and ₩400 simultaneously offer ₩200 discounts, the prices will be changed to ₩0 and ₩200, respectively. In spite of the same price gap of the two products after the ₩200 discounts, people are much more likely to select the free alternative than the same product at the price of ₩200. Although prior studies have focused on the 'zero-cost effect' in isolation of other factors, this study investigates the moderating effects of a self-regulatory resource and a construal level on the selection of free products. Self-regulatory resources induce people to control or regulate their behavior. However, since self-regulatory resources are limited, they are to be easily depleted when exerted (Muraven, Tice, and Baumeister 1998). Without the resources, consumers tend to become less sensitive to price changes and to spend money more extravagantly (Vohs and Faber 2007). Under this condition, they are also likely to invest less effort on their information processing and to make more intuitive decisions (Pocheptsova, Amir, Dhar, and Baumeister 2009). Therefore, context effects such as price changes and zero cost effects are less likely in the circumstances of resource depletion. In addition, construal levels have profound effects on the ways of information processing (Trope and Liberman 2003, 2010). In a high construal level, people tend to attune their minds to core features and desirability aspects, whereas, in a low construal level, they are more likely to process information based on secondary features and feasibility aspects (Khan, Zhu, and Kalra 2010). A perceived value of a product is more related to desirability whereas a zero cost or a price level is more associated with feasibility. Thus, context effects or reliance on feasibility (for instance, the zero cost effect) will be diminished in a high level construal while those effects may remain in a low level construal. When people make decisions, these 2 factors can influence the magnitude of the 'zero-cost effect'. This study ran two experiments to investigate the effects of self-regulatory resources and construal levels on the selection of a free product. Kisses and Ferrero-Rocher, which were adopted in the prior study (Shampanier et al. 2007) were also used as alternatives in Experiments 1 and 2. We designed Experiment 1 in order to test whether self-regulatory resource depletion will moderate the zero-cost effect. The level of self-regulatory resources was manipulated with two different tasks, a Sudoku task in the depletion condition and a task of drawing diagrams in the non-depletion condition. Upon completion of the manipulation task, subjects were randomly assigned to one of a decision set with a zero-cost option (i.e., Kisses ₩0, and Ferrero-Rocher ₩200) or a set without a zero-cost option (i.e., Kisses ₩200, and Ferrero-Rocher ₩400). A pair of alternatives in the two decision sets have the same price gap of ₩200 between a low-priced Kisses and a high-priced Ferrero-Rocher. Subjects in the no-depletion condition selected Kisses more often (71.88%) over Ferrero-Rocher when Kisses was free than when it was priced at ₩200 (34.88%). However, the zero-cost effect disappeared when people do not have self-regulatory resources. Experiment 2 was conducted to investigate whether constual levels influence the magnitude of the 'zero-cost effect'. To manipulate construal levels, 4 different 'why (in the high construal level condition)' or 'how (in the low construal level condition)' questions about health management were asked. They were presented with 4 boxes connected with downward arrows. In a box at the top, there was one question, 'Why do I maintain good physical health?' or 'How do I maintain good physical health?' Subjects inserted a response to the question of why or how they would maintain good physical health. Similar tasks were repeated for the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th responses. After the manipulation task, subjects were randomly assigned either to a decision set with a zero-cost option, or to a set without it, as in Experiment 1. When a low construal level is primed with 'how', subjects chose free Kisses (60.66%) more often over Ferrero-Rocher than they chose ₩200 Kisses (42.19%) over ₩400 FerreroRocher. On contrast, the zero-cost effect could not be observed any longer when a high construal level is primed with 'why'.

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A STUDY ON THE MEASUREMENT OF THE IMPLANT STABILITY USING RESONANCE FREQUENCY ANALYSIS (공진 주파수 분석법에 의한 임플랜트의 안정성 측정에 관한 연구)

  • Park Cheol;Lim Ju-Hwan;Cho In-Ho;Lim Heon-Song
    • The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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    • v.41 no.2
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    • pp.182-206
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    • 2003
  • Statement of problem : Successful osseointegration of endosseous threaded implants is dependent on many factors. These may include the surface characteristics and gross geometry of implants, the quality and quantity of bone where implants are placed, and the magnitude and direction of stress in functional occlusion. Therefore clinical quantitative measurement of primary stability at placement and functional state of implant may play a role in prediction of possible clinical symptoms and the renovation of implant geometry, types and surface characteristic according to each patients conditions. Ultimately, it may increase success rate of implants. Purpose : Many available non-invasive techniques used for the clinical measurement of implant stability and osseointegration include percussion, radiography, the $Periotest^{(R)}$, Dental Fine $Tester^{(R)}$ and so on. There is, however, relatively little research undertaken to standardize quantitative measurement of stability of implant and osseointegration due to the various clinical applications performed by each individual operator. Therefore, in order to develop non-invasive experimental method to measure stability of implant quantitatively, the resonance frequency analyzer to measure the natural frequency of specific substance was developed in the procedure of this study. Material & method : To test the stability of the resonance frequency analyzer developed in this study, following methods and materials were used : 1) In-vitro study: the implant was placed in both epoxy resin of which physical properties are similar to the bone stiffness of human and fresh cow rib bone specimen. Then the resonance frequency values of them were measured and analyzed. In an attempt to test the reliability of the data gathered with the resonance frequency analyzer, comparative analysis with the data from the Periotest was conducted. 2) In-vivo study: the implants were inserted into the tibiae of 10 New Zealand rabbits and the resonance frequency value of them with connected abutments at healing time are measured immediately after insertion and gauged every 4 weeks for 16 weeks. Results : Results from these studies were such as follows : The same length implants placed in Hot Melt showed the repetitive resonance frequency values. As the length of abutment increased, the resonance frequency value changed significantly (p<0.01). As the thickness of transducer increased in order of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mm, the resonance frequency value significantly increased (p<0.05). The implants placed in PL-2 and epoxy resin with different exposure degree resulted in the increase of resonance frequency value as the exposure degree of implants and the length of abutment decreased. In comparative experiment based on physical properties, as the thickness of transducer increased, the resonance frequency value increased significantly(p<0.01). As the stiffness of substances where implants were placed increased, and the effective length of implants decreased, the resonance frequencies value increased significantly (p<0.05). In the experiment with cow rib bone specimen, the increase of the length of abutment resulted in significant difference between the results from resonance frequency analyzer and the $Periotest^{(R)}$. There was no difference with significant meaning in the comparison based on the direction of measurement between the resonance frequency value and the $Periotest^{(R)}$ value (p<0.05). In-vivo experiment resulted in repetitive patternes of resonance frequency. As the time elapsed, the resonance frequency value increased significantly with the exception of 4th and 8th week (p<0.05). Conclusion : The development of resonance frequency analyzer is an attempt to standardize the quantitative measurement of stability of implant and osseointegration and compensate for the reliability of data from other non-invasive measuring devices It is considered that further research is needed to improve the efficiency of clinical application of resonance frequency analyzer. In addition, further investigation is warranted on the standardized quantitative analysis of the stability of implant.

Basic Studies on the Consumptive Use of Water Required for Dry Field Crops -Tomato and Chinese Cabbage- (밭작물소비수량에 관한 기초적 연구 -토마토 및 가을배추-)

  • 김철기;김진한;최홍규
    • Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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    • v.30 no.3
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    • pp.25-37
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    • 1988
  • The purpose of this study is to fmd out the bask data for irrigation plans of tomato and chinese cabbage during the growing period, such as total amount of evapotranspiration, coefficients of evapotranspiration at each growth stage, the peak stage of evapotranspiration, the maximum evapotranspiration, optimum irrigation point, total readily available moisture and intervals of irrigation date. The plots of experiment were arranged with split plot design which were composed of two factors, irrigation point for main plot and soji texture for split plot, and three levels, irrigation points with PF 1.8, PF 2.2, PF 2.6 for tomato and those with PF 1.9, PF 2.3, PF 2.7, for Chinese cabbage, soil textures of silty clay, sandy loam and sandy soil for both tomato and Chinese cabbage, with two replications. The results obtained are summarized as follows 1. There was the highest significant correlation between the evapotranspiration and the pan evaporation, beyond all other meteoralogical factors considered. Therefore, the pan evaporation is enough to be used as a meteorological index measuring the quantity of evapotranspiration. 2. 1/10 probability values of maximum total pan evaporation during growing period for tomato and Chinese cabbage were shown as 355.8 mm and 233.0 mm, respectively, and those of maximum ten day pan evaporation for tomato and Chinese cabbage, 68.0 mm and 43.8 mm, respectively. 3. The time that annual maximum of ten day pan evaporation can be occurred, exists at any stage of growing period for tomato, and at any growth stage till the late of Septemberfor Chinese cabbage. 4. The magnitude of evapotranspiration and of its coefficient for tomato and Chinese cabbage was occurred in the order of pF 1.8>pF 2.2>pF 2.6 and of pF 1.9>pF 2.3>pF 2.7 respectively in aspect of irrigation point and of silty clay>sandy loam>sandy soil in aspect of soil texture. 5. 1/10 probability value of evapotranspiration and its coefficient during the growing period of tomato were shown as 327.3 mm and 0.92 respectively, while those of Chinese cabbage, 261.0 mm and 1.12 respectively. 6. The time that maximum evapotranspiration of tomato can be occurred is at the date of fortieth to fiftieth after transplanting and the time for Chinese cabbage is presumed to he in the late of septemben At that time, 1/10 probability value of ten day evapotranspiration and its coefficient for tomato is presumed to be 74.8 mm and 1.10 respectively, while those of Chinese cabbage, 43.8 mm and 1.00. 7. In aspect of only irrigaton point, the weight of raw tomato and Chinese cabbage were mcreased in the order of pF 2.2>pF 1.8>pF 2.6 and of pF 1.9>pF 2.3>pF 2.7, respectively but optimum irrigation point for tomato and Chinese cabbage, is presumed to be pF 2.6 - 2.7 if nonsignificance of the yield between the different irrigation treatments, economy of water, and reduction in labour of irrigaion are synthetically considered. 8. The soil moisture extraction patterns of tomato and Chinese cabbage have shown that maximum extraction rate exists at 7 cm deep layer at the beginning stage of growth m any soil texture and that extraction rates of 21 cm to 35 cm deep layer are increased as getting closer to the late stage of growth. And especially the extraction rates of 21 cm deep layer and 35 cm deep layer have shown tendency to be more increased in silty clay than in any other soils. 9. As optimum irrigation point is presumed to be pF Z6-2.7, total readily available moisture of tomato in silty clay, sandy loam and sandy sofl becomes to be 19.06 mm, 21.37 mm and 20.91 mm respectively while that of Chinese cabbage, 18.51 mm, 20.27 mm, 21.11 mm respectively. 10. On the basis of optimum irrigation point with pF 2.6 - 2.7 the intervals of irrigation date of tomato and Chinese cabbage at the growth stage of maximum consumptive use become to be three days and five days respectively.

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