• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.115-123
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• 2005

수원시 이목동에 있는 원예연구소의 사과원에서 조사한 1958년부터 1998년까지 자료를 바탕으로 사과응애와 점박이응애의 역사적 발생변동 과정을 추적하였다. 1970년까지는 사과응애가 우점하였고 1980년 이후에는 점박이응애로 우점종이 바뀌었으며, 그 변화는 1970년 중반을 전후로 나타났다. 이러한 변화를 설명하기 위하여 3가지 가정, 즉 첫째, 두 종의 경쟁에서 점박이응애가 승리한다. 둘째, 과원의 초생은 점박이응애의 수상이동 여부를 결정하는 중요한 요소이다, 즉 초생이 파괴되었을 때 점박이응애의 수상이동이 촉진된다. 셋째, 과원생태계가 교란되지 않을 때 응애류는 천적에 의하여 개체군 밀도가 조절된다 하에 약제살포(고독성 비선택적 약제 처리 및 선택적 저독성 약제처리)와 초생관리(초생재배 및 청경재배=제초제 살포)에 따른 두 종의 장기적 상호작용 결과를 추정하였다. 고독성 농약/초생재배 시스템에서는 점박이응애의 수상이동이 제한되어 사과응애는 경쟁을 피할 수 있고, 또한 천적상이 파괴되기 때문에 전 생육기간 동안 사과응애가 우점한다. 고독성 농약/청경재배 시스템에서는 계절초기부터 점박이응애가 수상으로 이동하여 사과응애를 경쟁적으로 배제시킴으로써 점박이응애가 우점한다. 저독성 농약/초생재배 시스템에서는 점박이응애의 수상이동이 제한되어 사과응애가 우점하지만 천적의 작용으로 높은 밀도를 형성하지 못한다. 저독성 농약/청경재배 시스템에서는 점박이응애가 수상으로 이동하여 사과응애와 경쟁하지만 천적의 작용으로 밀도가 낮아져서 경쟁압력이 낮아지므로 생육후기 사과응애의 발생이 가능하다. 따라서 계절초기 사과응애, 계절후기 점박이응애가 우점하는 형태로 공존할 수 있다. 본 자료에서 제시한 점박이응애 우점화 현상은 부분적으로 고독성 농약/청경재배 시스템 상태에서 두 종의 장기적 상호작용의 결과로 설명될 수 있었다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.325-332
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• 2016

본 연구는 말 방목용으로 적합한 남방형 및 북방형목초를 선발하기 위하여 북방형과 남방형목초를 혼합하거나 북방형목초만을 파종하였고 또한 말의 목초 섭취 특성을 고려하여 북방형목초는 상번초와 하번초로 구별하여 처리를 나누었다. 북방형목초는 하번초인 캔터기블루그라스(Kentucky bluegrass)와 레드톱(redtop), 상번초인 오차드그라스(orchard grass), 톨 페스큐 (tall fescue)를 공시하였다. 남방형목초로는 하번초인 버뮤다그라스를 공시하였다. 남방형 및 북방형 혼합 파종으로 처리 1에서는 하번초위로 구성하여 버뮤다그라스에 캔터키부루그라스 + 레드톱을 혼파하였고, 처리 2는 버뮤다그라스에 상번초인 톨 페스큐+ 오차드그라스를 혼파하였다. 처리 3은 하번초 위주의 북방형목초 캔터키부루그라스+ 레드톱을 혼합 파종하였다. 처리 4는 상번초인톨 페스큐와 오차드그라스를 혼합 파종하였다. 표고 200 m에서는 한해와 도복 피해는 없었다. 초장은 평균적으로는 처리 1이 53.9 cm, 처리 2가 58.2 cm, 처리 3이 57.5 cm, 처리 4가 78.1 cm으로 남방형 및 북방형목초 혼합구 보다는 북방형목초구에서 초장이 더 컸으며 특히 북방형목초 중상번초로 구성된 처리 4의 초장이 가장 컸다. 건물 수량은 처리 1이 12,412 kg, 처리 2가 12,077 kg, 처리 3이 14,884 kg, 처리 4가 16,496 kg으로 남방형 및 북방형목초 혼합구보다는 북방형목초구에서 더 높은 수량을 나타내었고 특히 상번초인 처리 4가 가장 많았다. 식생분포는 1차 조사에서 는 처리 1과 처리 2에서 버뮤다그라스가 70%, 66.7%으로 버뮤다그라스가 우점이 되어 켄터키 블루그라스, 레드톱, 톨 페스큐, 오차드그라스의 생육이 전체적으로 저조하였다. 2차 조사에서는 처리 1에서 버뮤다그라스가 80.0%으로 버뮤다그라스 우점 현상이 더욱 심하여졌다. 조단백질과, NDF, ADF, TDN을 고려했을 때 켄터키블루그라스와 레드톱이 들어간 처리구가 사료가치가 우수하였고 톨 페스큐와 오차드그라스가 들어간 처리구가 상대적으로 좋지 않는 것으로 나타났으며 난방형목초인 버뮤다그라스를 혼합하였을 때는 중간 정도의 성적을 나타내었다. 이상을 종합해볼 때 말 방목에 적합한 방법은 남방형목초와 북방형목초를 혼파하였을 때는 남방형목초가 우점하는 경향을 나타내어 북방형목초의 생육을 방해하므로 남방형 및 북방형목초의 혼파를 피하고 서로 포장을 분리해서 한쪽은 남방형목초를 파종하고 다른쪽은 북방형목초를 파종해서 말을 윤환방목 시키는 것이 좋을 것으로 사료되었다.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.37-48
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• 2012

본 연구는 유기재배 배 과수원에서 녹비작물 재배에 의한 식물양분의 환원효과를 알아보기 위해서 수행되었다. 처리는 녹비작물 재배방법에 따라서, 1) 방임초생, 2) 겨울철 녹비작물 재배(호밀+헤어리베치), 3) 겨울철 녹비작물+여름철 녹비작물[그린솔고(수단그라스 품종($Sorghum$ $bicolor$ L.))+네마장황(클로타라리아 품종($Crotalaria$ $juncea$ L.))]으로 나누었다. 겨울철 녹비작물인 호밀과 헤어리베치는 각각 6.4kg/10a와 3.0kg/10a로 2008년 10월 17일에 파종하였으며, 여름철 녹비작물인 그린솔고와 네마장황은 각각 2.0kg/10a와 3.0kg/10a로 2009년 6월 4일에 전남 보성의 배 과수원 독농가에 처리하였다. 녹비작물의 건물중은 겨울+여름녹비작물>겨울녹비작물>방임초생 순으로 나타났다. 녹비작물의 건물중의 차이는 전질소와 인산 그리고 칼륨의 환원량에도 영향을 미쳤으며, 10-12년생 '신고' 배나무가 필요로 하는 질소와 인산 그리고 칼륨의 요구도에 비교해서 다소 많은 양을 공급한 것으로 판단되었다. 이러한 과다한 무기성분 공급량은 토양의 유기물과 칼륨 그리고 마그네슘 농도를 적정농도 이상으로 증가시켰다. 하지만 배나무의 영양상태의 지표인 잎의 무기성분은 녹비작물 연용에 따른 별다른 영향을 받지 않은 것으로 사료되었다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.48-57
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• 1999

This study was aimed to establish biotop unit of the mixed rural city for the method and process of the biotop mapping system. Survey site was Maejuri of Seunghwan(158ha), Gisanri of Mokchon(132ha) and Namkwanri, Pungsemeon(214ha). So the main process was divided by 4 schemes such as Biosphere, Geosphere, Antrosphere and Evaluation. Also the GIS(geographic information system) was used to make the database of the biotop and biotop complex, analyze the cross-combinations and analyze the characters of the biotop. Biotop mapping system had 5 steps which were proceeded with research goals, constructing the spatial database and attribute database, classifying the 3 types of biotop such as tree/shrub biotop, grass biotop and wetland biotop, cross-analyzing 3 biotop types with land use, habitat characters, relief characters and danger/disturbance elements and evaluating the 3 types of biotop. The results of applicating the biotop mapping system on the research site as followings : The distributions of the land uses in Maejuri, Seunghwan eup in Chonan city were recorded by forest(29.8%), orchard(14.1%) and landscaping around building site(9.0%). Gisanri, Mokchonmeon were composed of forest(64.5%), farm(12.8%) and Namkwanri, Pungsemeon were concentrated rice field(39.6%), dwell district(22.4%). The Tree/Shrub biotop type was reclassed by the forest type, natural and artificial decidous type with natural coniferous. The Grass biotop type was reclassed by the wild grassland type, garden type and peddy field with wild grassland. The distributions of the wet land were pointed high at the wet land type with reed marsh and edge vegetation around wet land in reservoir and river. The evaluation of the mapped bitopes was completed to the following aspect, "amenity" and "environmental education". A high value of 7.13%(1 class) was shown Maejuri, Seunghwan eup. The regions which were studied synthetically are divided to three parts ; the area where have nature and art mixed(Seunghwan), the area which is more artificial because people inhabit there for a long time(Pungsemeon) and the area that ecological environment is threatened by development pressure(Mokchonmeon). Therefore, ecological restoration plan which depends on specific property of the regions should be established. Also the interdisplinary researches were needed to develop the BMS(Biotop Mapping System) in Korea because of the differences with Germany, England's ecological habitat conditions.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2004년도 임시총회 및 추계학술발표회
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• pp.37-47
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• 2004

In Korea, over three hundreds of the coal mines were closed or abandoned due to the depression of the mining industry since the late 1980s. Many of them locate in the steep mountain valleys and the coal mine wastes had been disposed without a proper treatment From these mines, enormous amounts of coal mine overburdens have been abandoned in the slopes and the ample amounts of acid mine drainage (AMD) from either portal or overburdens have been discharging directly to the streams, causing the detrimental effects on soil and water qualities. Objectives of this research were to reclaim the coal mine overburdens using the lime waste cake from the soda ash production by stabilizing the overburden slopes, introducing the vegetation alleviate the environmental problems caused by the closed coal mines. The percentages of the grass distribution ratio (%) and the surface coverage ($\textrm{cm}^2$) in each treatment plot were determined during June to August after seed spraying grasses such as orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L), Kentucky Bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and Eulalia (Miscanthus sinensis Anderss) at the end of May. The grasses covered only 15.5 % of the coal overburden plot at the early stage but the coverage was increased with time to 33% in August. Growth of such grasses was enhanced with the combined treatments of lime waste and topsoil resulting in the increased surface coverage by the grasses. The Increment of the surface coverage from June to August was higher with lime waste treatments. The distribution percentages and surface coverage were highest when the lime wastes were treated at 25 % of the lime requirement. This might be related with the high salt contents in the hire wastes. Results demonstrated that the amounts of lime wastes at 25% of the lime requirement were sufficient for neutralizing the acidic coal overburden and introducing the re-vegetation. Either layering between the coal waste and topsoil or mixing with coal overburdens could be adopted as the lime waste treatment method. The combined treatment of lime wastes and topsoil was recommended for re-vegetation in the coal overburden slopes. The lime wastes from the soda ash production might have a potential to be recycled for the reclamation of the abandoned coal mines to alleviate the environmental problems associated with coal mine waste.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권11호
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• pp.1577-1583
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• 2014

Encapsulation is a method used to protect material from certain undesirable environments, for controlled release at a more favorable time and place. Animal productivity would be enhanced if feed additives are delivered to be utilized at their site of action, bypassing the rumen where they are likely to be degraded by microbial action. A novel method of encapsulation with sesame gum was used to coat nitrate, a known enteric methane mitigating agent, and tested for the effect on methane reduction and other in vitro fermentation parameters using rumen fluid from cannulated Hanwoo steers. Orchard grass was used as basal diet for fermentation. The treatments were matrix (1.1 g sesame gum+0.4 g sesame oil cake) only, encapsulated nitrate (matrix+nitrate [21 mM]), free nitrate (21 mM), and a control that contained no additive. Analyses of fermentation parameters were done at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, and 48 h time periods. In comparison to control, both free and encapsulated nitrate produced significantly reduced (p<0.01) methane (76% less) and also the total volatile fatty acids were reduced. A significantly higher (p<0.01) concentration of ammonia nitrogen was obtained with the encapsulated nitrate treatment (44%) compared to the free form (28%) and matrix only (20%) (p = 0.014). This might suggest slow release of encapsulated nitrate so that it is fully reduced to ammonia. Thus, this pioneering study found a significant reduction in methane production following the use of sesame gum encapsulated nitrate that shows the potential of a controlled release system in enhancing sustainability of ruminant production while reducing/eliminating the risk of nitrite toxicity.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.73-83
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• 2001

The qualities of the rice straw, black locust and orchardgrass silage added with grape pomace were investigated in this study and the amount of grape pomace added in different treatments were 0, 20, 40 and 50%, respectively. Crude protein contents of rice straw(6.5-10.6%) and orchardgrass silage(13.2-14.8%) added with grape pomace were significantly higher(p<0.05) than that of 100% rice straw(5.3%) and orchard grass silage(12.8%), however the crude protein contents(14.9-15.6%) of black locust silage in supplementation were lower than that of 100% black locust silage(16.3%). With higher amount of addition of grape pomade to rice straw, black locust and orchardgrass silages, ADF, NDF and crude ash contents decreased significantly(p<0.75). Moisture contents decreased according to the higher proportion of grape pomace in the rice straw silages, but increased according to the higher proportion of grape pomace in the black locust and orchardgrass silage. Values of pH in 20∼60% addition of grape pomace in rice straw(4.0∼4.2), black locust(4.1∼4.3) and orchardgrass silages(4.2∼4.4) were lower than that of 100% in rice straw(4.6), black locust(5.4) and orchardgrass silages(4.7). The contents of acetic acid and total volatile fatty acid significantly increased according to higher levels of addition of grape pomace compared to the respective values of silage. However the contents of lactic acid in supplementation of grape pomace were lower than that of 100% black locust silage.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.12-16
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• 1991

용액중 칼륨수준을 달리한 조건에서 수경재배된 오차드그라스에 들어있는 무기물중 칼륨, 마그네숨, 칼슘을 각각 물, 알코올, 산에 가용성언 깃으로 성분분획했는데, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. (1) 목초에 함유된 칼륨함량 전체에 대한 물, 알코올, 0.5% 개산에 의해 용출된 성분의 비솔은 수경액중 칼륨수준에 영향을 받지 않았으며 각각 90~93%,4~6%,2~3% 의 범위였다,(2) 마그네슘량의 약 80%가 수용성이었으며, 14~22%는 0,5% 염산에 의해 용출되었다 (3) 칼슘함량 전체에 대한 물, 알코올, 0.5% 및 1몰의 염산에 의해 용출된 성분의 비솔은 수경액중 칼륨수준에 영향을 받았는데. 각각 26~46%, 44~54% 및 8~22%의 범위였다. 이상의 결과로부터, 3가지 무기물중 물에 의해 용출되는 성분의 비솔은, 칼륨>마그네슘>칼슘의 순서였으나, 산에 의해 용출되는 성분의 비솔은 그 반대인 칼륨<마그네슘<칼슘이였다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.79-86
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• 1987

This study was carried out to investigate the relationships and the variations of agronomic characteristics in the shoot and root part of grasses for the basic data of the development, the management and the utilization of pasture in the forest. This study was conducted with 0% (full sunlight), 25%, 50% and 75% of shading degrees after orchardgrass, timothy, perennial ryegrass, ladino clover and orchardgrass dominated mixture were planted on Aug. 25 in 1984. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Dry matter yield in 25% of shading was increased 3-1 7% compared with 0% (full sunlight), while 50 and 75% of shading were decreased 28-35% and 44-60%, respectively. Dry matter yield of timothy, perennial ryegrass and ladino clover were decreased 10, 8 and 33%, respectively, compared with orchardgrass, but there was little difference between orchard grass and mixture. 2. Root distribution by different shading degrees was the maximum at 25%, followed by 0, 50 and 75% of shading degrees. Root distribution among different species was the maximum at orchardgrass, followed by perennial ryegrass and timothy. Especially, root distribution of timothy was very little compared with different species. And significantly positive correlation was observed in the relationship between root weight and dry matter yield (r=0.8 102**). 3. The physiological activity of root by different shading degrees was declined by more shading. 4. The length and the percentage of blade by different shading degrees was an increase tendency by more shading. The length and the percentage of blade among different species was followed by timothy, perennial ryegrass and orchardgrass, in that order. And the correlation between the percentage of blade and dry matter yield was significantly negative.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.3555-3571
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• 1974

This experiment of which aim contribute to plan irrigation system so as to increase forage crop yields, was conducted to estimate evapotranspiration amount of forage crops and to find out system of consumed water in a pasture-ground. The results obtained by this study are as follows: 1. The general weather conditions which, were closely related to the evapotrannpiration of forage crops were nearly same as those of the average year with the exception that temperature of May and June were slightly low. 2. According to the investigation of potential evapotranspirations (P.E) or forage crops and its changes during growing periods, changes of tenday P.E. were high significant according to the harvesting period. P.E of Alfalfa of which yield was the largest was the biggest. Althrough the correlations between P.E. and meteorological factors were irregular oming to three-time harvesting, correlation between ten-day evapotraspiration amount and copper plated pan evaporation or solar radiation was high positive significant. 4. Predicting formulas of P.E. were led by weather factors, and also relatione between P.E. and weather factors were showed as figure. from the these formulas, P.E. may be calculated by weather factors. 5. Predicting formulas of P.E. were led by mean temperature and copper plated pan evaporation, and by mean temperature and solar radiation. As computed values and measured values showed in figure, these formulas were high signiflent. 6. In the total consumed soil water duration of 10 days which, was non-rain period from 12th to 21th of August, Alfalfa was the largest 48.1mm, second, Orchard grass 40.1mm and Fescue 37.6mm, and Ladino clover was the smallest 37.1mm, also, order of each forage crop yield amound. was same to the abov. Order of soil moisture extraction rate of soil layer of all the for forage crops dulation of ten-day was soil layer 1 which was largest, soil layer 2, 3, and 4 Reviewing the the first five-day and the second five day, in the first five-day, order of that of all the forage crops was same to the above, but in the second five-day, that of soil layer 2 or 3 was more than the of soil layer 1.