• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.173-180
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• 2015

Environmental pesticides used for insect control can be transferred from plants to animals even to livestock animals through food chain. Human beings also can be exposed to pesticides by consuming polluted dairy products, including meats, eggs and other milk products. Therefore, the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS) established Standard for Pesticide Residue Limits in dairy products. The QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) methods for detecting residual pesticides are relatively well established for fruits and vegetables, however, the methods for meat have not been appropriately studied yet. In the present work, pyraclofos was used as an organophosphate pesticide to examine its tissue residue in experimental animals by QuEChERS methods. For this, pyraclofos (150 mg/kg body weight) was orally administered to male rats once a day for 2 days. After 6, 12, and 24 hr of the treatment, the tissue residues in liver and femoral muscle of the rats were determined using QuEChERS methods followed by HPLC analyses. In preliminary studies, the recovery rates of spiking samples of pyraclofos demonstrated approximately 109~110% from the tissues. In previous study, pyraclofos tissue residues were observed with significantly high levels in livers and muscles at 6 hr of oral treatment. Then, they were almost completely disappeared after 24 hr of the administration, indicating the orally exposed pyraclofos is rapidly absorbed and distributed to body organs, then quickly excreted from the body with a negligible level of tissue residue. The alterations in blood chemistry as well as the histopathology of heart, lung, liver, spleen and kidney have also been investigated in the experimental animals for assessing acute toxic effects of pyraclofos. The obtained blood chemistry indexes (ALT and AST) showed maximum peak values at 12 hr after the oral administration and decreased to the normal levels at 24 hr of the treatment. Histopathologic observation exhibited acute hepatic damages at 24 hr of the treatment. In conclusion, we suggest that QuEChERS method can be adequately optimized for the analysis of pyraclofos residues in animal tissues.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.348-355
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• 2006

Tennison was the first to recognize and to preserve the Cupid's bow by lowering the peak in the margin of the cleft. Randall had modified the Tennison's repair based on accurate measurements. Bardach's technique evolved from the basic concept of triangular flap cleft lip repair described by Tennison-Randall method. Precise measurements are used to define the dimensions of the equilateral triangular flap, which is created on the cleft side and is inserted into an equilateral triangular defect on the noncleft side. Two symmetrical vertical distances on either side of the cleft are thus formed. It is essential that the incisions in the skin correspond precisely with those on the muscles and mucosa, and that all layers are sutured with the use of the triangular flap, thus preventing vertical scar contracture. This procedure produces a symmetric, balance lip with a well-defined Cupid's bow, a symmetric vermilion, and a properly aligned orbicularis oris muscle. We had treated three patients with unilateral incomplete cleft lip by using Bardach's triangular flap method. The operation scars could be reduced comparing to Millard method because Bardach's method did not use the columella base and the alar base incision. And the flap design was more simple and accurate comparing to Tennison-Randall method. On the other hand, the postoperative scars on the philtrum pointed as a disadvantage of triangular flap method were cosmetically acceptable because the three patients had incomplete cleft lip. We have experienced that Bardach's triangular flap is a recommendable technique for the repair of unilateral incomplete cleft lip.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2008

Purpose: This study was aimed to examine the resorption rate, the healing pattern, and the response of the surrounding tissue after the graft of the acellular dermal matrix ($AlloDerm^{(R)}$) and the autogenous dermis, and to report the clinical result of the use of $AlloDerm^{(R)}$ in order to restore the soft tissue defects. Methods: Twenty mature rabbits, weighing about 3 ㎏, were used for the experimental study. The $10\times10$ mm-size autogenous dermis and the $AlloDerm^{(R)}$ were grafted to the space between the external abdominal oblique muscle and the fascia of the rabbits. And the $AlloDerm^{(R)}$ was grafted to the pocket between the skin and the underlying perichondrium of rabbit ear. The resorption rate of the grafted sites was calculated, and the tissue specimens were histologically examined at 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks after the graft. The five patients with the cleft-lip nasal deformity and the one patient with the saddle nose deformity, who received the $AlloDerm^{(R)}$ graft to restore the facial soft tissue defects, were reviewed for the clinical study. Results: The resorption rate at 8 weeks after the graft was 21.5% for the autogenous dermis, and 16.0% $AlloDerm^{(R)}$. In microscopic examinations, the infiltration of the inflammatory cells and the epidermal inclusion cyst were observed in the autogenous dermis graft. However, the neovascularization and the progressive growth of the new fibroblasts were shown in the $AlloDerm^{(R)}$ graft. And the six patients, who received the $AlloDerm^{(R)}$ graft, demonstrated the good stability of the grafts and improved appearance. There were no remarkable complications such as inflammation, rejection, dislocation, and severe absorption in the clinical cases. Conclusion: These results suggest that $AlloDerm^{(R)}$ can be an useful graft material for restoration of soft tissue defects because of the good stability and the tissue response without the remarkable clinical complications.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.8
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• pp.1181-1185
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• 2010

This study was carried out to evaluate the vaccination effects of recombinant fusion protein rVP19+28 against WSSV in shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. The VP19+28 gene fused with VP19 and VP28 genes was inserted into pET-28a(+) expression vector and cloned in E. coli BL21 (DE3) to produce fused gene product recombinant VP19+VP28 as a single protein. For the vaccination, the shrimps were fed with pellets coated with purified recombinant protein, rVP19+28, for 2 weeks. Then, constant amounts of WSSV at $1{\times}10^2$ diluted stocks were injected to the muscle of the shrimp for the in vivo challenge tests. Non-vaccinated shrimps showed a cumulative mortality of 100% at 11 days post-challenge. The shrimps vaccinated with the inactivated E. coli BL21 as a host cell control showed cumulative mortality of 100% at 17 days post-challenge. The shrimps vaccinated with rVP19, rVP28 and rVP19+28 showed mortalities of 66.7%, 41.7% and 41.7% at 21 days post-challenge, respectively. These results indicated that the rVP28 and rVP19+28 had relatively high vaccination effects against WSSV infection. However, this study suggests that the fusion protein rVP19+28 was more effective for the protection of shrimp against WSSV than rVP28, even though the cumulative mortalities were the same 21 days post-challenge.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.788-796
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of various electroacupuncture duration induced by acupuncture point-Zusanli ($S_{36}$) electrical stimulation on inhibition of amplitude of digastric electromyogram (dEMG) evoked by noxious electrical stimuli around the mental foramen. intraperitoneal sodium pentobarbital in an initial dose of 50mg/kg and maintenance doses of 4.5mg/kg/h were given through a cannula in the femoral vein using a constant infusion pump. A pair of stimulating electrodes were inserted for noxious stimuli around the mental foramen. An irritant electronic stimuli pulse (0.2 Hz, 0.1 ms duration) was produced with an intensity of about $1.5{\times}2$ times threshold for evoking the dEMG. The anterior belly of the digastric muscle was exposed and a pair of 0.1mm wire electrodes were inserted for dEMG recording. Acupuncture point stimulation on Zusanli (2 Hz, 250 ${\mu}s$, biphasic pulse, 2 V) was delivered by Dental Electronic Anesthesia (3M, U.S.A). For periods of electronic stimulation of 10, 20, and 30min, the amplitudes of dEMG were measured on the oscilloscope and on the monitor connected to the amplifier. The following results were obtained: The dEMG was decreased to 73.4% of that in the control set after 10 min electroacupunture stimulation (Group I); The dEMG was decreased to 77.1% (10min), 54.0.% (20min) of that in the control set after 20minutes of electroacupunture stimulation (Group II). The dEMG was decreased to 73.3% (10min), 61.9% (20min), 76.2% (30min) of that in the control set after 30 min of electroacupunture stimulation (Group III). From these results, it may be that in the electroacupuncture stimulation on the Zusnali resulted in a reduction of amplitude of dEMG and that the most effective electroacupuncture stimulation period was 20min.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.464-469
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• 2011

Residues of ampicillin and amoxicillin in the muscles of olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus were investigated after oral doses of 20 mg/kg body weight/day of ampicillin and 40 mg/kg body weight/day of amoxicillin in a first examination and 40 mg/kg body weight/day of ampicillin and 80 mg/kg body weight/day of amoxicillin in a second examination for 5-6 days. The ranges of seawater temperatures in the $1^{st}$ and $2^{nd}$ examinations were $13.4-15.6^{\circ}C$ and $16.8-21.4^{\circ}C$, respectively. Ampicillin and amoxicillin concentrations were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The average recovery rates of ampicillin and amoxicillin in fish samples ranged from 84.8-95.2% and 100.8-103.8%, respectively. Residual concentrations in the olive flounder peaked on the $5^{th}$ day, with average concentrations of 0.075 mg/kg and 0.311 mg/kg in the $1^{st}$ examination, and 0.098 mg/kg and 0.630 mg/kg in the $2^{nd}$ examination for ampicillin and amoxicillin, respectively, with maximum concentrations in muscle. In the $1^{st}$ examination, ampicillin concentrations in olive flounder after withdrawals of 1 and 3 days were 0.041 mg/kg and 0.023 mg/kg, respectively, and amoxicillin concentrations after withdrawals of 1 day and 10 days were 0.172 mg/kg and 0.023 mg/kg, respectively. In the $2^{nd}$ examination, the ampicillin concentrations in olive flounder after withdrawals of 1 and 3 days were 0.041 mg/kg and 0.023 mg/kg, respectively, and amoxicillin concentration after withdrawals of 1 day and 10 days were 0.172 mg/kg and 0.023 mg/kg, respectively. We suggest that the recommended withdrawal periods should be 3 days for ampicillin and 10 days for amoxicillin in the olive flounder.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.341-354
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• 1998

GMI (Fibrel${(R)}$) is one of the dermal filling substances which have been successfully used for the treatment of depressed cutaneous scar and wrinkles. It's major components are; Gelatin powder, which provides a framework for the clot to form and remains stable under the scar, and ${\varepsilon}$-aminocaproic acid, which inhibits the production of fibrinolysin, and Plasma, which provides the necessary ingredients for collagen synthesis. GMI has advantages of low immunogenicity and increased longevity. It has been known to induce fibroblast activity and promote new collagen synthesis. We used 34 Sprague-Dawley rats which were bred under the same condition and duration. 18 of experimental animals were undergone cardiac puncture, and their blood were collected, centrifugated, and stored in freezer. Out of 16 animals, control group were injected with 2ml plasma into the subcutaneous tissue of Lt. scapular, while experimental group were implanted of 2 ml GMI into the Rt. same area. Experimental animals were sacrificed at the 3rd day, 5th day, 1st week and 2nd week respectively after implantation of GMI. To observe the histopathologic change of GMI and surrounding tissue reaction of GMI, we had examined with H&E staining, immunohistochemical staining with vimentin, ${\alpha}$-SMA, S-100 under LM and SEM. The obtained results were as follows ; 1. In LM study, the inflammatory cell infiltrations and granulation tissue formation were observed, and muscle tissues were well attached with adipose tissues in the control group. In the experimental group, inflammatory cell infiltrations had been observed by the 2nd week and irregular adipiose tissues and well differentiated mesenchymal tissues were examined. 2. In immunohistochemical study, the experimental group of ${\alpha}$-SMA study, there were a prominent positive response on endothelial development of granulation tissues and mesenchymal tissues compare with the control group. In vimentin study, positive response on mescenchymal fibroblast continued to 2nd week, but negative in the control group. In S-100 study, both groups were positively responded on irregular adipose tissues. 3. In SEM study, collagen fibers were embedded by the plasma by the 5th day in the control group, and in the 3rd day experiment GMI were resorved but communited with collagen fiber till the 1st week. Collagen fibers were infilt-rated into GMI at the 2nd week and the infilltrated GMI were conglomerated with the mature adipose cells and the collagen fibers. From the above results, GMI implantation in the subcutaneous tissue of Sprague-Dawley rat, the mild infiltration of inflammatory cells were showed till 2nd week and the granulation tissues were observed. GMI were nearly resorbed till 2nd week, but well attached with adipose tissue and collagen fibers. The endothelium and fibroblasts were actively proliferated. Adipose tissues and mesenchymal tissue cells were observed. As already expressed, GMI showed resorptive change in course of time without any early immune reaction, and seemed to induce fibroblast activity and promote new collagen synthesis.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.135-147
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• 2008

Objectives: Oriental pear was used as traditional remedies for respiratory diseases like cough and asthma etc. The purpose of this study was to observe the effects of preventing asthma by the combination of phenolic compound extracted from pear and herbal drugs. Methods: In order to study the effects of preventing asthma by the combination of phenolic compound extracted from pear and herbal drugs(Platycodon grandiflorum, Prunus armeniaca) on allergic asthma, mice were pre-treated by oral administration of the solution before antigen sensitization for 10 days and 20days. And 2 days later, mice were actively sensitized with a subcutaneous injection of ovalbumin and 13 days later, they were provoked with ovalbumin aerosols. The experimental groups were divided 6groups(10d1P, 10d2P, 10d4P, 20d1P, 20d2P and 20d4P) by meditation quantity and period. We measured isometric contractile responses to acetylcholine(ACh) and KCl in the isolated tracheal smooth muscle(TSM), IL-4, eosinophil and lymphocyte in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF), IgE in serum, WBC, RBC and hemoglobin in blood. Results: Contractile responses of TSM to ACh, the sensitivity of TSM to Ach and the maximal contractile response of TSM to KCl were decreased by direct proportion of meditation quantity. Eosinophil and IL-4 level in BALF were more significantly decreased, and IgE level in serum was more significantly increased in 10d4P and 20d4P group than the control group. Conclusions: Based on the above results, it is assumed that oral administration of the combination of phenolic compound extracted from pear and herbal drugs(Platycodon grandiflorum, Prunus armeniaca) can help the preventing effects of allergic asthma.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.199-202
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• 2011

Purpose: Hyoid bone is a U-shaped bone in the anterior of the neck. Hyoid bone fractures are exceedingly rare and represent only 0.002% of all fractures because of its protective position relative to the mandible and its suspension by elastic musculature. We report a patient who presented hyoid bone fracture associated with hypoglossal nerve palsy. We also discuss the possible complication and treatment. Methods: A 69-year-old man was transferred from another institution because of persistent purulent discharge from the left chin. He had a history of trauma in which a knuckle crane grabbed his face and neck in the construction site. A CT scan at the time of the accident demonstrated a comminuted fracture of the right side of the mandible and hyoid bone fracture at the junction between body and right greater cornua. The displaced fracture of hyoid bone and fullness in the pre-epiglottic space were noted, probably indicating some edema. The patient was transferred into ICU after treatment of emergency tracheostomy because the patient showed respiratory distress rapidly. When the patient was hospitalized in our emergency room, he complained of dysphagia and pain when swallowing. On examination of oral cavity, the presence of muscle wasting with fasciculation of the tongue was noted and the tongue deviates to the left side on protruding from the mouth. Pharyngolarygoscopy was performed to make sure that there was no evidence of progressive swelling and pharyngeal laceration. Results: The patient underwent surgical removal of dead and infected tissue from the wound and reconstruction of mandibular bony defect by iliac bone grafting. Hyoid bone fracture was managed conservatively with oral analgesics, soft diet and restricted movement. Hypoglossal nerve palsy was resolved within 7 weeks after trauma without complications. Conclusion: Closed hyoid bone fracture is usually uncomplicated and thus it can be treated conservatively. Surgical intervention for hyoid bone fracture is recommended for patient with airway compromise, pharyngeal perforation and painful symptoms which show no response to conservative care. Furthermore, since respiratory distress syndrome may develop quickly, close observation is required. Besides, hypoglossal nerve palsy is a rarely recognized complication of hyoid bone fracture.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 1996

Mccroorchis spinuLosw Ando, 1918 (Digenea: Nanophyetidael is redescribed based on adult flukes recovered from experimental mice, rats and cats which were fed with metacercariae encysted in the muscle of the crayfish, Cambnroines similis. A total of 117 adult flukes were harvested from the small intestine of the experimental animals at S-21 days post-infection. The worm recovery rate was 31-37%, not significantly different among the three kinds of animals. The metacercariae were round, 0.18 mm in average diameter, encysted with two layers of thick walls, and possessing a stylets on the oral sucker and Y- shaped exc retory bladder. The adult flukes were oval, 0.66-0.71 mm long and 0.36-0.41 mm wide, and characterized by the presence of a stylet on the oral sucker, variable location of the ovary near the mid-portion of the body, bilobed seminal vesicle, and anterolateral location of two testes. These morphological features were a little different from the original description, hence, an emended version of M. spinulosw was given. M. spinuLosw is a new intestinal trematode of animals and possibly man in Korea.