• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.403-420
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• 2000

The treatment and prevention of periodontitis is focused on the reduction and the elimination of pathogenic bacteria, especially A. actinomycetemcomitans and black pigmented bacteria such as P. gingivalis. To prevent recurrent disease, the recolonization of these bacteria should be inhibited in the periodontal pocket. Since the replacement therapy was introduced in periodontics by Hillman et al, Jeong et al reported that hydrogen peroxide-producing Lactobacillus acidophilus V-20 completely inhibited P. gingivalis and A. actino - mycetemcomitans in vitro and mouth gargling with Lactobacillus acidophilus V-20 in periodontitis patients during the maintenance phase improved clinical condition and reduced the No. of P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans at 4 weeks of treatment. Prior to replacement therapy with bacteria, dynamics of microbial colonization should be considered. This study was performed to evaluate the change in the viable cell number of Lactobacilli and P. gingivalis after oral administration of L. acidophilus V-20. In periodontal health, gargling increased the No. of Lactobacilli in saliva, buccal mucosa, supragingival plaque from the first week, which maintained for 2-3 weeks after gargling stop, and then returned to the undetectable baseline level at the ninth week. In the periodontal pocket of moderate periodontitis patients, daily irrigation for 1 week and weekly irrigation for subsequent 3 weeks decreased the viable cell number of P. gingivalis during the period of irrigation and increased the number of Lactobacilli, which was maintained from the second to the seventh week. L. acidophilus V-20 was isolated for the first 2 weeks of oral administration, and the 3 different strains of Lactobacilli were isolated continuously for remaining period and identified as L. ali - mentarius, L. casei subspecies casei and L. fructosus. The first two Lactobacilli strains completely inhibited P. gingivalis in vitro and all the isolated Lactobacilli strains reduced the artificial plaque formation by 55-63%. These results showed that mouth gargling or pocket irrigation with L. acidophilus V-20 increased the No. of intraoral Lactobacilli and caused to decrease in the No. of P. gingivalis. This suggests that the replacement therapy by these Lactobacilli might be useful in the maintenance care of periodontal patients.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.401-420
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• 2001

A novel glucanhydrolase from a mutant of Lipomyces starkeyi(KSM 22)has been shown effective in hydrolysis of mutan, reduction of mutan formation by Streptococcus mutans and removal pre-formed sucrose-dependent adherent microbial film and Lipomyces starkeyi KSM 22 dextranase has been strongly bound to hydroxyapatitie. These in vitro properties of Lipomyces starkeyi KSM 22 dextranase are desirable for its application as a dental plaque control agent. This study was performed to determine oral hygiene benefits and safety of dextranase(Lipomyces starkeyi KSM 22 dextranase)-containing mouthwash in human experimental gingivitis. This 3-week clinical trial was placebo-controlled double-blind design evaluating 1U/ml dextranase mouthwash and 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthwash. A total 39 systemically healthy subjects, who had moderate levels of plaque and gingivitis were included. At baseline, 1, 2 and 3 weeks, subjects were scored for plaque(Silness and $L{\ddot{o}e$ plaque index and plaque severity index), gingivitis($L{\ddot{o}e$ and Silness gingival index), and at baseline and 3 weeks of experiment, subjects were scored for plaque(Turesky-Quingley-Hein's plaque index and plaque severity index), tooth stain(Area and severity index system by Lang et al). Additionally, oral mucosal examinations were performed and subjects questioned for adverse symptoms. Two weeks after pre-experiment examinations and a professional prophylaxis, the subjects provided with allocated mousewash and instructed to use 20-ml volumes for 30s twice dailywithout toothbrushing. All the groups showed significant increase in plaque accumulation since 1 week of experiment. During 3 weeks' period, the dextranase group showed the least increase in plaque accumulation of Silness and $L{\ddot{o}e$ plaque index, compared to the chlorhexidine and placebo groups, but chlorhexidine group showed the least increase inplaque accumulation of Turesky-Quingley-Hein's plaque index. As for gingival inflammation, all the groups showed significant increase during 3 weeks of experiment. The dextranase group also showed the least increase in gingival index score, compared to the chlorhexidine as well as the placebo groups. Whereas the tooth stain was increased significantly in the chlorhexidine group, compared to the baseline score and the placebo group since 3 weeks of mouthrinsing. It was significantly increased after 3 weeks in the dextranase group, still less severe than the chlorhexidine group. As for the oral side effect, the dextranase group showed less tongue accumulation, bad taste, compared to the chlorhexidine group. From these results, mouthrinsing with Lipomyces starkeyi KSM 22 dextranase was comparable to 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthwashin inhibition of plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation and local side effects were if anything less frequent and less intense than chlorhexidine, in human experimental gingivitis. All data had provided positive evidence for Lipomyces starkeyi KSM 22 dextranase as an antiplaque agent and suggested that further development of dextranase formulations for plaque control are warranted.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.371-388
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• 2001

A novel glucanhydrolase(DXAMase) from a mutant of Lipomyces starkeyi(KSM 22) has been shown effective in hydrolysis of mutan, reduction of mutan formation by Streptococcus mutans and removal pre-formed sucrose-dependentadherent microbial film and DXAMase has been strongly bound to hydroxyapatitie. These in vitro properties of Lipomyces starkeyi DXAMase are desirable for its application as a dental plaque control agent. This study was performed to determine the adjunctive oral hygiene benefits and safety of dextranase(Lipomyces starkeyi KSM 22 DXAMase)-containing mouthwash when used alongside normal tooth-brushing. This 6-month clinical trial was placebo-controlled double-blind design evaluating 1U/ml dextranase mouthwash and 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthwash. A total 39 systemically healthy subjects, who had moderate levels of plaque and gingivitis were included. At baseline, 1, 3 and 6 months, subjects were scored for plaque accumulation(Turesky modification of Quingley-Hein's plaque index), gingivitis status($L\ddot{o}e$ and Silness gingival index), and tooth stain(Area and severity index system by Lang et al). Additionally, oral mucosal examinations were performed and subjects questioned for adverse symptoms. Two weeks after pre-experiment examinations and a professional prophylaxis, the subjects provided with allocated mousewash and instructed to use 20-ml volumes for 30s twice daily after toothbrushing. All the groups showed significant increase in plaque accumulation since 1 month of experiment. During 6 months' period, the Dextranase mouthwash group showed the least increase in plaque accumulation, compared to the Chlorhexidine mouthwash and placebo groups. As for gingival inflammation, all the groups showed significant increase during 6 months of experiment. The Experimental group(Dextranase mouthwash) also showed the least increase in gingival index score, compared to the Positive control(Chlorhexidine mouthwash)as well as the Negative control(placebo)groups. Whereas the tooth stain was increased significantly in the Positive control group, compared to the baseline score and the Negative controlgroup since 3 months of mouthrinsing. It was significantly increased after 6 months in the Experimental group, still less severe than the Positive control group. As for the oral side effect, the Experimental group showed less tongue accumulation, bad taste, compared to the Positive control group. From these results, mouthrinsing with Lipomyces starkeyi KSM 22 dextranase provided adjunctive benefits to toothbrushing, comparable to 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthwash in inhibition of plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation and local side effects were if anything less frequent and less intense than chlorhexidine, with long-term use of the mouthwash. All data had provided positive evidence for Lipomyces starkeyi KSM 22 dextranase as an antiplaque agent and suggested that further development of dextranase formulations for plaque control are warranted.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제49권5호
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• pp.270-286
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• 2019

Purpose: Despite the well-known anti-inflammatory effects of vitamin D in periodontal health, its mechanism has not been fully elucidated. In the present study, the effect of vitamin D on strengthening E-cadherin junctions (ECJs) was explored in human gingival keratinocytes (HGKs). ECJs are the major type of intercellular junction within the junctional epithelium, where loose intercellular junctions develop and microbial invasion primarily occurs. Methods: HOK-16B cells, an immortalized normal human gingival cell line, were used for the study. To mimic the inflammatory environment, cells were treated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha ($TNF-{\alpha}$). Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the culture medium were assessed by an MMP antibody microarray and gelatin zymography. The expression of various molecules was investigated using western blotting. The extent of ECJ development was evaluated by comparing the average relative extent of the ECJs around the periphery of each cell after immunocytochemical E-cadherin staining. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression was examined via immunohistochemical analysis. Results: $TNF-{\alpha}$ downregulated the development of the ECJs of the HGKs. Dissociation of the ECJs by $TNF-{\alpha}$ was accompanied by the upregulation of MMP-9 production and suppressed by a specific MMP-9 inhibitor, Bay 11-7082. Exogenous MMP-9 decreased the development of ECJs. Vitamin D reduced the production of MMP-9 and attenuated the breakdown of ECJs in the HGKs treated with $TNF-{\alpha}$. In addition, vitamin D downregulated $TNF-{\alpha}$-induced nuclear factor kappa B ($NF-{\kappa}B$) signaling in the HGKs. VDR was expressed in the gingival epithelium, including the junctional epithelium. Conclusions: These results suggest that vitamin D may avert $TNF-{\alpha}$-induced downregulation of the development of ECJs in HGKs by decreasing the production of MMP-9, which was upregulated by $TNF-{\alpha}$. Vitamin D may reinforce ECJs by downregulating $NF-{\kappa}B$ signaling, which is upregulated by $TNF-{\alpha}$. Strengthening the epithelial barrier may be a way for vitamin D to protect the periodontium from bacterial invasion.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.140-148
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• 2022

이 연구는 우식원성 세균막 형성과 상아질 표면 거칠기에 대한 Silver diamine fluoride와 요오드화 칼륨(KI)의 영향을 실험실 환경에서 평가하는 것이다. 인공 우식을 유발한 48개의 Bovine dentin 시편을 제작하여 대조군, SDF 도포, SDF와 KI 도포(SDFKI)의 3개 군으로 나누었다. 각 군당 10개의 시편의 상면에 Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus casei 및 Candida albicans를 포함하는 다종 우식원성 세균을 24시간 동안 배양 후 세균 수를 측정하였다. 나머지 시편은 원자 힘 현미경과 주사전자현미경으로 관찰하였다. SDF와 SDFKI 도포 시 대조군에 비해 세균 수가 유의하게 감소했으며, KI는 SDF의 항균 효과를 유의하게 저해하지 않았다. 현미경 관찰 시 SDF와 SDFKI 도포 후 생성되는 입자가 상아질 표면에 침착 되는 것을 관찰했으나 표면 거칠기는 세 군 간 유의한 차이가 없었다.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.548-555
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• 2006

FaeG is the key factor in the infection process of K88ad enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) fimbrial adhesin. In an attempt to determine the possibility of expressing recombinant FaeG with immunogenicity for a new safe and high-production vaccine in E. coli, we constructed the recombinant strain, BL21 (DE3+K88), which harbors an expression vector with a DNA fragment of faeG, without a signal peptide. Results of 15% SDS-polyacrylamide slab gel analysis showed that FaeG can be stably over-expressed in BL21 (DE3+K88) as inclusion bodies without FaeE. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and M (IgM) responses in pregnant pigs, with boost injections of the purified recombinant FaeG, were detected 4 weeks later in the sera and colostrum. An in vitro villius-adhesion assay verified that the elicited antibodies in the sera of vaccinated pigs were capable of preventing the adhesion of K88ad ETEC to porcine intestinal receptors. The protective effect on the mortality rates of suckling piglets born to vaccinated mothers was also observed one week after oral challenge with the virulent ETEC strain, $C_{83907}$ (K88ad, $CT^+,\;ST^+$). The results of this study proved that the adhesin of proteinaceous bacterial fimbriae or pili could be overexpressed in engineered E. coli strains, with protective immune responses to the pathogen.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.259-264
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• 2001

해충의 생물적 방제 인자로서 주목받고 있는 곤충병원선충(Steinernema carpocapsae)과 이들의 공생세균(Xenorhabdus nematophilus)이 유용곤충인 누에(Bombyx mori)와 그물등개미(Pristomyrmex pungens)에 상이한 독성을 보였다. S. carpocapsae는 누에에 대해 매우 높은 살충력(반수치사농도: 4IJs (감염태 유충수)/ml)을 보이는 반면, 그물등개미에 대해서는 매우 약했다. (반수치사농도: >150,000 IJs/ml). 반면에 X. nematophilus는 그물등개미에 대해 높은 경구독성(반수치사농도: $1.4$\times$10^3$cfu (콜로니 형성수)/ml)을 보였으나, 누에에 대해서는 낮았다. (반수치사농도: >$10^{8}$ cfu/ml). 또한 실험동물 랫드(Rattus norvegicus)에 S. carpocapsae와 X. nematophilus를 강제로 경구투여 한 결과 시험 전기간(21일)동안 치사개체는 없었으며, 내부 장기에서 처리한 공생세균과 선충은 발견되지 않았다.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.116-124
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• 2008

문제 진술: 임플랜트 시스템은 임플랜트와 지대주 사이에서 빈 공간이 발생하여 세균의 저장소로서 작용하게 되어 임플랜트 주위 연조직에 염증반응을 야기할 수 있다. 목 적: 이 연구의 목적은 임플랜트-지대주 간극의 미세 누출에 관여하는 치주질환원인균으로 추정되는 Porpyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans의 검출률을 조사하는 것이다. 연구재료 및 방법: 시료채취는 27명의 환자들에서 행하였고 소독된 페이퍼포인트를 이용하여 $1{\times}PBS$로 옮겼다. 치주질환원인균의 검출은 16 rDNA에 근거한 종특이적인 프라이머를 지닌 중합효소체인반응을 이용하였다. 결과: 임플랜트 고정체내에서의 Porphyromonas gingivalis와 Prevotella intermedia의 검출률은 59%와 82%였다. 환자의 임플랜트 연구에서는 Porphyromonas gingivalis와 Prevotella intermedia의 검출률은 44%와 82%였다. 환자혀에서의 Porphyromonas gingivalis와 Prevotella intermedia의 검출률은 82%와 82%였다. 결 론: 현재의 임플랜트 시스템은 임플랜트 내부의 세균 군집화와 미세누출을 안전하게 예방할 수 없다.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 잣나무 정유를 대상으로 GC-MS를 이용한 성분분석, 악취물질에 대한 소취효과 및 구강균에 대한 항균활성을 평가하였다. 잣나무 정유를 GC-MS를 이용하여 정성분석한 결과 ${\alpha}$-pinene이 19.38%로 가장 높은 구성을 차지하였고, 다음으로 3-carene (11.16%), camphene (10.57%), limonene (9.79%) 등의 terpene hydrocarbon류가 대부분을 차지하고 있었으며 이들 특유의 향취 조합으로 인해 잣나무 정유 고유의 향취를 나타내는 것으로 사료된다. 악취물질 4종에 대한 소취력 평가에서는 잣나무 정유를 주입한 1시간 후 75.17%의 ammonia 소취능을 나타내어 4종의 정유 중 가장 높은 활성을 나타냈다. Formaldehyde에 대한 소취력 평가에서는 편백나무와 소나무 정유가 61.67%로 가장 높은 활성을 보였고 잣나무 정유는 23.33%를 나타내었다. Trimethylamine에 대해서는 정유 주입 10분 후 편백나무, 전나무, 소나무 정유가 평균 6.70%로 낮은 활성을 나타낸 반면, 잣나무 정유를 주입함으로서 41.58%의 매우 높은 소취력을 나타내었다. Methylmercaptan에 대해서는 정유 주입 1시간 후 소나무(82.22%), 잣나무(70.56%), 전나무(62.22%), 편백나무(59.44%) 정유 순으로 소취력을 나타냈다. 구강균에 대한 정유 별 항균력 평가에서는 잣나무 정유($2.90{\pm}0.15mm$)는 L. paracasei에 대하여 전나무($1.83{\pm}0.18mm$)와 소나무($1.54{\pm}0.09mm$) 정유보다 강한 항균력을 나타내었으며, S. aureus에 대한 잣나무 정유($2.86{\pm}0.08mm$)의 항균활성 또한 전나무($1.15{\pm}0.20mm$)와 소나무($1.85{\pm}0.08mm$) 정유 보다 높게 나타났다. 특히 S. sobrinus에 대한 항균활성은 편백나무($1.42{\pm}0.01mm$)와 잣나무($1.40{\pm}0.01mm$) 정유를 처리함으로써 강하게 나타났으며 S. mutans에 대한 항균력은 편백나무>전나무>잣나무>소나무 정유 순으로 활성이 나타났다. E. faecalis에 대해서는 소나무($0.79{\pm}0.05mm$)정유만 항균활성을 나타내었다. 이상의 결과로 천연물 유래 잣나무 정유는 악취물질에 대한 소취효과 및 구강균에 대한 항균활성을 가지고 있다는 것으로 판단되며, 이를 활용한 구강탈취제, 구강청결제 등의 개발이 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제49권7호
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• pp.777-783
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• 2006

목 적 : 최근 소아 요로감염의 가장 흔한 원인균인 E. coli에 대한 항생제 내성 문제가 점차 대두되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 소아 원외 요로감염 환아에서 분리된 E. coli에 대한 cefixime을 포함하여 흔히 사용되고 있는 경구용 항생제의 시험관 내 감수성 연구를 시행하여 적합한 치료 항생제 선택의 기초 자료를 얻고자 하였다. 방 법 : 2004년 10월부터 2005년 9월까지 연구 참여 병원 소아과 외래에서 요로감염으로 진단된 206명 환아의 요 배양검사에서 동정된 211개 균주 중 188개 E. coli를 대상으로 경구용 항생제(ampicillin, amoxillin, ampicillin-sulbactam, cefaclor, TMP-SMX, cefixime)에 대한 시험관 내 감수성 검사를 실시하였다. 결 과 : 분리된 E. coli 균주에 대한 항생제별 감수성 결과에서 내성률은 각각 ampicillin 81.4%, amoxicillin 85.6%, ampicillin-Sulbactam 77.2%, cefaclor 93.6%, TMP-SMX 50.5%, cefixime 13.3%이었다. ESBL 생성 E. coli는 7.0%이었다. 결 론 : Aminopenicillins계, cefaclor, sulfa약제들은 E. coli에 대한 내성률이 매우 높아 소아 요로감염의 일차 선택 항생제로 유용하지 못한 것으로 추정할 수 있었다. 그러나 cefixime과 같은 3세대 cephalosporin은 일차 치료 실패할 경우 이차 선택항생제로 유용할 수 있으며, 일차 선택 항생제로도 사용될 수 있을 것으로 추정되었다. E. coli의 항생제 내성 양상에 대한 광범위한 연구와 지속적 감시를 통하여 소아 원외 요로감염 치료에서 1차적으로 선택될 수 있는 경구용 항생제에 대한 지침 자료가 요구된다.