• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.290-301
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the contraceptive knowledge and practice among married immigrant women. Methods: A cross-sectional survey design with a convenient sampling was used. 170 married immigrant women were recruited in Daejeon city and Chungcheong area. A structured questionnaire was self-administered from November 1, 2011 to January 13, 2012. Results: 48.2% of subjects have used contraceptive practice. The widely used contraception methods were IUD, condom, oral pill and withdrawal. 73.2% of subjects got information about contraception from family and friends, and 18.3% of subjects had no source of information. The subjects' employment state (p = .006), duration of marriage (p = .019), number of baby (p = .021), family type (p = .046) have a significant influence on their contraceptive practice. The subjects' mean score of contraceptive knowledge was very low (5.72 points out of 15 points). There were significant differences in subjects' contraceptive knowledge depending on their education level (p = .002), employment state (p<.001), country of origin (p = .010), and family type (p = .003). Conclusion: To improve contraceptive knowledge and practice for married immigrant women, it is necessary to develop a proper contraceptive education program to enhance contraceptive knowledge and practice. Adjusted education program by this results will contribute to increase sexual health for married immigrant women.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1984

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.599-602
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• 2013

Objectives: To evaluate the frequency of cytohistologic discrepancy of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs) in Pap smears and associated factors. Methods: Medical records of 223 women with HSIL Pap smears who were treated at Thammasat University Hospital were reviewed. Data on age, parity, menopausal status, contraceptive use and colposcopic directed biopsy and loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) pathology results were recorded. Results: Mean (SD) age of patients was 38.0 (9.4) years. The majority were premenopausal (86.5%) and multiparous (83.9%). Cytohistologic discrepancy between the Pap test and colposcopic-directed biopsy histology was 45.7% and that between the Pap test and LEEP histology was 29.5%. Fifty-four (24.2%) women had no high-grade CIN on both colposcopic directed biopsy and LEEP. Nulliparity, postmenopausal status and having no oral contraceptive pills use were factors associated with cytohistologic discrepancy. Conclusion: The exact cytohistologic discrepancy rate was relatively high (24.2%). Factors associated with cytohistologic discrepancy were nulliparity and postmenopausal status and having no oral contraceptive pill use.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제7권1_2호
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• pp.35-38
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• 1980

Korean family planning program has been adopted as a part of the Economic Development Plan with strong national government backup. After initiation of family planning program, the increase rate of total population declined from 2.6 percent during 1955-1960, to 2.1 percent in 1960-1975, and 1.6 percent in 1979. Of course, we do not ascribe this population increase rate decline to the national family planning program alone. Other contributing factors have been changes such as growing numbers of induced absortions, a rising marriage age and economic development. Currently, 2,600 family planning workers are assigned in all myun of the country. 21 percent of the works are registered nurse, 9 percent are midwife and aid nurses occupy 70 percent (Table 1). Authorized clinics are 2,329 which composed 1,765 IUD clinics, 1,070 vasectomy clinics and 1,150 Fimale sterilization clinics (Table 2). Cumulative contraceptive services provided by government program, 1962-1974 is illustrated in Table 3. After government program in family planning has been initiated (1962-1978), estimated number of births averted by each methods was measured (Table 4). From 1962 to 1978, tendency of contraceptive acceptors is illustrated in Table 5 showed that IUD, oral pill and condom program is decreasing and in other hand, sterilization program is increasing very much. Attitude change toward family size (1965-1978), contraceptive practice and son preference are showed in Table 7, 8, respectively. Auther concluded that future program in family planning should target to the point, that smaller family size norm for maternal health should be emphasized rather than smaller size family for national development.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.471-481
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate knowledge and attitude about oral contraceptive between Korean and Japanese university students in order to provide better sex education programs and direcrion. Korean subjects of this study were 337 university students in M city, during the period from April 1 to April 20, 2001 and Japanese subjects 245, during the period from June to August, 2001. Collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, Pearson correlation coefficients with SPSS package. The results from this study were summarized as follows : 1. The mean age of Koreans and Japanese students was $21.0{\pm}3.2$ and $19.6{\pm}3.2$ years old. The number of Japaneses youths having the parter with sexual intercourse was larger than that of Korean university students. 2. Comparison of knowledge and attitude about oral contraceptives between Korean and Japanese university students ; 1) Comparison of sexual differences : Oral contraceptives related knowledge of Korean university students marked $55.7{\pm}7.5$ of male students and $56.7{\pm}6.2$ of females with a range of 15 to 75. The level of female students' knowledge was higher than that of male's but there is not statistically a significant difference (p=.080). Oral contraceptives related attitude of Korean university students marked $81.1{\pm}12.2$ of male students and $76.9{\pm}10.3$ of female's with a range of 24 to 120. The level of male students' attitude was higher than that of female's and there is statistically a significant difference(p= 002). Oral contraceptives related knowledge of Japanese university students marked $55.3{\pm}6.7$ of male students and $57.0{\pm}6.3$ of female students. The level of female students' knowledge was higher than that of male's but there is not statistically a significant difference (p=.159). Oral contraceptives related attitude of Japanese university students marked $80.3{\pm}10.1$ of male students and $80.4{\pm}9.9$ of female students. The level of female students' attitude was higher than that of male's and there is not statistically a significant difference(p= .928). 2) Comparison between the country : Oral conceptives related knowledge of Korean university students marked $56.2{\pm}6.8$ and $56.7{\pm}6.4$ of Japanese university students with a range of 15 to 75. The level of Japanese university students' knowledge was higher than that of Korean's but there is not statistically a significant difference(p= .361). Oral conceptives related attitude of Korean university students marked $78.9{\pm}11.4$ and $80.4{\pm}9.9$ of Japaneses with a range of 24 to 120. The level of Japanese university studentss' attitude was higher than that of Korean's and there is not statistically a significant difference(p=.100). 2. Wanted age of oral contraceptives taking medicine and age was correlated positively (r=.178, p=.004) and total knowledge score of oral contraceptives and total attitude score were correlated positively(r=.467 p= .000) in Korean university students. Wanted age of oral contraceptives taking medicine and age was correlated positively (r=.289, p=.004), age and total attitude score were correlated positively(r=.196 p=.002) and total knowledge score of oral contraceptives and total attitude score were correlated positively (r=.671 p=.000) in Japanese university students. 3. Korean university students lifted side effect by the greatest factors in investigation about leading person that disturb work oral contraceptive, and the following appeared by knowledge insufficiency, sexual feeling inflammation worry, social prejudice, sexual morality decline, supernumerary prescription being not right, other person reverse and economical burden. Japanese university students can know that it is appearing by side effect, supernumerary prescription being not right, knowledge insufficiency, sexual feeling inflammation worry, economical burden, social prejudice, sexual morality decline and other person reverse. Think that this is result by dissimilar health medical system and cultural difference between two countries.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권9호
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• pp.3685-3690
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• 2015

Background: Low-dose oral contraceptives (OC) were approved by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare in 1999, yet despite their contraceptive and non-contraceptive health benefits, only 5% of the target population use them. Fear of increased cancer risk, particularly breast cancer, is one reason for this. Due to low OC uptake and low screening participation, a paucity of data is available on the risk of OC use and breast cancer in Japanese women. The present study investigated OC use and breast cancer risk, as well as menstrual, reproductive and family factors. Materials and Methods: This was a clinic-based case-control study of women aged 20-69yrs who had undergone breast screening between January 2007 and December 2013 in central Tokyo. In all, 28.8% of the participants had experience with OC use. Cases were 155 women with a pathologically confirmed diagnosis of breast cancer. Controls were the remaining 12,333 women. Results: Increased age was a significant risk factor for breast cancer (p<0.001). A lower risk was found in premenopausal women presently taking OC compared to never users (OR 0.45; 95% CI 0.22-0.90) after adjusting for age, parity and breast feeding, and a family history of breast cancer. Conclusions: Increased age rather than OC use had a greater effect on breast cancer risk. This risk may be decreased in premenopausal women with OC use, but further long-term prospective studies are necessary.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.228-232
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• 2016

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of pretreatment with transdermal estradiol ($E_2$) compared to oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) on controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) response in normal responders undergoing fresh in vitro fertilization (IVF)-embryo transfer (ET) cycles. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was performed of normal responders undergoing fresh IVF-ET cycles who received pretreatment with transdermal $E_2$ versus OCPs prior to fresh IVF-ET. The total days of ovarian stimulation, total dosage of gonadotropins, total number of oocytes, and mature oocytes retrieved were noted. Pregnancy outcomes after ET were also recorded. Results: A total of 2,092 patients met the inclusion criteria: 1,057 and 1,035 patients in the transdermal $E_2$ and OCP groups, respectively. Patients in the OCP group had a longer duration of COS ($10.7{\pm}1.63days$, p< 0.01) than the $E_2$ group ($9.92{\pm}1.94days$). Patients in the OCP group also required higher cumulative doses of gonadotropins ($2,657.3{\pm}1,187.9IU$) than those in the $E_2$ group ($2,550.1{\pm}1,270.2IU$, p= 0.002). No statistically significant differences were found in the total and mature oocytes retrieved or in the rates of biochemical pregnancy, clinical pregnancy, spontaneous miscarriage, and live birth between the groups. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that compared to OCPs, pretreatment with transdermal $E_2$ is associated with a shorter duration of ovarian stimulation and lower gonadotropin utilization, without compromising the oocyte yield or pregnancy outcomes in normal-responder patients undergoing fresh IVF.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.51-95
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• 1970

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.451-455
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• 2015

More than one million new patients suffer from breast cancer annually in the world. In developed countries, breast cancer is the most common malignancy diagnosed among women, and in developing regions, it often ranks second to cervical cancer. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between incidence of breast cancer and reproductive factors in North-West of Iran. This retrospective analytical control-case study was conducted with 235 breast cancer patients and 235 women in the control group. Data collection tools included a set of questions with interviews and patient medical records. Data were analyzed using statistical tests: t-test, Chi-square, Fisher, and Pearson correlation coefficient. Significantly increased risks were associated between breast cancer and older age at first pregnancy, age at menopause and history of contraceptive use. A trend for decreasing risk were observed with increasing parity. Findings of this study showed no association between breast cancer and age at menarche. The study results suggested that physiological and reproductive factors may play important roles in the development breast cancer among Iranian women.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.15-20
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• 2014

Objective: Combined oral contraceptives (COCs) have some adverse effects on the serum lipid profile. Because hyperlipidemia is one of the risk factors in cardiovascular diseases, lipid abnormalities should be evaluated in women consuming COCs. Vitamins E and C are known to have beneficial effects on serum lipid profiles. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the effects of vitamins E and C on serum lipids in women using COCs. Methods: The study compared changes in lipid parameters with and without vitamin therapy in women consuming COCs compared to those of a control group (40 non-contraceptive users or NCU) for 4 weeks. Total cholesterol and triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels along with HDL/LDL ratios were measured for all participants. Results: COC users experienced significantly higher increases in the levels of triglycerides and LDL than non-users (p<0.05). However, no significant differences were noted in the total cholesterol and HDL levels. In the treated COC group receiving vitamins E and C, the HDL level and the HDL/LDL ratio increased and the LDL and triglycerides levels decreased significantly compared with those of the other groups. Conclusion: The results of our study indicate that supplementation with antioxidant vitamins E and C restores a normal lipid profile in COC users.