• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2003

It has been suggested that people who suffer from impaired masticatory function may adapt food consistency to their oral status (which may lead to deficient nutrient intake) or rely on the digestive system to compensate for the lack of oral preparation of food (which may increase the likelihood of digestive diseases and decrease gut absorption). Masticatory deficiency thus may be detrimental to health. This article reviews evidence of the effects of masticatory deficiency on nutrition. The selection of relevant literature was based on Medline queries using the following key words: mastication, nutrition, digestion, diet, and disease risk. Earlier work not listed in Medline but related to the subject also was reviewed. Only publications available in English were selected for inclusion. It is difficult to draw conclusions from many of the reviewed studies due to issues related to study design, confounding variables, and the subjective nature of the measurements. In particular, data supporting a link between masticatory function and deficient dietary intake often are based on relatively weak correlations and cannot confer a causal relationship.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.23-27
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• 1969

Plasma glucose levels before and after oral glucose administration have been compared in a group of 76 thyrotoxic subjects and a group of 8 normal control subjects in order to study the effect of glucose loading in thyrotoxicosis. Following were the results: 1. The mean fasting plasma glucose level was elevated in the thyrotoxic group(95.5mg%) compared to normal control group (88mg%). 2. The peak of glucose tolerance curve is at 30 minutes after glucose administration in both groups, but its mean value was 44mg% higher in thyrotoxic group than in control group. 3. The plasma glucose levels returned towards the fasting level in the later stage of the test more rapidly in thyrotoxic group than in control group. 4. 69.6% of oral glucose tolerance tests were impaired in the thyrotoxic group, and the occurance of abnormal glucose tolerance could be related to the degree of thyrotoxicity, sex and age. 5. The mechanisms of the impaired glucose tolerance in thyrotoxicosis are thought to be related to an increased rate of glucose absorption from gastrointestinal tract, abnormal liver function with decreased hepatic glycogenesis, increased glucose oxidation, decreased pancreatic release of insulin, and genetic relationship between diabetes and thyrotoxicosis.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.8
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• pp.2453-2459
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• 2014

Five novel cyanine dyes containing julolidine and indole moieties were synthesized. Several color compensating films for plasma display panels (PDP) were prepared using these dyes. The spectroscopic and physicochemical properties of the synthesized dyes in both solution and film state were evaluated. For each color compensating film, the optimum ratio of dye to binder was determined on the basis of transmittance, half band width, and photo-stability of the color compensating film. The five synthesized dyes showed sharp absorption peaks near 590 nm (orange light) and had molar extinction coefficients above $1{\times}10^5M^{-1}cm^{-1}$. The melting point of the dyes was above $200^{\circ}C$ and photo-stability of the color compensating films was improved by introducing substituents at the 5th position on the indole derivatives.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.257-266
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• 1998

To improve the solubility and dissolution rate of acyclovir (ACV), which is low oral bioavailability due to its properties of slight solubility in water and incomplete gastrointestinal absorption, the solid inclusion complexes of ACV with ${\alpha}CD$, ${\beta}CD$, $DM{\beta}CD$ in molar ratio of 1:1 were prepared by the freeze-drying method. The inclusion complexes were investigated by solubility study, UV, IR and DSC. The dissolution rate of ACV was significantly increased by ACV-CDs inclusion complex formation in artificial intestinal fluid at pH 6.8. The enhanced dissolution rate of ACV could be due to an increase of solubility and the formation of an amorphous structures through inclusion complexation with CDs. Especially, $ACV-DM{\beta}CD$ inclusion complex enhanced the maximum plasma concentration levels and AUC following oral administration compared to those of ACV alone. The present results suggest that $ACV-DM{\beta}CD$ inclusion complex serves as a potential carrier for improving the solubility, the dissolution rate and the bioavailability of ACV.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.60-68
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• 2022

In this study, we developed and validated a sensitive analytical method to quantify baphicacanthin A in mouse plasma using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The standard calibration curves for baphicacanthin A ranged from 0.5 to 200 ng/mL and were linear, with an r² of 0.985. The inter- and intra-day accuracy and precision and the stability fell within the acceptance criteria. Besides, we investigated the pharmacokinetics of baphicacanthin A following its intravenous (5 mg/kg) and oral administration (30 mg/kg). Intravenously injected baphicacanthin A showed biphasic elimination kinetics with high clearance and volume of distribution values. Furthermore, baphicacanthin A showed a rapid absorption but low aqueous solubility (182.51±0.20 mg/mL), resulting in low plasma concentrations and low oral bioavailability (2.49 %). Thus, we successfully documented the pharmacokinetic properties of baphicacanthin A using this newly developed sensitive LC-MS/MS quantification method, which could be used in future lead optimization and biopharmaceutic studies.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.253-265
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• 2024

Orally administered ginsenosides, the major active components of ginseng, have been shown to be biotransformed into a number of metabolites by gastric juice, digestive and bacterial enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract and also in the liver. Attention is brought to pharmacokinetic studies of ginseng that need further clarification to better understand the safety and possible active mechanism for clinical application. Experimental results demonstrated that ginsenoside metabolites play an important role in the pharmacokinetic properties such as drug metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters, thereby can be applied as a metabolic modulator. Very few are known on the possibility of the consistency of detected ginsenosides with real active metabolites if taken the recommended dose of ginseng, but they have been found to act on the pharmacokinetic key factors in any clinical trial, affecting oral bioavailability. Since ginseng is increasingly being taken in a manner more often associated with prescription medicines, ginseng and drug interactions have been also reviewed. Considering the extensive oral administration of ginseng, the aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview and perspectives of recent studies on the pharmacokinetic properties of ginsenosides such as deglycosylation, absorption, metabolizing enzymes and transporters, together with ginsenoside and drug interactions.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 2011

Purpose: This study is designed to investigate radiotherapic valuation of Paraffin Wax, which is newly formed for this study and generally utilized in dentistry, and Mouth Piece and Putty impression, which are commonly used in radiotherapy, for oral cavity as a compensator. Materials and Methods: Each compensator was formed by $10{\times}10{\times}1cm$ and measured radiation dose attenuation ratio with reference of water phantom which is made of tissue-equivalent materials. Two patients with oral cancer underwent DRR (Digitally Reconstructed Radiogrph) of Offline Review Program of Aria System and Portal vision for 5 times for each material to evaluate reproducibility by each filling materials. Moreover, MU (monitor unit) changes by dose absorption were considered in the case of inevitable implication of an filling materials in the range for radiotherapy. Results: Radiation dose attenuation ratios were shown -0.7~+3.7% for Mouth Piece, +0.21~+0.39% for Paraffin Wax and -2.71~-1.76% for Putty impression. Error ranges of reproducibility of positions were measured ${\pm}3mm$ for Mouth Piece, ${\pm}2mm$ for Paraffin Wax and ${\pm}2mm$ mm for Putty impression. Difference of prescription MU from dose absorption with an filling material increased +7.8% (250 MU) in Putty impression and -0.9% (230 MU) in Paraffin Wax as converted into a percentage from the standard phantom, Water 232 MU. Conclusion: Dose reduction of boundary between cavity and tissue was observed for Mouth Piece. Mouth Piece also had low reproducibility of positions as it had no reflection of anatomy of oral cavity even though it was a proper material to separate Maxilla and Mandible during therapy. On the other hand, Putty impression was a suitable material to correctly re-position oral cavity as before. However, it risked normal tissues getting unnecessary over irradiation and it caused radiation dose decrease by -2.5% for 1cm volume in comparison of it of water phantom. Dose reduction in Paraffin Wax, Fat Tissue-Equivalent Material, was smaller than other impressions and position reproducibility of it was remarkable as it was possible to make an anatomy reflected impression. It was also well fitted to oral cavity to transfer radiation dose planned in radiotherapy. Thus, Paraffin Wax will be an ideal material in radiotherapy for patients with oral cancer.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1996.04a
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• pp.273-273
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• 1996

Recently a novel in vivo approach in dogs, using a regional segmental intestinal perfusion technique, has been developed. The perfusion tube consists of a highly sophisticated multichannel tube with two inflatable occluding balloons, which are placed in 10cm apart. The tube was introduced orally from the stomach through the upper jejunum under the guidance of solid-state pH meter. In the present study, four healthy dogs were infused in the proximal jejunum on two periods. The two perfusion experiments used the same flow rate, 2 $m\ell$/min, and the same perfusion solution to determine the intrasubject variability. The mean (${\pm}$ S. E.) fractions of ranitidine absorbed calculated from the perfusion data were 21.32${\pm}$2.01% (n=3) (1st period), 27.88 ${\pm}$ 17.54% (n=4) (2nd period), respectively. The effective permeabilities (Peffs${\times}$10$\^$4/) of ranitidine were 1.51${\pm}$0.47cm/sec (n=3) (1st period), 1.50 ${\pm}$ 0.31 cm/sec (n=4) (2nd period), respectively. The pH and osmolarity of perfusion solution were 7.50 ${\pm}$ 0.03 and 300 ${\pm}$ 0.06 mOsm/L, There was no significant intrasubject variation. Mixing equilibrium (steady-state) was reached at about 50 min. l-Phenylalanine was absorbed almost completely. Intrinsic intestinal wall permeability of ranitidine showed low permeable characteristics, suggesting permeability-limited absorption. The absorption of 1-phenylalanine, an actively transported nutrient, was not inhibited by ranitidine. The low intestinal membrane permeability is one of the important factors responsible for the variable oral absorption of ranitidine. Supported by FDA Grant FD01462-04 and KOSEF Grant.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.363-369
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• 2006

Granisetron is a selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist that is used therapeutically for the prevention of vomiting and nausea associated with emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Although this drug is commercially available for intravenous and oral dosage, there is a need for intranasal delivery formulations in specific patient populations in which the use of these dosage forms may be unfeasible and/or inconvenient. A rapid and specific high-performance liquid chromatography method with mass spectrometric detection(LC-MS) was developed and validated for the analysis of granisetron in plasma after nasal administration in rats. This method has been validated for concentrations ranging from 5 to 1000 ng/ml with simple treatment. This technique has high level reproducibility, accuracy, and sensitivity. The method described was found to be suitable for the analysis of all samples collected during preclinical pharmacokinetic investigations of granisetron in rats after nasal administration. This study was aimed to investigate the feasibility of nasal delivery of granisetron for the elimination of vomiting. The effects of osmolarity, dosage volume at the same dose and applied dose on the nasal absorption of granisetron in rats were observed. No significant difference in the effect of osmolarity and dosage volume at the same dose was observed. As the applied dose of granisetron in nasal formulation increased, the absorption increased linearly. Based on these results it appears that only the applied dose(drug mass) determines the nasal absorption of granisetron. The bioavailability of granisetron on nasal administration of 4 mg/kg appeared to be comparable to that of intravenous administration of the same dose. These results suggest that granisetron can be efficiently delivered nasally and the development of nasal formulation will be feasible.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.169-174
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• 1996

Inclusion complexes of diclofenac sodium with ${\beta}-cyclodextrin$ were prepared in aqueous solution, alkaline solution and solid phase. The interaction of diclofenac sodium with ${\beta}-cyclodextrin$ in pH 9.0 alkaline solution was evaluated by the solubility method and the instrumental analysis such as thermal analysis, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry. The solubility of diclofenac sodium was increased linearly with the increase in the concentration of ${\beta}-cyclodextrin$up to 0.15 mol and showed that the aqueous solubility rate of diclofenac sodium was significantly increased by complex with ${\beta}-cyclodextrin$. The optimum composition of this complex was one molecule of ${\beta}-cyclodextrin$ included 1.59 molecular weight of diclofenac sodium as a guest molecule. The pharmacokinetic parameters of the diclofenac sodium and the complex with ${\beta}-cyclodextrin$ were studied in rats by oral route. $T_{max}$ between drug alone and inclusion complex showed significant difference to be 120 minute and 20 minute respectively. Both of $C_{max}$ and AUC of inclusion complex was about 40% higher than drug alone. It is estimated from the data in this study that complexation of diclofenac sodium with ${\beta}-cyclodextrin$ increased the absorption rate and improved the bioavalability of the diclofenac sodium by the formation of a water-soluble complexes.