• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제14권1_2호
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• pp.40-53
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• 1992

This sutdy aimed at examining the effect of lingual frenectomy on phonation & tongue movement. Almost the patient visiting to department of oral & maxillofacial surgery for the treatment of tongue tie always complain the speech problem. Many operation was performed according to this problem. But the objective evaluation of the speech change have been deficient. The experimental group was 25 adult males. Fourteen Korean consonants & after Korean vowels was combined and seventy sound was made for speech analysis. Before & after lingual frenectomy, the speech of the above mentioned group was recorded and then analysed by the Speech Workstation computer software. And before & after operation, the lingual frenum & tongue protrusion amount vas measured. The results were as follows : 1. The pre-operative length of lingual frenum was inverse proportion with the pre-operative length of the protrusive tongue. 2. The average difference between pre & post-operative length of the protrusive tongue was about 23 mm. 3. In the comparison of consonant continuing time change, fricative consonant(r, s, h) was increased post-operatively. 4. In the comparison of the vowel frequency formant change, the "i"and "u" sound vas reliably changed. 5. There was no reliable speech changes on the other sounds.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.159-162
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• 1995

Five patients underwent surgery to treat velopharyngeal incompetence with an inferiorly based pharyngeal flap, and were evaluated postoperatively with a nasoendoscopy. In all patients, velopharyngeal closure occurred during speech of fricative sounds and swallowing. During speech of closed vowel sounds, patients younger than 10 years of age, compared with patients more than 20 years of age, demonstrated a grater improvement in velopharyngeal closure postoperatively. The present study supported the concept that an early pharyngoplasty should be made to obtain improved speech and articulation.

• 대한음성학회지:말소리
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• 제15_18호
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• pp.19-34
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• 1989

There is general agreement that voice onset time (VOT) is functionally related with the glottal opening at the moment of the oral release of a stop. However, systematic investigations of tempo 8n4 the place of articulation as affecting the glottal opening and VOT have relatively neglected. Various instrumental techniques were used to verify the claim with BrEng and korean speakers, under controlled experimental conditions, tempo being one of them. It was found that voiceless aspiration (i.e. VOT) is not simply a function of the glottal area at the moment of the oral release of a stop as it is normally defined in the existing literature. Within a given place of articulation and across temper VOT was generally insignificantly related to the glottal area. It is inferred that the glottal adduction onset time for the following vowel is actively control led by the speaker to meet aerodynamic requirements in relation to class (i.e. aspirated and unaspirated) and tempo. Some possible underlying physiological mechanisms for various phonetic aspects of intervocalic stops, associated with the glottal area and VOT, were discussed.

• 음성과학
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.27-35
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• 2005

Differential instrumentation for the diagnoses of individuals with Cleft palate has been used to objectively measure speech problems. The Cepstrum Method was used to study the vocal tract transfer function. The vocal tract transfer function and the source spectrum should be considered in the evaluation of nasal resonance. The aim of this study was to collect quantitative data on the acoustic Instrumentation used for evaluating hypernasality. Normal subjects (9 male, 21 female; 37 male children, 20 female children) and individuals with VPI (13 male, 8 female; 16 male children, 9 female) participated in this study. The vowel /i/ was selected to gauge the severances of hypernasality Spectral and Cepstral studies using CSL was used to identify the acoustic characteristics. Cepstrum analysis shows significant differences in quefrency and amplitude. The quefrency of normal groups was shorter than that of the VPI groups, while the amplitude of normal groups was lower than that of the VPI groups. This may have significance in the evaluation 'of nasal resonance.

• 음성과학
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.49-58
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• 2002

This study was designed to examine the effects of vocal loudness on Nasalance scores in Korean vowels. One normal adult without 'hypemasality' produced 3 types of vowels (/i/, /a/, /u/) in 3 levels of loudness (60, 70, 80dB). Nasalance scores (%) and oral & nasal energy intensity (dB) were measured through NasalView system. These data were compared among 3 levels of loudness and among 3 types of vowels. The results were as follow: For all vowels, Nasalance scores significantly reduced when vocal loudness increased. Because the increases of oral energy intensity were larger than that of nasal energy intensity. For all levels of loudness, Nasalance scores significantly differed among vowel types (/i/>/a/>/u/).

• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.97-101
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• 1999

The nasalance score measured by Nasometer is a supplementary data for the perceptually rated nasality by a trained speech pathologist. Because the nasalance score varies with speech material, a valid and reliable material should be developed for evaluating it. The objectives of the present study were (1) to examine whether phonetic contexts affect the nasalace score and (2) to examine the reliability of both meaningless one-syllable words and meaningful sentences. This study analyzed nasalance score in 20 different phonetic contexts from 24 normal adults. The results showed (1) nasalance score increased as the percentage of nasal consonants and vowel /i/ increased, (2) the manner and the place of articulation in oral consonants did not influence the nasalance score, and (3) in nasalance score, correlation between sentences was found to be high, but correlation between syllables was not. These results may indicate that, when preparing the speech material for measuring the nasalance score, it is important to consider not only the percentage of nasal consonants but also that of vowel /i/ in the speech material. In addition, the sentence is more reliable material than meaningless one-syllable words.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.69-74
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• 2010

연구 목적: 이 연구의 목적은 한국 성인 남녀 유치악자를 대상으로 구개의 높이가 한국어 모음 발음에 미치는 영향을 분석하는 것이다. 연구 재료 및 방법: 발음, 청력 및 의사소통에 문제가 없고 음성 관련 병력이 없는 23세부터 40세까지의 건강한 한국인 남녀 41명이 연구에 참여하였다. 피험자들의 인상 채득 후 제작된 연구모형을 가지고 구개 폭과 깊이를 고려하여 피험자들을 구개 높이 정도에 따라 고, 중, 저 세 군으로 구분하였다. 피험자들에게 7가지의 한국어 모음을 발음하도록 하여 녹음하고, 음향학적 분석 프로그램을 이용하여 모음들의F1 포먼트와F2 포먼트를 산출하였다. /ㅏ,ㅣ, ㅜ/ 세 모음의 평균 포먼트 값을 이용하여 모음 공간 삼각형을 작성하였다. 구개 높이에 따라 분류한 세 군 간에 포먼트의 차이와 모음 공간 삼각형의 면적 차이가 있는지 분석하였다. 통계방법으로 Kruskal-Wallis 검정과 Mann-Whiteny U 검정이 사용되었다 (P< .05). 결과: 구개 높이에 따른 세 군 간에서는 /ㅣ/ 모음에서 F2 포먼트의 값만 차이가 있었고 (P = 0.003), /ㅣ/를 제외한 다른 모음에서 포먼트 값은 차이가 없었다. 평균 포먼트 주파수를 좌표값으로 이용한 모음 공간 삼각형은 세 군 모두 비슷한 모양을 나타내었고 면적은 세 군 간에 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다 (P=0.096). 결론: /ㅣ/ 모음을 제외하고는 구강 내 해부학적 구조 차이가 존재해도 구개 높이에 따라 분류한 피험자간 모음의 발음차이가 없었고 발음명료도의 차이도 없어 구개 높이에 대해 혀의 보상작용이 어느 정도 존재하는 것으로 판단된다.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.239-252
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• 1993

This study was done to analyze phonetic dysfunction and the effect of orthognathic surgery to phonation in the patients of mandibular prognathism. 20 persons were chosen as normal group and 20 patients of mandibular prognathism as abnormal for this study. 5 vowel sounds-'ㅏ(a)', 'ㅔ(e)', 'ㅣ(i)', 'ㅗ(o)', 'ㅜ(u)' and 14 consonant sounds-'ㄱ(g)', "ㄴ(n), 'ㄷ(d)', 'ㄹ(l)', 'ㅁ(m)', 'ㅂ(b)', 'ㅅ(s)', 'ㅇ(ng)', 'ㅈ(j)', 'ㅊ(ch)', 'ㅋ(k)', 'ㅌ(t)', 'ㅍ(p)', 'ㅎ(h)', were checked. We recorded these sounds in the period of preopration, postop. 12 months, postop. 24 months. A Formant ratio and a length of consonant time were studied with discriminant analysis. As a result of the study, the following conclusion were gained. 1. As a result of the analysis on vowel dysfunction patiensts of mandibular prognathism, more than 80% of men patients showed the dysfunction in prelingual sound 'ㅔ(e)' and 'ㅣ(i)'. More than 70% of women patients showed the dysfunction in all vowel. 2. One year later from the orthognathic surgery, men patients showed a marked improvement in 'ㅏ(a)'. The next were 'ㅗ(o)', 'ㅜ(u)' and 'ㅣ(i)'. Women patients showed a marked improvement in 'ㅜ(u)'. 3. Two year later from the orthognathic surgery, men patients showed a marked improvement in prelingual sound 'ㅔ(e)' and postlingual sound 'ㅗ(o)'. Women patients showed a marked improvement in 'ㅏ(a)'. More than 20% of patients showed the phonetic improvement compared with the condition of the postop. 12 months. 4. As a result of the analysis on consonant dysfunction patient of mandibular prognathism. more than 80% of men patients showed the dysfunction in lingual sound 'ㅅ(s)'. Most women patients showed the dysfunction in labial sound 'ㅁ(m)' and lingual sound 'ㄴ(n)'. More than 50% of patients showed the dysfunction in labial sound and lingual sound. 5. One year later from the orthognathic surgery. men patients showed a complete improvement in hard palatal sound 'ㅈ(j)'. The next were labial sound 'ㅂ(b)', lingual sound 'ㅅ(s)', soft palatal sound 'ㄱ(g)' and 'ㅋ(k)'. Women patients showed a marked improvement in soft palatal sound 'ㅇ(ng)' and 'ㄱ(g)'. 6. Two year later from the orthognathic surgery, all patients showed remarkable improvement in consonant sounds. except for labial sound 'ㅁ(m)', 'ㅍ(p)' and lingual sound 'ㄴ(n)'. The improvement ratio was increased as the time was going on compared with the condition of postop 12 months.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.191-205
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was undertaken to determine the effects of orthognathic surgery on speech. The hyposis stated herein is that functional behaviors of the dentofacial complex, such as speech production, may be adversely affected by deviations of a structural nature(especially, Class III malocclusion). Twenty adults with Class III malocclusion(13 female and 7 male) were studied preoperative, immediate postoperative and either 6 or 12 months postoperative lateral cephalograms. They had mandibular prognathism and had undergone mandible setback operation. The position of tongue, soft palate(Uvula), hyoid bone, respiratory track width, and pharyngeal depth were assessed on lateral cephalograms with 23 cephalometric variables, ANOVA, Paired t-tests and Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient tests were used to evalute the operative changes in all cephalometric parameters. A experienced speech and language pathologists performed narrow phonetic transcriptions of tape-recorded words and sentences produced by each of the ninth patients and the recording tapes were analyzed by phonetic computer program(Computerized Speech Lab(CSL) Model 4300BI(U.S.A.)) These judges also recorded their ratings of each patient's overall consonants, hypernasality, hyponasality, and articulation proficiency. The results obtained are as follows; 1. There were significant changes in distance of posterior pharyngeal wall to tongue (TI-TW2, TS-TW3) after the surgery at 6 months postoperatively(each p<0.01 p<0.05). 2. The posterior tongue point(TI, TS, PPT) moved posteriorly after surgery and remained to its changed position at 6 months postoperatively(p<0.05). The displacement of tongue was correlated with the movement of mandibular setback amount(p<0.05). The hyoid bone moved posteriorly superiorly after immediate postoperative period. There was significant changes in hyoid bone movement after immediated postoperative period(p<0.05), but returned to its original position during the follow-up period(p>0.05) 3. The soft palate was displaced posteriorly superiorly after immediated operative period and remained to its changed position at 6 months postoperatively(p<0.05). ANS-PNS-SPT angle increasing, PPU-PPPo distance narrowing was showed after surgery, and remained its appearance 6 months postoperatively(p<0.05). 4. There were significant changes in formant value and squre diagram of vowel sound after the orthognathic surgery and the follow-up period. There were significant changes in /ㅅ/sound and posterior tongue sound. 5. The posterior movement of tongue and the posteriosuperior movement of soft palate was correlated with mandibular setback amount after orthognathic surgery. On the vowel squre diagram, the author found that the place of articulation after operation moved downward, backward, upward. 6. In assessing speech abnormalities, dental occlusion should be considered as a contributing factor. The vast majority of subjects with preoperative misarticulations eliminated or reduced their errors following orthognathic surgery. There was significant difference in speech impovement between pre- and postoperation.

• 대한구순구개열학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.53-62
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• 2005

Submucosal type cleft palate is a kind of cleft palate. A submucosal cleft may result in shortening of the anteroposterior dimension of the hard or soft palates or both. The increased distance along with the lack of muscle connection in the soft palate usually accounts for the lack of palatopharyngeal function in patients with submucosal cleft. Resonance disorders which is found in cleft patients show hypernasality or hyponasality. Many cases of submucosal type cleft palate patients visit our clinics due to hypernasality. In this study, resonance disorders was evaluated through nasalance test. Experimental group was composed of submucosal type cleft palate patients. The patients were treated by a so-called combined therapy, i.e., operation and speech training. To observe the changing pattern by surgery, nasalance test was carried out one time before surgery and three times after surgery. Nasometer II was used as a examination. The questionaire was filled with single vowels & diphthongs. The mean nasalance score of the child was significantly lower than that of the adult at every vowel. An early age at operation (under 10 years) was that a better functional result was achieved with patients. The mean nasalance score of /i/ was highest and that of /a/ was the lowest. The result of corrective surgery in selected cases has achieved improvement in all cases. Hypernasality has been consistently diminished. he operation.