• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.193-200
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• 2017

BACKGROUND: Plant growth under smart greenhouse (that is plant factory system) conditions of an artificial light type is significantly depending on the artificial light sources such as a fluorescent lamps or Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) with specific spectral wavelengths regardless of the outside environmental changes. In this experiment, characteristics on the growth and compound synthesis of kale seedlings affected by light qualities and intensities provided by LEDs were mentioned. METHODS AND RESULTS: The kale seedlings which developed 3~4 true leaves were exposed by fluorescent lamps or LEDs lights of red (R), blue+white (BW), blue+red (BR) with 50 (L) or $100(H){\mu}mol/m^2/s^1$ photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) under hydroponic culture system of deep flow technique for 50 days. Shoot fresh weight increased under the RH, BWH, and BRH treatments with higher PPF. Shoot elongation of the seedlings decreased, and polyphenol synthesis promoted by the higher light intensity conditions. Sugar synthesis in the leaves was above 2 times greater under the RH treatment of monochromic red light quality with $100{\mu}mol/m^2/s^1\;PPF$ than $50{\mu}mol/m^2/s^1\;PPF$. CONCLUSION: The results show that the control of light quality and intensity in the smart greenhouse conditions with artificial lights significantly affects the growth and compound synthesis in the fresh kale leaves with higher culture efficiency compared to the conventional soil culture under greenhouse or field conditions. Researches on the optimum light intensities of the LEDs with special spectral wavelengths are necessary for maximum growth and metabolism in the seedlings.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.89-96
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• 1975

The experiment was carried out to investigate the chemical properties of cement kiln dusts, abundantly produced from cement industry as a byproduct, and their effectiveness on rice yield. The field experiment was conducted on the acid paddy soil developed on basalt at Dongsong-Myon, Chulwon-Kun, Gangwon-Do. Two kinds of cement kiln dusts were used ; By Pass (BP) collected from the suspension preheater and Electric Precipitate (EP) from the cottrell electric precipitator. The levels of cement kiln dust applied were 100kg/10a, 200kg/10a and 300kg/10a, and the recommended variety "Nong Back" was adopted for this experiment. The results obtained are summarized as follows ; 1. The component of cement kiln dusts seems to be quite suitable for liming material. BP has 55% alkalinity, 41.7% of soluble calcium, 9.8% of soluble magnesium and 4.5% of water soluble silicate, while EP has 53.5% alkalinity, 41.7% soluble calcium, 8.3% soluble magnesium and 1% water soluble silicate. 2. The relative effectiveness of cement kiln dust in the soil will be superior due to very fine particle size. EP pass through completely 270 mesh screen, and 95% of BP pass through 150 mesh screen, 68% passing 270 mesh. 3. BP application at the rate of 100kg/10a increased 21% of rice yield as compared with control and EP 15%. It was observed that the affected yield components were increased panicle number per hill, grain number per panicle and 1,000 grains weight. 4. The application of optimum amount (100kg/10a) of cement kiln dusts accelerated the uptake of nutrients by rice plant and increased rice yield. However, the excess amounts (200kg/10a, 300kg/10a) of cement kiln dusts retarded the uptake of nutrients from soil.

• Proceedings of the Korean Reliability Society Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.277-278
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• 2001

The successful operation of a product In service depends upon the effective provision of logistic support in order to achieve and maintain the required levels of performance and customer satisfaction. Logistic support encompasses the activities and facilities required to maintain a product (hardware and software) in service. Logistic support covers maintenance, manpower and personnel, training, spares, technical documentation and packaging handling, storage and transportation and support facilities.The cost of logistic support is often a major contributor to the Life Cycle Cost (LCC) of a product and increasingly customers are making purchase decisions based on lifecycle cost rather than initial purchase price alone. Logistic support considerations can therefore have a major impact on product sales by ensuring that the product can be easily maintained at a reasonable cost and that all the necessary facilities have been provided to fully support the product in the field so that it meets the required availability. Quantification of support costs allows the manufacturer to estimate the support cost elements and evaluate possible warranty costs. This reduces risk and allows support costs to be set at competitive rates.Integrated Logistic Support (ILS) is a management method by which all the logistic support services required by a customer can be brought together in a structured way and In harmony with a product. In essence the application of ILS:- causes logistic support considerations to be integrated into product design;- develops logistic support arrangements that are consistently related to the design and to each other;- provides the necessary logistic support at the beginning and during customer use at optimum cost.The method by which ILS achieves much of the above is through the application of Logistic Support Analysis (LSA). This is a series of support analysis tasks that are performed throughout the design process in order to ensure that the product can be supported efficiently In accordance with the requirements of the customer.The successful application of ILS will result in a number of customer and supplier benefits. These should include some or all of the following:- greater product uptime;- fewer product modifications due to supportability deficiencies and hence less supplier rework;- better adherence to production schedules in process plants through reduced maintenance, better support;- lower supplier product costs;- Bower customer support costs;- better visibility of support costs;- reduced product LCC;- a better and more saleable product;- Improved safety;- increased overall customer satisfaction;- increased product purchases;- potential for purchase or upgrade of the product sooner through customer savings on support of current product.ILS should be an integral part of the total management process with an on-going improvement activity using monitoring of achieved performance to tailor existing support and influence future design activities. For many years, ILS was predominantly applied to military procurement, primarily using standards generated by the US Government Department of Defense (DoD). The military standards refer to specialized government infrastructures and are too complex for commercial application. The methods and benefits of ILS, however, have potential for much wider application in commercial and civilian use. The concept of ILS is simple and depends on a structured procedure that assures that logistic aspects are fully considered throughout the design and development phases of a product, in close cooperation with the designers. The ability to effectively support the product is given equal weight to performance and is fully considered in relation to its cost.The application of ILS provides improvements in availability, maintenance support and longterm 3ogistic cost savings. Logistic costs are significant through the life of a system and can often amount to many times the initial purchase cost of the system.This study provides guidance on the minimum activities necessary to Implement effective ILS for a wide range of commercial suppliers. The guide supplements IEC60106-4, Guide on maintainability of equipment Part 4: Section Eight maintenance and maintenance support planning, which emphasizes the maintenance aspects of the support requirements and refers to other existing standards where appropriate. The use of Reliability and Maintainability studies is also mentioned in this study, as R&M is an important interface area to ILS.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.522-528
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• 2005

Effects of packaging and storage temperature on the quality and shelf life of mungbean sprouts(vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) were studied Mungbean sprouts were packaged in polypropylene films(PP) and oriented polypropylene films(OPP) with 200 g, 250 g, and 300 g and stored at $4^{\circ}C,\;8^{\circ}C$ and $12^{\circ}C$, respectively. The deterioration of quality of mungbean sprouts during storage was caused by wilting of hypocotyl, abscission of cotyledon and softening of tissue. Total weight loss never exceeded $1\%$ and no visible signs of shrivelling of mungbean sprouts were observed. At $4^{\circ}C,\;30{\mu}m$ of OPP film per 250 g mungbean sprouts provided the optimal atmosphere composition(i.e. $3\%\;\O_2\;and\;5\%\;CO_2$). A shelf life of 6 days was achieved with these conditions. Hardness of hypocotyl, when deterioration in freshness began, was about 1,027.2 g when considerably deteriorated Hunter b value was 13 in deteriorated hypocotyl, vs. 11 for hypocotyl of fresh mungbean sprouts was accelerated by fluctuating storage temperature by the increment of storage time. It also was found that the optimum shelf life period was estimated to be 6, 2 and 2 days for 4, 8 and $12^{\circ}C$, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.157-162
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• 1996

Experiments were conducted from 1994 to 1995 to understand the effects of the labor-saving seeding and planting density on growth and root yield of Astragalus membranaceus. The drilling seeder reduced seeding time than the hand seeding; It takes 3. 5hrs/l0a to seed by drilling seeder while 33. 0hrs/l0a by hand seeding, which labor reducing rate was 89. 4 %. Emergence rate in the drilling seeder was increased 17% than in the hand seeding, so the root yield were increased 23% to 136. lkg/l0a in using drilling seeder compared to 110. 3kg in hand seeding. On the effect of planting density on the growth characteristics plant height was long in dense planting and stem diameter was thick in spacious planting. Root diameter and dry root weight root per plant were decreased in dense planting and root yield was highest in optimum planting densities $(6\;row\;(15cm)\;{\times}\;10cm)$ in the harvest of 1 year old plants in Astragalus membranaceus. The gross profit were increased 23% to 1,933 thousand won per l0a in the drilling seeder compared to 1,566 thousand won in the hand seeding, also the managing costs were reduced 18% to 406 thousand won per l0a in the drilling seeder than 494 thousand won per l0a in the hand seeding.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.447-455
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• 2011

To investigate the effects of the improvement of postharvest quality on fresh tomato, antimicrobial microperforated (AMP) films were prepared and their antimicrobial abilities were observed. AMP films were made by coating different types of natural antimicrobial agents such as cinnamon, clove, and clary sage essential oils into microperforated (MP) films. Cinnamon essential oil of 10% (v/v) has proven to be very effective as inhibitor of the mold growth on tomato, compared to the clove and clary sage essential oils. Quality changes of fresh tomatoes packed using the natural AMP films (AMP10 and AMP30) and MP films (MP10 and MP30) during storage were evaluated. Total microbial growth, weight loss, firmness, lycopene content, and decay rate as the major quality parameters were monitored over 9 days at $15^{\circ}C$. The oxygen transmission rates and mechanical properties between the natural AMP and MP films were also compared. There was no significant difference in change of oxygen transmission rate, tensile strength and elongation between the AMP and MP films. For storage studies, the freshness of tomato packaged in AMP30 film was higher than that in OPP film (the control), MP10, MP30, and AMP10 films. Especially, AMP30 film exhibited high efficiency compared to the control for tomato decay during storage periods. Based on the results, the microperforation and antimicrobial properties of the packaged films may significantly affect the maintenance of an optimum gas composition within the package atmosphere for increasing the storage life and quality of produce. They were also effective on the inhibition of microbial growth by controlled release of antimicrobial agent at an appropriate rate from the package into the tomato. Natural antimicrobial agent coating microperforated films could use potential functional package as a method of extending the freshness of postharvest tomato for storage.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.655-661
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• 2016

To develop scab-resistant pear (Pyrus spp.) varieties with fruits that are as crisp and juicy as Asian pears, a cross was made between 'Whangkeumbae' and 'Bartlett' varieties (P. pyrifolia ${\times}$ P. communis) at the Pear Research Institute of the National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, in 1994. Among the 285 seedlings, 'Greensis' was first selected in 2006 for its good eating quality and named in 2012 after regional adaptation tests in nine regions and ten experimental plots from 2007 to 2012. The tree showed a vigorous growth habit and semi-spreading characteristics, like 'Whangkeumbae'. The optimum fruit harvest date was also around Sept. 26 and fruit was round in shape and green in skin color at maturity. Average fruit weight was 470g, and the soluble solids content was $12.4^{\circ}Brix$. The flesh was very crisp and juicy, and had good eating quality. Its' leaf size was similar with 'Bartlett' and smaller than 'Whangkeumbae'. The average of full bloom date of 'Greensis' was determined as Apr. 26, which was six days later than 'Whangkeumbae' and similar with 'Bartlett'. S genotypes of 'Greensis' were identified as $S_4S_e$ by S-allele PCR product sequencing analysis. It seems that the $S_4$ allele was inherited from 'Whangkeumbae' and the Se allele from 'Bartlett'. 'Greensis' displayed strong resistance to scab disease caused by Venturia nashicola, similar to European pear cultivars like 'Beurre Hardy' and, 'Conference'. 'Greensis' was also highly resistant to black leaf spot (Alternaria kikuchiana) in the field

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.279-285
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• 2013

To establish sample preparation method for detection of food-borne pathogens from lettuce, perilla leaves, cucumber, pepper, and cherry tomato, the influences of diluent composition, processing time, and proportion of diluent to sample were examined. Each produce was inoculated with 6.0 log $CFU/cm^2$ of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus. Each produce was treated with 0.1% peptone water, and D/E neutralizing broth. Processing time of produce was 30, 60, 90, and 120s, and the proportion of diluent to sample was 2 : 1, 4 : 1, 9 : 1, and 19 : 1. The number of bacteria after treatment of D/E neutralizing broth was higher than that of 0.1% peptone water (P<0.05). In cherry tomato, the population of S. typhimurium recovered from treated with D/E broth was higher than that recovered from treated with 0.1% peptone water by 1.05 log $CFU/cm^2$ (P<0.05). No difference in numbers of pathogens was observed in processing time. Optimum proportion of diluent to perilla leaf, iceberg lettuce, cucumber, green pepper, and tomato was 9 : 1, 4 : 1, 2 : 1, 2 : 1, and 2 : 1, respectively. These data suggest that D/E neutralizing broth should be recommend as diluent, and the diluent volume applied to produce should be determined in proportion to produce surface area per weight (g).

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.136-142
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• 1985

For better grassland development in the forest, this field experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of thirteen different fertilizer levels of nitrogen(N), phosphorus ($P_2O_5$) and potassium ($K_2O$) on the botanical composition, growth and dry matter yield of grass-clover mixtures grown under trees with 40-50% of shading level. This experiment was arranged as a randomized block design with replications, and performed on the experimental field in the suburban forest of Suweon in 1984. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Plant height and cover degree of grasses found to be high with 28 and 42kg N fertilizer per 10a, while those were the lowest with zero and N-zero fertilizer levels. The degree of bare land after the fourth cut was also high in the low N level. 2. A significant higher degree of leaf green and chlorophyll content of leaf blade was observed in the plot of 28 and 42 kg N per 10a when compared with low N fertilizer plot. However, leaf decay and plant type of grasses tended to be a little poor as the high N was applied. 3. the regrowth plant length and dry weight of grasses after the first cut increased significantly with 28 and 42 kg N fertilizer. However, those showed slightly increased regrowth in the plot of zero and N-zero fertilizer levels. 4. The dry matter yield of grasses was higher with 28 and 42 kg N than that of low N fertilizer level. Higher yields were obtained in the plot of standard ($N-P_2O_5-K_2O$=28-20-24 kg/10a), 50% increase of $N,P_2O_5K_2O$ and N-50% increase, although there were no significant differences among three fertilizer levels. 5. Growth, botanical composition, regrowth and yield of grasses grown under pine trees were significantly influenced by N fertilizer level, regardless of $P_2O_5\;and\;K_2O$. The fertilizer level of $N-P_2O_5-K_2O$ was 28-20-24 kg per 10a for more forage production in the forest. Considering economic yield in this study, however, the optimum fertilizer level of N, $P_2O_5\;and\;K_2O$ was suppose to be 21-28, 10-15, and 12-18kg per 10a, respectively.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Poultry Science Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.64-84
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• 2002

These studies were conducted to evaluate the Properties of lactic acid Producing bacteria(LAB), isolated from broiler and laying hens cecum and select the optimum strains to improve the performance, environment of poultry house, immunity, and intestinal microflora of broiler and laying hens. In experiment I , 23 LAB strains were isolated from broiler and laying hens cecum as a colony form. Six strains were selected by acid tolerance, bile salt tolerance, viability, enzyme release, antagonism, and antibiotics susceptibility. In Experiment II, selected LABs from Ex. 1 were conducted to investigate the effects of feeding various Lactobacillus on performance, nutrients digestibility, intestinal microflora, villi development and observation of epithelium surface, blood chemicals and fecal noxious gas of broiler chicks. One thousand eighty one day old broiler chicks were fed into Lactobacillus crispatus avibrol(LCB), Lactobacillus reuteri avibro2(LRB), Lactobacillus crispatus avihen1(LCH), and Lactobacillus vaginalis avihen2(LVH) at the level of 10$^4$ and 10$\^$7/cfu/g diet. Weight gam of chicks fed Lactobacillus tended to increase from the first week and was higher from 50 to 100g in Lactobacillus treatments than control. Feed intake and feed conversion were not statistically different of all treatments. Dry Matter digestibility of Lactobacillus treatments was prone to improve compared to that of control, but was not significantly different. Protein and Ca digestibility were also tended to improve in Lactobacillus treatments relative that of control. Lactobacillus treatments showed improved tendency in crude ash and fat compared to those of control, whereas phosphorus digestibility was not consistency. Nutrients digestibilities of bird fed LCH were superior to those of other treatments, It showed significantly higher in Ca and P digestibility than control(P〈0.05). Total Lactobacillus spp. of birds fed various Lactobacillus was significantly higher in illeum for five weeks(P〈0.05), but was not different at cecum. Yeast was thought to be not completely attached to intestinal lumen for one week. However, total number of yeast was significantly increased in cecum and illeum of three weeks old chicks (P〈0.05). The number of anaerobes exhibited to tendency the increase in Lactobacillus treatments from one week old of age at both ileum and cecum.