• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.209-217
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• 2002

There have been many studies on the application of the reciprocal advantages of multimodality image to define accurate target volume in the Process of radiation treatment planning. For the proper use of the multimodality images, the registration works between different modality images should be performed in advance. In this study, we selected chamfer matching method and mutual information method as most popular methods in recent image registration studies considering the registration accuracy and clinical practicality. And the two registration methods were analyzed to deduce the optimal registration method according to the characteristics of images. Lung phantom of which multimodality images could be acquired was fabricated and CT, MRI and SPECT images of the phantom were used in this study. We developed the registration program which can perform the two registration methods properly and analyzed the registration results which were produced by the developed program in many different images' conditions. Although the overall accuracy of the registration in both chamfer matching method and mutual information method was acceptable, the registration errors in SPECT images which had lower resolution and in degraded images of which data were removed in some part were increased when chamfer matching method was applied. Especially in the case of degraded reference image, chamfer matching methods produce relatively large errors compared with mutual information method. Mutual information method can be estimated as more robust registration method than chamfer matching method in this study because it did not need the prerequisite works, the extraction of accurate contour points, and it produced more accurate registration results consistently regardless of the images' characteristics. The analysis of the registration methods in this study can be expected to provide useful information to the utilization of multimodality images in delineating target volume for radiation treatment planning and in many other clinical applications.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.191-198
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• 2018

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of combination of air temperature and soil water contents on growth, physiological disorder rate, and yield of garlic. This experiments has been carried out in the typical plastic house (one side open and other side installed ventilation fans) which was maintained gradient air temperature (maximum different value of air temperature : $6^{\circ}C$). The excessive irrigation (EI) set at $0.34m^3/m^3$ soil moisture contents. The significant differences found in the growth parameters of garlics as affected by air temperature and soil moisture conditions. The plant height of garlic with combination of ambient $(A)+6^{\circ}C$ and optimal irrigation (OI; set at $0.22m^3/m^3$ soil moisture contents) treatments represented 47.4 cm/plant, which was the highest among all the tested treatments. The leaf length and width showed the greatest, which were 16.1 and 2.4 cm/plant, respectively, in $A+6^{\circ}C-OI$. The physiological disorder ratio was higher as 12.9% at $A+6^{\circ}C-OI$ and was not occurred at ambient temperature with EI compared with OI treatment. The bulb and clove weight were dramatically decreased at $A+6^{\circ}C$ temperature treatment. The yields were decreased by 51% in OI at $A+6^{\circ}C$ and $A+3^{\circ}C$ temperature treatment. Those results indicated that yields were decreased and ratio of physiological disorders was increased by high temperature treatments.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.994-1002
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• 2009

A bacteriocin-producing bacterium identified as Bacillus licheniformis was isolated from soybean sauce. Antibacterial activity was confirmed by paper disc diffusion method, using Micrococcus luteus as a test organism. The bacteriocin also showed antibacterial activities against Bacillus sphaericus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus planiarum, Paenibacillus polymyxa, and Pediococcus dextrinicus. Optimal culture conditions for the production of bacteriocin was attained by growing the cells in an MRS medium at a pH of 6.5~ 7.0 and a temperature of 37$^\circ$C for 36$\sim$48 hr. Solvents such as chloroform, ethanol, acetone, and acetonitrile had little effect on bacteriocin activity. However, about 50% of bacteriocin activity diminished with treatment of methanol and isopropanol at the final concentration of 50% at 25$^\circ$C for 1 hr. It was stable against a pH variation range from 3.0 and 7.0, but the activity reduced to 50% at a pH range from 9.0 to 11.0. It's activity was not affected by heat treatment at 100$^\circ$C for 30 min and 50% of activity was retained after heat treatment at 100$^\circ$C for 60 min, showing high thermostability. The bacteriocin was purified to a homogeneity through ammonium sulfate precipitation, SP-Sepharose ion-exchange chromatography, and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The entire purification protocol led to a 75-fold increase in specific activity and a 13.5% yield of bacteriocin activity. The molecular weight of purified bacteriocin was estimated to be about 2.5 kDa by tricine-SDS-PAGE.

• Clean Technology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.134-144
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• 2024

In this study, the mechanical stability of red mud was improved for its commercial use as a catalyst to effectively decompose HFC-134a, one of the seven major greenhouse gases. Red mud is an industrial waste discharged from aluminum production, but it can be used for the decomposition of HFC-134a. Red mud can be manufactured into a catalyst via the crushing-preparative-compression molding-firing process, and it is possible to improve the catalyst performance and secure mechanical stability through calcination. In order to determine the optimal heat treatment conditions, pellet-shaped compressed red mud samples were calcined at 300, 600, 800 ℃ using a muffle furnace for 5 hours. The mechanical stability was confirmed by the weight loss rate before and after ultra-sonication after the catalyst was immersed in distilled water. The catalyst calcined at 800 ℃ (RM 800) was found to have the best mechanical stability as well as the most catalytic activity. The catalyst performance and durability tests that were performed for 100 hours using the RM 800 catalyst showed thatmore than 99% of 1 mol% HFC-134a was degraded at 650 ℃, and no degradation in catalytic activity was observed. XRD analysis showed tri-calcium aluminate and gehlenite crystalline phases, which enhance mechanical strength and catalytic activity due to the interaction of Ca, Si, and Al after heat treatment at 800 ℃. SEM/EDS analysis of the durability tested catalysts showed no losses in active substances or shape changes due to HFC-134a abasement. Through this research, it is expected that red mud can be commercialized as a catalyst for waste refrigerant treatment due to its high economic feasibility, high decomposition efficiency and mechanical stability.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.93-100
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• 2011

Maintenance of adequate soil water potential during the period of crop growth is necessary to support optimum plant growth and yields. A better understanding of soil water movement within and below the rooting zone can facilitate optimal irrigation scheduling aimed at minimizing the adverse effects of water stress on crop growth and development and the leaching of water below the root zone which can have adverse environmental effects. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using a portable irrigation controller with an Watermark sensor for the cultivation of drip-irrigated vegetable crops in a greenhouse. The control capability of the irrigation controller for a soil water potential of -20 kPa was evaluated under summer conditions by cultivating 45-day-old tomato plants grown in three differently textured soils (sandy loam, loam, and loamy sands). Water contents through each soil profile were continuously monitored using three Sentek probes, each consisting of three capacitance sensors at 10, 20, and 30 cm depths. Even though a repeatable cycling of soil water potential occurred for the potential treatment, the lower limit of the Watermark (about 0 kPa) obtained in this study presented a limitation of using the Watermark sensor for optimal irrigation of tomato plants where -20 kPa was used as a point for triggering irrigations. This problem might be related to the slow response time and inadequate soil-sensor interface of the Watermark sensor as compared to a porous and ceramic cup-based tensiometer with a sensitive pressure transducer. In addition, the irrigation time of 50 to 60 min at each of the irrigation operation gave a rapid drop of the potential to zero, resulting in over irrigation of tomatoes. There were differences in water content among the three different soil types under the variable rate irrigation, showing a range of water contents of 16 to 24%, 17 to 28%, and 24 to 32% for loamy sand, sandy loam, and loam soils, respectively. The greatest rate increase in water content was observed in the top of 10 cm depth of sandy loam soil within almost 60 min from the start of irrigation.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.191-214
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• 2018

This research empirically analyzed the selection factors and the locational selection factors of the medical service facilities according to the gradual increase of the importance of the selection factors and the locational selection factors regarding the establishments of the small- and medium-sized hospitals according to the rapid changes of the socio-economic conditions. By analyzing the priority order according to the levels of the importance of each evaluation item factor through a research related to the selection factors and the locational selection factors of the small- and medium-sized hospitals and by drawing what the important factors that have the influences on the competitiveness of the pre-existent small- and medium-sized hospitals are through the classification of the real estate locational factors and the non-locational factors, the purpose lies in utilizing them as the basic data and materials for the opening strategies of the small- and medium-sized hospitals considering the special, locational characteristics according to the important factors of the selection factors of the small- and medium-sized hospitals, regarding the medical suppliers that have been preparing, for opening the new, small- and medium-sized hospitals. Based on the results of the preceding researches and the researches on the case examples, 28 evaluation factors were arrived at in terms of the level of the medical treatment, the medical services, the accessibilities of the hospitals, the conveniences of the hospitals, and the physical environment. And, regarding the 28 detailed evaluation factors that had been collected, through the interviews with the related experts, the 5 factors of the medical level, the medical service, the expertise of the hospital, the convenience of the hospital, and the physical environment were selected as the upper class evaluation factors. And, according to each upper class, a total of 28 low-part evaluation factors were selected. Regarding the optimal evaluation factors that were selected, the optimal locational factors were selected by carrying out an AHP questionnaire survey investigation with 200 medical experts as the subjects. Regarding the AHP analysis results, similarly with the case examples of the precedent researches, the levels of the importance appeared in the order of the medical level, the medical services, the accessibility of the hospital, the physical environment, and the convenience. And the factors that were related to the facilities of a hospital appeared low. The results of this research can be applied in providing the basis for the decision-makings regarding the selections of the locations of the small- and medium-sized hospitals in the future.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.600-604
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• 2001

For the effective utilization of cuttle bone as a calcium powder, we examined calcination condition ($700^{\circ}C: 0\sim10\;hrs,\;800^{\circ}C:\;0\sim3\;hrs,\;900^{\circ}C:\;0\sim1\;hr\;and\;1,000^{\circ}C:\;0\sim30\;mins$) for recovery of calcium from raw cuttle bone powder (RCB) and characteristics of calcined cuttle bone powder (CCB) treated by optimal condition. During calcination of RCB, the yields was decreased, while total and soluble calcium contents and white index were increased up to constant calcination time ($8\;hrs\;at\;700^{\circ}C,\;2\;hrs\;at\;800^{\circ}C,\;45\;min\;at\;900^{\circ}C\;and\;20\;min\;at\;1,000^{\circ}C$). But, these after that almost unchanged. From these results, the optimal calcination conditions for recovery of calcium from RCB were revealed $8\;hrs\;at\;700^{\circ}C,\;2\;hrs\;at\;800^{\circ}C,\;45\;min\;at\;900^{\circ}C\;and\;20\;min\;at\;1,000^{\circ}C$. In the case of CCB treated for 2 hrs at $800^{\circ}C$, total calcium was about $70\%$, the major component was calcium oxide, and the structure consisted of porosity. The calcium solubility of CCB increased by 22 times compared to RCB. But, the pH of RCB was about 12.9. Therefore, for the effective utilization of RCB as a calcium powder, it requires a suitable modification operation for adjustment of pH ($pH\;2.0\~9.0$).

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.5-12
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• 2012

Antibiotics have been considered emerging compounds due to their continuous input and persistence in environment. Due to the limited biodegradability and widespread use of these antibiotics, an incomplete removal is attained in conventional wastewater treatment plants and relative large quantities are released into the environment. In this study, it was determined the adsorption and photocatalysis kinetics of antibiotics (Sulfamethoxazole, SMX) with various catalyst (Titanium dioxide; $TiO_2$, Hydroxyapatite; HAP) conditions under UV/$TiO_2$/HAP system. In addition, the statistical analysis of response surface methods (RSM) was used to determine the effects of operating parameters on UV/$TiO_2$/HAP system. $TiO_2$/HAP adsorbent were found to follow the pseudo second order reaction in the adsorption. In the result of applied intrapaticle diffusion model, the constants of reaction rate were $TiO_2$=$0.064min^{-1}$, HAP=$0.2866min^{-1}$ and $TiO_2$/HAP=$0.3708min^{-1}$, respectively.The result of RSM, term of regression analysis in analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significantly p-value (p<0.05) and high coefficients for determination values($R^2$=96.2%, $R^2_{Adj}$=89.3%) that allowed satisfactory prediction of second order regression model. And the estimated optimal conditions for Y(Sulfamethoxazole removal efficiency, %) were $x_1$(initial concentration of Sulfamethoxazole)=-0.7828, $x_2$(amount of catalyst)=0.9974 and $x_3$(reation time)=0.5738 by coded parameters, respectively. According to the result of intraparticle diffusion model and photocatalysis experiments, it was shown that the $TiO_2$/HAP was more effective system than conventional AOPs(advanced oxidation processes, UV/$TiO_2$ system).

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.339-351
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• 1985

This study was carried out to investigate the optimal conditions for meat paste production with sardine. To improve the gel forming ability of meat paste, washing time and condition with alkaline solution, setting time and temperature, and heating temperature before pasteurization were controlled, and the influences of the freshness of raw sardine and the mixing ratios of ordinary and dark muscles on the duality of the meat paste product were discussed. The frozen storage showed a predominant effect on keeping freshness of raw sardine at different storage conditions and gel forming ability was maintained for 1 day at ice storage, for 3 days at $-3^{\circ}C$ and for 4 days at frozen condition, but there was no effect on keeping freshness of raw sardine in the storage at $25^{\circ}C$. Gel strength of meat paste product tended to decrease with washing time of raw meat, and in case of washing 3 times the meat appeared excellent in gel strength, but in case of seven and nine times the meat showed lower water holding capacity and decreased organoleptic test score in the quality of meat paste prtoduct. Raw meat washed with alkaline solution showed a desirable effect on gel forming ability compared with that washed with tap water, and in the case of washed with $0.5\%$ sodium bicarbonate solution exhibited the most favorable effect on gel forming. The gel strength of the meat paste product decreased with the increase of mixing ratios of dark muscle in the raw meat. Setting time and temperature for the gel forming ability of meat paste were good at $5^{\circ}C$ for 20 hours and at $20^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours. In the heating temperature of meat paste, heating treatment at $90^{\circ}C$ was desirable for gel forming.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.69-75
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• 2006

Improper disposal of petroleum and spills from underground storage tanks have created large areas with highly toxic contamination of the soil and groundwater. Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) is widely used as a fuel additive because of its advantageous properties of increasing the octane value and reducing carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon exhausts. However, MTBE is categorized as a possible human carcinogen. This research investigated the Modified Photo-Fenton system which is based on the Modified Fenton reaction and UV light irradiation. The Modified Fenton reaction is effective for MTBE degradation near a neutral pH, using the ferric ion complex composed of a ferric ion and environmentally friendly organic chelating agents. This research was intended to treat high concentrations of MTBE; thus, 1,000 mg/L MTBE was chosen. The objectives of this research are to find the optimal reaction conditions and to elucidate the kinetic and mechanism of MTBE degradation by the Modified Photo-Fenton reaction. Based on the results of experiments, citrate was chosen among eight chelating agents as the candidate for the Modified Photo-Fenton reaction because it has a relatively higher final pH and MTBE removal efficiency than the others, and it has a relatively low toxicity and is rapidly biodegradable. MTBE degradation was found to follow pseudo-first-order kinetics. Under the optimum conditions, [$Fe^{3+}$] : [Citrate] = 1 mM: 4 mM, 3% $H_2O_2$, 17.4 kWh/L UV dose, and initial pH 6.0, the 1000 ppm MTBE was degraded by 86.75% within 6 hours and 99.99% within 16 hours. The final pH value was 6.02. The degradation mechanism of MTBE by the Modified Photo-Fenton Reaction included two diverse pathways and tert-butyl formate (TBF) was identified to be the major degradation intermediate. Attributed to the high solubility, stability, and reactivity of the ferric-citrate complexes in the near neutral condition, this Modified Photo-Fenton reaction is a promising treatment process for high concentrations of MTBE under or near a neutral pH.