• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제20권11호
• /
• pp.1705-1712
• /
• 2007

The effect of different tropical feed sources on rumen ecology, cellulolytic bacteria, feed intake and digestibility of beef cattle was investigated. Four fistulated, castrated male crossbred cattle were randomly allocated to a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. The treatments were: T1) urea-treated (5%) rice straw (UTS); T2) cassava hay (CH); T3) fresh cassava foliage (FCF); T4) UTS:FCF (1:1 dry matter basis). Animals were fed concentrates at 0.3% of body weight on a DM basis and their respective diets on an ad libitum basis. The experimental period was 21 days. The results revealed that the use of UTS, CH, FCF and UTS:FCF as roughage sources could provide effective fiber and maintain an optimal range of ruminal pH and $NH_3-N$. Total viable and cellulolytic bacterial populations were enhanced (p<0.05) with UTS as the roughage source. Animals fed FCF had a higher rumen propionate production (p<0.05) with a lower cellulolytic bacteria count. Moreover, three predominant cellulolytic bacteria species, namely Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus albus and Ruminococcus flavefaciens, were found in all treatment groups. Roughage intake and total DM intake were highest with UTS (2.2 and 2.5% BW, respectively) as the roughage source (p<0.05). Nutrient intake in terms of organic matter intake (OMI) was similar in UTS, CH and UTS:FCF treatments (8.0, 6.8 and 8.7 kg/d, respectively), while crude protein intake (CPI) was enhanced in CH, FCF and UTS:FCF as compared to the UTS treatment (p<0.05). Digestion coefficients of DM and organic matter (OM) were similar among treatments, while the CP digestion coefficients were similar in CH, FCF and UTS:FCF treatments, but were higher (p<0.05) in CH than in UTS. CP and ADF digestible intakes (kg/d) were highest (p<0.05) on the CH and UTS treatments, respectively. It was also observed that feeding FCF as a full-feed resulted in ataxia as well as frequent urination; therefore, FCF should only be fed fresh as part of the feed or be fed wilted. Hence, combined use of FCF and UTS as well as CH and FCF were recommended.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제33권6호
• /
• pp.965-972
• /
• 2020

Objective: Astragalus membranaceus root is a well-known traditional Chinese herbal medicine with many biological active constituents. This study was conducted to examine the effects of Astragalus membranaceus root powder (AMP) on growth performance, serum antioxidant and immune response in finishing lambs. Methods: A total of thirty-six Guangling fat-tailed ram lambs (body weight = 19±2 kg, mean±standard deviation) were randomly assigned to one of six treatments for a 40 d feeding period, with the first 10 d for adaptation. Treatments consisted of the lambs' basal diets with addition of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 g/kg of diet of AMP. Results: Response to supplementation level of AMP was quadratic (p≤0.032) for final weight and ADG with the greatest at 10 g/kg of diet, but dry matter intake was not affected (p≥0.227) by treatments. The increase of AMP supplementation resulted in a quadratic response in contents of triglyceride and creatinine (p<0.05), with the lowest values for 10 and 20 g/kg of diet, respectively. A linear and quadratic decrease was observed in activity of alkaline phosphatase in serum of lambs. As the AMP supplementation increased, the activities of total superoxide dismutase and total antioxidant capacity increased linearly (p≤0.018) and hydroxyl radical (OH^-) decreased linearly (p = 0.002). For catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA), quadratic (p≤0.001) effects were observed among treatments, with the greatest CAT and lowest MDA values at 10 g/kg AMP. Additionally, supplementing AMP up to a level of 10 or 15 g/kg of diet quadratically increased immunoglobulin and interleukin contents in the serum. Conclusion: The results indicated that AMP can be used as natural feed additive in the ration of lambs to improve ADG, antioxidant status, and immune functions, and the optimal dose was 10 g/kg of diet under the condition of this experiment.

• 대한구순구개열학회지
• /
• 제2권1_2호
• /
• pp.5-14
• /
• 1999

The aim of treatment of cleft lip and palate is to correct the cleft and associated problems surgically and thus hide the anomaly so that patients can lead normal lives. This correction involves surgically producing a face that does not attract attention, a vocal apparatus that permits intelligible speech, and a dentition that allows optimal function and esthetics. In neonatal periods, gross distortion of tissues surrounding the cleft requires considerable effort and time due to post operative functional defect and scarring and induces milk feeding problem, malocclusion of deciduous or permanent dentition, congenital missing teeth, skeletal dysplasia. The occurrence of a cleft deformity is a source of considerable shock to the parents of an afflicted baby, and the most appropriate approach is very important things. Thus we tried to analysis of dental arch, shape and size of deformity in cleft patients. The results were obtained as follows. 1. When the cast measurements of UCLP subjects at first visit it was found that the mean length was 9.29mm at the alveolar cleft width, also that was 11.7mm at the anterior width and 14mm at the posterior cleft width. 2. Comparison of UCLP group at first visit and just lip surgery, it was found that the older group showed a insignificant reduction in the width of the cleft in the alveolar, canine, and tuberosity regions. 3. The maxillary casts of the UCLP group at 6 months differ Significantly from those of the at 3 months in both length and width. but there was no statistical difference except anterior ridge length of nonclefted site. 4. Comparison at 6 months and 18 months, there was a greater change in length of the alveolar cleft width, intercanine width, and anterior cleft width. Maxillary arch became wider at both the canine region and intertuberosity region. also posterior anteroposterior length was increased but anterior AP length was decreased from 8.1mm to 7.7mm. There was meaningful increase at intertuberosity length; however, a significant reduction in width t-t'

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제16권3호
• /
• pp.374-380
• /
• 2006

In this study, glucose, sucrose, and dextrin were found to be better carbon sources for the production of pullulan by Aureobasidium pullulans HP-2001. Maximal production of pullulan with 200 g/l sucrose as a carbon source was 54.2 g/l. The highest yield of pullulan from sucrose was 0.40, when the sugar concentration was 100 g/1. Optimal conditions for the continuous production of pullulan by A. pullulans HP-2001 in a 7-1 bioreactor were determined by studying the effects of composition of feed solution, dilution rate, and concentration of sucrose in the feed solution. Pullulan concentration and productivity with 100 g/l glucose and 2.5 g/l yeast extract were 38.1 g/l and 0.53 g/l h for 72 h, respectively, in a batch culture of A. pullulans HP-2001. When the substituted medium contained 100 g/l sucrose, 2.5 g/l yeast extract, and mineral salts, which is the same composition as the medium for the production of pullulan, the pullulan concentration and productivity were 74.9 g/l and 0.55 g/l h for 120 h, respectively. The production of pullulan at the steady state increased with a dilution rate up to 0.015/h, and its concentration was 78.4 g/l with a weight average molecular weight ($M_w$) of $4.0{\times}10^5$. Unlike a batch culture, however, the decline of the $M_w$ and the number average molecular weight ($M_n$) of pullulan was not found in the continuous culture of A. pullulans HP-2001. When the concentration of sucrose in the feed solution was 200 g/l, 113.5 g/l of pullulan was obtained at the steady state. The steady state was maintained longer in the continuous culture fed with the feed solution containing 200 g/l sucrose than when fed with the feed solutions containing either 100 or 150 g/l sucrose.

• 한국양식학회지
• /
• 제21권2호
• /
• pp.76-81
• /
• 2008

본 연구는 입이 작은 어류들의 초기 먹이생물로 이용 가능성이 있는 초소형 rotifer Synchaeta kitina의 대량배양을 위한 이들의 최적 먹이생물 및 공급량을 규명하는데 그 목적이 있다. 초소형 rotifer S. kitina를 대상으로 각기 다른 종류의 먹이를 6개(TET, ISO, CHL, TET+ISO, TET+CHL 및 ISO+CHL)의 실험구로 나누어 이들의 최고밀도, 포란률, 성장률, 발달단계, 산란수 및 수명 등을 조사하였다. 먹이종류에 따른 밀집배양에서 최고밀도, 포란률 및 성장률은 T. suecica를 단독 또는 혼합 공급한 실험구가 그렇지 않은 실험구에 비해 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 개체배양 실험에서도 생식 전 단계, 순 생식 단계, 산란수 및 수명이 T. suecica를 공급한 실험구에서 더 높은 것으로 조사되었다. 먹이 공급량에 따른 개체 및 밀집배양 실험에서는 rotifer 개체 당 T. suecica를 10,000세포로 공급하는 것이 최고밀도, 포란률, 성장률, 산란수 및 수명에 효율적인 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 초소형 rotifer S. kitina의 대량배양을 위한 최적의 먹이생물은 T. suecica이며, 그에 따른 공급량은 개체 당 10,000 세포가 적합할 것으로 판단된다.

• 근관절건강학회지
• /
• 제5권1호
• /
• pp.83-109
• /
• 1998

This study was carried out to identify the Important modifiable risk factors for reduced bone mass and to construct prediction model which can classify women with either low or high bone mass. Through the literature review, individual characteristics such as age, body weight, height, education level, family history, age of menarche, postmenopausal period, gravity, parity, menopausal status, and breast feeding period were identified and factors of life style such as past milk consumption, past physical activity, present daily activity, present calcium intake, alcohol intake, cigarette smoking, coffee consumption were identified as influencing factors of reduced bone mass in women. Four hundred and eighty women aged between 28 and 76 who had given measurement bone mineral density by dual energy x-ray absortiometry in lumbar vertebrae and femur from July to October, 1997 at 4 general hospitals in Seoul and Pusan were selected for this study. Women were excluded if they had a history of any chronic illness such as rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus, hyperthroidism, & gastrointestinal disorder and any medication such as calcium supplements, calcitonin, estrogen, thyroxine, antacids, & corticosteroids known affect bone. As a result of these exclusion criteria, four hundred and seventeen women were used for analysis. Multiple logistic regression model was developed for estimating the likelihood of the presence or absence of reduced bone mass. A SAS procedure was used to estimate risk factor coefficient. The results are as follows For lumbar spine, the variables significant were age, body weight, menopause status, daily activity, past milk consumption, and past physical activity(p<0.01), while for femoral Ward's triangle, age, body weight, level of education, past milk consumption, past physical activity(p<0.001). Past physical activity, present daily activity and past milk consumption are the most powerful modifiable predictors in vertebrae and femur among the predictors. When the model performance was evaluated by comparing the observed outcome with predicted outcome, the model correctly identified 74.1% of persons with reduced bone mass and 84.5% of persons with normal bone mass in the lumbar vertebrae and 82.9% of persons with reduced bone mass and 75.0% of persons with normal bone mass in the femoral Ward's triangle. On the basis of these results, a number of recommendations for the management of reduced bone mass may be made : First, those woman who are classified as high risk group of the reduced bone mass in the prediction model should examine the bone mineral density to further examine the usefulness of this model. Second, the optimal amount of milk consumption and a regular weight bearing exercise in childhood, adolescence, and early adult should be ensured.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제21권3호
• /
• pp.434-442
• /
• 2008

The objective of this study was to determine the optimum ratio of methionine to methionine plus cystine for growing pigs. A nitrogen balance trial was conducted using a total of 21 barrows (Large WhiteLandrace) over two replicates. The initial body weight was $20.36{\pm}1.22kg$ (mean${\pm}$SD) in the first replicate and $23.54{\pm}1.02kg$ (mean${\pm}$SD) in the second. For each replicate, the 21 pigs were randomly assigned to one of seven dietary treatments with three observations per treatment. The diets included a methionine and cystine-deficient basal diet with all other essential nutrients meeting nutrient requirements and six diets formulated with graded levels of DL-methionine (0.00, 0.03, 0.06, 0.10, 0.13, 0.16%) and $L-Cystine{\cdot}HCl{\cdot}H_2O$ (0.19, 0.15, 0.11, 0.07, 0.04, 0.00%). This resulted in ratios of methionine to methionine plus cystine of 41.3, 29.6, 35.3, 41.2, 46.0, 51.6 and 57.5%. Each experimental period lasted 12 days consisting of a seven-day adaptation period followed by a five-day total collection of urine and feces. During the collection period, pigs were fed 900 g/day for the first replicate and 1,200 g/day for the second replicate. The feed was provided in three equal portions at 0800, 1500, and 2200 h daily. Pigs had ad libitum access to water after feeding. There was a linear (p<0.01) and quadratic (p<0.01) effect on daily gain and feed conversion as the ratio of methionine to methionine plus cystine increased. Pigs receiving the diets providing a methionine to methionine plus cystine ratio of 51.6% had the best daily gain and feed conversion. Plasma urea nitrogen was also lowest for this treatment. Nitrogen retention increased (p<0.01) as the relative proportion of methionine increased up to 51.6% and then a downward trend occurred at 57.5%. The quadratic regression model, as well as one- and two- slope regression line models, were used to determine the optimum ratio of methionine to methionine plus cystine. Eliminating the 35.3% methionine to methionine plus cystine treatment resulted in $R^2$ values in excess of 0.92. The optimal ratio of methionine to methionine plus cystine was estimated to be 54.15% for nitrogen retention and 56.72% for plasma urea nitrogen.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
• /
• 제34권3호
• /
• pp.181-190
• /
• 1995

암컷 Aedes aegypti의 난성숙과장에서 새로 나타나는 malate dehydrogenase(L-malate, $NAD^+$ oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.37, MDH)를 DEAE-Sepharose, Sulphonyl-Sepharose, Cibacron 3FGA affinity chromatography를 이용하여 분리정제하여 그 특성을 조사하였다. 분자량은 70,000 dalton정도의 dimer 형태로 되어 있으며 최적 pH는 malate-oxaloacetate반응에서는 pH 9.0~9.2, oxaloacetate-malate 반응에서는 pH 9.8~10.2이었다. 정재된 MDH는 mitochondria에 위치하고 있으며 기질로서 malate에 대한 Km값의 경우 $1.29 \times 10^{-4}$ M, oxaloacetate에 대한 Km 값은 $6.58\times 10^{-4}$M, NAD에 대한 Km값은 $0.76\times 10^{-3}$ M이며 NADH에 대한 Km 값은 $3.8\times 10^{-3}$ M 을 보이고 있으며 각각의 기질에 의한 저해현상을 보이고 있었다. 기질에 대한 Km값을 부분적으로 분리한 DEAE-sepharose에 흡착된 원형질 MDH와 비교한 결과 malate에 대한 Km 이 $8.92\times 10^{-3}$으로 상당한 차이를 보이고 있었다. 또한 정제된 MDH는 cltrate, $\alpha$-ketoglutarate, ATP 등의 대사산물에 의하여 저해작용을 받았다. ATP 및 citrate에 의한 MDH 활성도 저해는 oxaloacetate-malate반응에서 보다는 malate-oxaloacetate 반응에서 덜 일어났다. Oxaloacetate-malate 반응의 경우 ATP에 의하여저해작용이 완전히 일어났으며 malate-oxaloacetate반응에서는 cltrate에 의하여 저해작용이 일어나지 않았다. 흡혈 후 생성되는 MDH는 난소에서 합성되며 흡혈 수 난소에서 18시간 때부터 활성도가 나타나 48시간 이후 최고 활성도가 유지되는데 TCA회로의 isocitrate dehydrogenase 의 경우 난소내에서의 활성도 변화가 MDH의 변화 양상과 같았다.

• 대한소아치과학회지
• /
• 제36권4호
• /
• pp.568-574
• /
• 2009

설유착증(tongue-tie)은 비정상적으로 짧은 설소대로 인하여 혀의 움직임이 제한되는 것을 의미한다. 영유아에서 심한 설유착증은 수유곤란을 야기하기도 하고, 증상이 지속적으로 존재할 때는 혀의 운동범위가 제한되어 발음문제를 야기할 수 있다. 또한 비정상적인 혀의 위치로 인해 여러 가지 교정적인 문제를 초래 할 뿐만 아니라, 기능적, 사회적 장애요소로 작용할 수도 있다. 설유착증의 치료방법으로는 관찰, 언어치료, 단순절개술 그리고 절제술 등이 있는데, 수술시기에 대한 논란은 있지만 정도가 심하여 장기간 언어장애가 지속되거나 교정적인 문제를 야기 할 것으로 판단되는 경우 조기수술이 권장되고 있다. 진정요법은 조기치료가 필요한 나이가 어리고 비협조적인 환아들이나, 신체적, 정신적 이유로 통상적 인 치과진료에 어려움이 있는 환아들에게 효과적으로 사용될 수 있는 방법이다. 본 증례는 설유착증으로 수술이 필요하나 협조전단계인 환아를 대상으로 경구투여를 이용한 진정요법으로 소대절제술을 시행하여 양호한 결과를 얻었기에 이를 보고하는 바이다.

• 한국양식학회지
• /
• 제21권1호
• /
• pp.19-25
• /
• 2008

본 연구는 어린 돌기해삼 Stichopus japonicus 사료의 적정 단백질과 지질 함량을 조사하기 위해 단백질(10%, 20%, 30% 및 40%)과 지질(3%, 7% 및 11%)이 달리 함유된 12 종류의 실험사료를 제조하였다. 평균 체중 1.1 g의 치삼을 각 수조마다 50마리씩 3반복으로 수용하여 8주간 수행하였다. 사육실험 종료 후, 생존율은 86% 이상으로 실험구간에 유의한 차이가 없었다(P>0.05). 증중율과 일간성장율은 동일한 지질함량에서 단백질 30%에 지질 3% 함유 사료 공급구가 다른 실험구에 비해 유의하게 높은 값을 나타내었다(P<0.05). 치삼의 수분, 지질 및 회분 함량은 사료의 단백질과 지질함량에 따른 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 단백질함량은 실험구간에 유의한 차이를 보였으며(P<0.05), 단백질 30%에 지질 3% 함유 사료 공급구에서 가장 높게 나타났고, 단백질 20%에 지질 11% 공급구에서 가장 낮았다. 지방산 조성은 사료의 지방산에 영향을 받아 지질함량이 증가함에 따라 18:2n-6은 증가하였고 n-3HUFA는 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 이상의 결과로부터, 해삼의 최대 성장에 필요한 단백질함량은 30%이고, 지질함량은 3%로 판단된다.