• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제11권7호
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• pp.3370-3392
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• 2017

Next Generation Beyond 4G/5G systems will rely on the deployment of small cells over conventional macrocells for achieving high spectral efficiency and improved coverage performance, especially for indoor and hotspot environments. In such heterogeneous networks, the expected performance gains can only be derived with the use of efficient interference coordination schemes, such as Fractional Frequency Reuse (FFR), which is very attractive for its simplicity and effectiveness. In this work, femtocells are deployed according to a spatial Poisson Point Process (PPP) over hexagonally shaped, 6-sector macro base stations (MeNBs) in an uncoordinated manner, operating in hybrid mode. A newly introduced intermediary region prevents cross-tier, cross-boundary interference and improves user equipment (UE) performance at the boundary of cell center and cell edge. With tools of stochastic geometry, an analytical framework for the signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratio (SINR) distribution is developed to evaluate the performance of all UEs in different spatial locations, with consideration to both co-tier and cross-tier interference. Using the SINR distribution framework, average network throughput per tier is derived together with a newly proposed harmonic mean, which ensures fairness in resource allocation amongst all UEs. Finally, the FFR network parameters are optimized for maximizing average network throughput, and the harmonic mean using a fair resource assignment constraint. Numerical results verify the proposed analytical framework, and provide insights into design trade-offs between maximizing throughput and user fairness by appropriately adjusting the spatial partitioning thresholds, the spectrum allocation factor, and the femtocell density.

• 대한두개안면성형외과학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.309-314
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• 2020

Reconstructions of extensive composite scalp and cranial defects are challenging due to high incidence of postoperative infection and reconstruction failure. In such cases, cranial reconstruction and vascularized soft tissue coverage are required. However, optimal reconstruction timing and material for cranioplasty are not yet determined. Herein, we present a large skull defect with a chronically infected wound that was not improved by repeated debridement and antibiotic treatment for 3 months. It was successfully treated with anterolateral thigh (ALT) free flap transfer for wound salvage and delayed cranioplasty with a patient-specific polyetheretherketone implant. To reduce infection risk, we performed the cranioplasty 1 year after the infection had resolved. In the meantime, depression of ALT flap at the skull defect site was observed, and the midline shift to the contralateral side was reported in a brain computed tomography (CT) scan, but no evidence of neurologic deterioration was found. After the surgery, sufficient cerebral expansion without noticeable dead-space was confirmed in a follow-up CT scan, and there was no complication over the 1-year follow-up period.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권14호
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• pp.5799-5804
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• 2014

Background: Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is the most widely used and studied method internationally for the local treatment of liver tumors. However, the extension of coagulation necrosis in one RFA procedure is limited and incomplete coverage of the damaged area can lead to a high local recurrence rate. Objective: In this study, we compared the effects of different solutions in enhancing hepatic radiofrequency by establishing a rabbit VX2 liver cancer model. We also determined the optimal solution to maximise effects on the extent of RFA-induced coagulation necrosis. Methods: Thirty VX2 tumor rabbits were randomly assigned to five groups: group A, RFA alone; group B, RFA with anhydrous ethanol injection; group C, RFA with 5% hypertonic saline injection; group D, RFA with lidocaine injection; and group E, RFA with a mixed solution. Routine ultrasound examinations and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) of the ablation areas were performed after RFA. Then, we measured the major axis and transverse diameter and compared the areas of coagulation necrosis induced by RFA. Results: The mean ablation area range increased in groups B, C and especially E, and the scopes were greater compared with group A. Preoperative application of anhydrous ethanol, hypertonic saline, lidocaine and the mixed solution (groups B, C, D and E, respectively) resulted in larger coagulation necrosis areas than in group A (p<0.05). Among the groups, the coagulation necrosis areas in group E was largest, and the difference was statistically significant compared with other groups (p<0.05). Pathological findings were consistent with imaging results. Conclusions: A mixture of dehydrated alcohol, hypertonic saline and lidocaine injected with RFA increases the extent of coagulation necrosis in the liver with a single application, and the mixed solution is more effective than any other injection alone.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.64-73
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• 1999

This study was conducted to find out the effects of hydroseeding material and seed mixture on the revegetation of rock cut-slopes by PEC4 (Polymer-Ecology-Control) Hydroseeding Measures. PEC4 hydroseeding material was applied to four cut-slopes using hydroseeding measures from April to August, 1999, and the field survey was carried out by monthly. PEC4 material consisted of bark compost and organic soil amendments. This material has high content of organic matter and high level of water holding capacity. PEC4 hydroseeding material shows low level of soil hardness, so it gives to good condition for seed germinating and plant growing in early stage. PEC4 material attached at rock cut-slopes by two types of adhesive agent was not eroded by rainfall. The plant coverage and number of plant species were affected by mixing ratio of seeds and seeding timing. From the viewpoint of plant establishment, the optimal hydroseeding timing of mixed seeds for plant growth seems to be in May. Most of the plant seeds were germinated well and they covered rock cut-slopes so quickly and effectively. Plant importance value of Silene armeria and Platycodon grandiflorum. were higher than any other seeded-native species in the competition between native species and exotic species, so they have enough possibility to be used for slope revegetation works. Thus it leads to conclusion that the revegetation method used in this experiment was a very effective method for plant establishment on rock cut-slopes.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.65-77
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• 2015

The urban park has important functions as a habitat for wildlife as well as open space of rest and community for people. This study was carried out to find what factors of structure and vegetation of urban parks could affect forest bird species diversity in Cheonan city. The study surveyed bird and vegetation species in 26 urban parks, Cheonan city. A correlation analysis and multiple linear regressions were performed to test whether habitat structure and vegetation were the major correlate with species diversity. The results showed the Dujeong park was the most high bird species diversity (H' = 2.13), and the Dujeong-8 park (H' = 2.02) and the Cheongsa park (H' = 1.73) were considerably higher than the other urban parks. The variables that were strongly correlated with bird species diversity were park area, number of subtree species, canopy of shrub, number of shrub species, shape index, canopy of subtree, canopy of tree, and impervious surface ratio. The regression of bird species diversity against the environmental variables showed that 3 variables of park area, canopy of subtree, and canopy of tree were included in the best model. Model variable selection was broadly similar for the 5 optimal models. It means park area and multi-layer vegetation were the most consistent and significant predictor of bird species diversity, because urban parks were isolated by built-up areas. Especially the subtree coverage that provides shelter and food for forest birds was an important variable. Therefore, to make parks circular-shaped and abundant multi-layer vegetation, which could be a buffer to external disturbances and improve the quality of habitats, may be used to enhance species diversity in creation and management of urban parks.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.24-28
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• 2013

Purpose: Soft tissue defect of the hand, which cannot be covered with skin graft or local flap, is usually reconstructed using a free flap. Temporoparietal fascial free flap is one of the best alternatives for functional reconstruction of the hand with exposed tendons, bones, and joints. Materials and Methods: We have experienced four cases of reconstruction using a temporoparietal fascial flap with a skin graft and followed up for 20 years. We conducted a retrospective review of the patients' clinical charts and photos. Results: At the time of initial injury, the average age of patients was 50.3 (39~62) years. The radial artery was used for reconstruction of the dorsal side of the hand, whereas the ulnar artery was used for that of the volar side of the wrist. Short term complication such as skin graft loss and donor site alopecia occurred. However, during the long term follow-up period, no change of flap volume was noted, and full range of motion in the adjacent joint was maintained. In addition, hyperpigmentation of the grafted skin on the flap disappeared gradually. Conclusion: Selection of the optimal flap is important for reconstruction of the hand without functional limitation. We obtained satisfactory soft tissue coverage and functional outcomes using a temporoparietal fascial free flap and followed up for 20 years.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제39B권10호
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• pp.654-663
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• 2014

셀 커버리지 향상과 단위 면적당 무선 용량의 증대를 위해 셀룰러 이동 통신 시스템에 다양한 크기와 전송전력을 갖는 다수의 네트워크이 혼재하는 이기종 네트워크의 개념이 도입되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 이기종 네트워크의 하향링크에서 모든 셀이 동일한 무선 자원을 공유하고, 일부 소형 셀에서는 백홀 링크의 용량에 제한이 있는 경우를 고려한다. 이 때 모든 사용자의 주어진 트래픽을 정해진 시간 내에 전송해야 하는 QoS요구 사항을 만족시키면서 동시에 전체 시스템에서의 무선 자원 사용량을 최소화 시킬 수 있는 셀 선택 문제를 정식화하고, 그 최적 해를 찾기 위한 분산 알고리즘을 제안한다. 해당 알고리즘은 일부 소형셀의 백홀 링크에서 병목현상이 발생하였을 경우, 백홀 용량에 여유가 있는 인접 셀로 사용자를 오프로딩 하도록 동작함으로써 기존 방식과 대비할 때 제한된 무선 자원 및 백홀 링크 용량에 맞추어 더 많은 사용자의 QoS를 지원할 수 있음을 확인한다.

• Spatial Information Research
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.351-370
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• 2004

도로, 철도, 송전선 등 선형개발 사업에 대한 환경평가과정은 몇 군데의 샘플 조사결과에 의거하여 전체 대상지역의 실태를 유추하는 현지조사에 의존하는 것이 일반적으로 정착된 방법이다. 현지조사와 원격탐사를 연계한 통합적인 접근에 의거하여 환경감시를 수행하는 사례를 실무에서 찾아보기 어렵다. 선형개발사업은 산지, 습지, 하천 등 자연환경에서 보전우선순위가 높은 지역을 통과하여 인간 생활권을 연결하는 경향이 있어 통상의 면형개발사업 (예: 공단건설)보다 자연환경에 광역적이고 부정적인 영향을 미치기 때문에 각국 정부가 선형개발 사업에 대하여 환경규제를 보다 강화하고 있는 추세가 두드러지고 있다. 지형적으로 길고(수백 킬로미터) 폭이 좁은(수십$\~$수백 미터) 특징을 지닌 선형개발사업의 환경감시를 위한 최적의 원격센서를 개발하는 것이 시급하게 요청되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 실제 선형개발 사업에서 현지조사를 통해 수집되는 데이터를 분석하고 상응한 정보를 취득할 수 있는 최적의 원격센서를 평가하고자 하였다 항공 비디오가 저렴한 경비로 실시간 동영상을 제공하고 협각조망 때문에 선형개발 사업에 최적의 센서로 평가된다. 특별히 본 논문은 센서의 장단점을 확실히 규명하고 미래의 연구방향에 있어 "비디오 선형 모니터링"이라는 새로운 개념을 제시하였다는 데 그 가치를 지닌다고 하겠다 궁극적으로 본 논문에서 제안이 비디오 선형모니터링의 가능성에 대해 새로운 전기를 마련할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.86-94
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• 2011

In recent years, there has been a rise in epidemiological evidence suggesting the health benefits of a physically active lifestyle. However, it is not always easy for individuals to personally recognize the optimal conditions for exercise and physical activity. Wearable acceleration-based pedometers have become widely used in estimating the amount of physical activity, and to a limited extent, providing information regarding exercise intensity, but they have never been used to assess adaptation to exercise. In order to realize simultaneous activity monitoring for multiple users exercising outdoors, we developed a prototype wireless local area network (WLAN) based system. In our system, a WLAN is deployed outside, and a user wearing a smart phone and monitoring device exercises freely within the coverage area of the wireless network. By doing so, the developed system is able to monitor the activity of each user andmeasures various parameters including those related to exercise adaptation. In a demonstration experiment, the developed system was evaluated and used to monitor users enjoying a Nordic walk, after which users were immediately able to receive their exercise report. In this paper, we discuss the requirements and issues in developing an activity monitoring system and report the findings we obtained through the demonstration experiment.

• 대한전자공학회논문지TC
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.31-39
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• 2007

본 논문에서는 코드분할다중접속방식을 사용하는 이동통신 시스템에서 기지국의 순방향 송신전력 및 파일롯 전력 등 RF 파라미터를 실시가 또는 주기적으로 측정하여 분석함으로써 시스템의 장애를 미연에 방지하고 셀커버리지 확대, 가입자 수용용량 증가 등 최적의 서비스 품질을 확보하고 투자효율을 극대화하기 위한 방안을 제시하였다. 순방향 전력 측정에서는 디텍터 내의 국부발진기 주파수를 가변함으로써 모든 채널의 송신출력을 측정할 수 있도록 하였다. 채널전력의 측정에 의하여 통화량 증가에 따른 송신출력의 변화를 관찰할 수 있으며, 순방향 $E_c/I_o$ 와의 비교를 통하여 파일롯 채널의 전력을 유추함으로써 대전력증폭기 등 송신부 모듈의 열화를 판독할 수 있도록 하였다. 일련의 모든 측정에는 CDMA 레벨디텍터에 의한 정밀 계측에 이은 정확한 분석이 이루어져야 하므로 변조방식 차이에서 오는 Crest factor 가 상이함으로 인한 측정상의 오차를 극복할 수 있도록 설계하였다.