• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.163-169
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• 2010

Novel wafer-level fabrication of a glass ball-lens is realized for optoelectronic applications. A Pyrex wafer is bonded to a silicon wafer and cross-cut into a square-tile pattern, followed by wet-etching of the underlying silicon. Cubes of Pyrex on the undercut silicon are then turned into ball shapes by thermal reflow, and separated from the wafer by further etching of the silicon support. Radial variation and surface roughness are measured to be less than ${\pm}3\;{\mu}m$ and ${\pm}1\;nm$, respectively, for ball diameter of about $500\;{\mu}m$. A surface defect on the ball that is due to the silicon support is shown to be healed by using a silicon-optical-bench. Optical power-relay of the ball lens showed the maximum efficiency of 65% between two single-mode fibers on the silicon-optical-bench.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.457-463
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• 2013

In recent days, cooperative diversity and communication security become important research issues for wireless communications. In this paper, to achieve low probability of interception (LPI) and high throughput in the cooperative single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) system, a new physical layer transmission scheme is proposed, where a new encryption algorithm is applied and adaptive modulation is further considered based on channel state information (CSI). By doing so, neither relay node nor eavesdropper can intercept the information signals transmitted from user terminal (UT). Simulation results show above new physical layer transmission scheme brings in high transmission safety and secrecy rate. Furthermore, by applying adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) technique according to CSI, transmission throughput can be increased significantly. Additionally, low peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) characteristic can still be remained due to the uniform distribution of random coefficients used for encryption algorithm.

• Current Optics and Photonics
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.114-120
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• 2021

Free-space optical (FSO) communication is considered to be a potential solution to congestion in the radio-frequency spectrum and last-mile-access bottleneck issues in future cellular communication networks, such as 5G and beyond. However, FSO link performance may degrade significantly due to irradiance fluctuations and random temporal fluctuations from atmospheric turbulence. Therefore, in this work the main objective is to reduce the effect of the atmospheric turbulence by considering a multihop FSO communication system with amplify-and-forward relaying supported by a radio-frequency (RF) link, which form a hybrid FSO/RF communication system. The FSO link is assumed to follow the gamma-gamma fading model, which represents strong turbulence. Also, the RF link is modeled by a Rayleigh distribution. The performance of the considered system, in terms of the outage probability and average bit-error rate (BER), is investigated and analyzed under various weather conditions and pointing errors. Furthermore, the effect of the number of employed relay nodes on the performance of the system is investigated. The results indicate that the considered system reduces outage probability and average BER significantly, especially for low channel quality. Finally, the closed-form expressions derived in this work are compared to the results of Monte Carlo simulations, for verification.

• Current Optics and Photonics
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.241-249
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• 2018

We report a midinfrared dual-field-of-view (FOV) optical system design for an airborne electro-optical targeting system. To achieve miniaturization and weight reduction of the system, it has a common aperture and fore-optics for three different spectral wavelength bands: an electro-optic (EO) band ($0.6{\sim}0.9{\mu}m$), a midinfrared (IR) band ($3.6{\sim}4.9{\mu}m$), and a designation laser wavelength ($1.064{\mu}m$). It is free to steer the line of sight by rotating the pitch and roll axes. Our design co-aligns the roll axis, and the line of sight therefore has a fixed entrance pupil position for all optical paths, unlike previously reported dual-FOV designs, which dispenses with image coregistration that is otherwise required. The fore-optics is essentially an achromatized, collimated beam reducer for all bands. Following the fore-optics, the bands are split into the dual-FOV IR path and the EO/laser path by a beam splitter. The subsequent dual-FOV IR path design consists of a zoom lens group and a relay lens group. The IR path with the fore-optics provides two stepwise FOVs ($1.50^{\circ}{\times}1.20^{\circ}$ to $5.40^{\circ}{\times}4.32^{\circ}$), due to the insertion of two Si lenses into the zoom lens group. The IR optical system is designed in such a way that the location and f-number (f/5.3) of the cold stop internally provided by the IR detector are maintained when changing the zoom. The design also satisfies several important performance requirements, including an on-axis modulation transfer function (MTF) that exceeds 10% at the Nyquist frequency of the IR detector pitch, with distortion of less than 2%.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2008.04a
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• pp.232-233
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• 2008

There are various large shocks in optical disc drive system like human touch and speak sound. In this paper, a nonlinear controller and a detection method are proposed. First, a relay nonlinear controller with dead zone is introduced. The structure of this nonlinear controller is simple and has a small amount of calculation. However, this controller has chattering problem when it is working. We suggest a disturbance detection algorithm using Kalman filter in this paper and it shows effective reduction of chattering. The proposed nonlinear controller using this detection algorithm had good performance for the shock.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2000

Adaptive optics(AO) removes or compensates the distortion caused by a turbulent atmosphere or medium. A wavefront sensormeasures the distortion, on which the correction of AO is based. A new idea of pupil plane wavefront sensing, which consists of a relay lens and a pyramidal-shaped prism, was previously proposed. This paper reviews the idea of pupil wavefrontsensing and presents prism, was previously proposed. The simulation shows that pupilwavefront sensing provides full wavefront sensing when the intensity peak of PSF is located within half of the Airy radius from the apex of the sensor. Adding to this, the sensor is shown to have optimum sensor output with a finite bevel size of the pyramidal prism.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.37-43
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• 2007

We developed the equipment to measure the MTF(modulation transfer function) of an optical system for automatically inspecting the surface condition of an LCD substrate. We have made an object generator with USAF(United States Air Force) targets of three bar patterns and an integrating sphere, and an image analyzer with a 2 dimensional CCD(charge coupled device) and a relay lens. The MTF of the lens under test was obtained by correcting the measured CTF(contrast transfer function) which is the ratio of the contrast in the image of the USAF target to the contrast in the object. We have measured an optical system of F/13.65 (2.6x), the MTF are 30.6 % tangential plane and 26.1 % sagittal plane at 62.5 1p/mm.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.208-212
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• 2016

In this work, a loop sensor for Arc-Flash detections has been developed in order to trip a circuit breaker within 2.5 ms after an Arc-Flash event. For an efficient capturing of the flash light, plastic optical fibers, where light attenuations are larger than those in silica-based ones, with different diameters and surface conditions were utilized. The performance was comparatively analyzed with those of a point sensor and a commercialized product. The point sensor module was designed for hemisphere-like capturings of Arc-Flashes larger than 3 kA at 2 meters from the sensor. On the other hand, the loop sensor allowed 360-degree-detections around the fiber axis and the measurement range was dependent on the length of the fiber connected to the sensor module. The trip-level-dependent brightness measurement results showed that the fabricated point sensor and loop sensor satisfied a brightness condition, 10~40 klux, and the responses of the system to Arc-Flashes were completed within 2.5 ms.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.307-314
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• 2013

Infrared optical systems are operated at low temperature and vacuum (LT-V) condition, whereas the assembly and alignment are performed at room temperature and non-vacuum (RT-NV) condition. The differences in temperature and pressure between assembly/alignment environments and operation environment change the physical characteristics of optical and opto-mechanical parts (e.g., thickness, height, length, curvature, and refractive index), and the resultant optical performance changes accordingly. In this study, using input relay optics (IO), among the components of the Immersion GRating INfrared Spectrograph (IGRINS) which is an infrared spectrograph, a simulation based on the physical information of this optical system and an actual experiment were performed; and optical performances in the RT-NV, RT-V, and LT-V environments were predicted with an accuracy of $0.014{\pm}0.007{\lambda}$ rms WFE, by developing an adaptive fitting line. The developed adaptive fitting line can quantitatively control assembly and alignment processes below ${\lambda}/70$ rms WFE. Therefore, it is expected that the subsequent processes of assembly, alignment, and performance analysis could not be repeated.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.240-247
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• 2006

This paper discusses the optical system design for projection TV using LCOS type micro display, which provides the high resolution, slim depth, and a large screen of more than 60 inches. We analyzed the relationship between the illumination system, projection lens, color separation & recombination system, and micro display. From this quantitative analysis, the starting data for the optimum light engine was defined, and all optical systems were designed by an optimization process. Three RGB panels were proposed for a high luminence system, and the four prisms symmetrically located make equal optical path lengths for the RGB rays. This color separation & recombination system enables the a compact illumination system. Also, in order to the slim light engine with high resolution, the folded projection lens system was designed by inserting a mirror between projection lenses.