• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.1069-1073
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• 2016

The current free-riding subway system for the elderly over 65 years old has been implemented since in 1980. As the aging population increases, the number of free riders also increases. It results eventually in the increase of subsidy from government. In addition, a transfer between subway and bus is not good enough since the free ride system is applied to only subway not to bus. The aim of this study is to analyze the transport card data to understand the impact of free-riding in the viewpoint of economic issues. It aims also to analyze the transfer patterns between public transport. At the end it compares Korea case with international cases and finds out some issues on free-ride systems. Finally, counter-measures aimed at improving the current free-rider system is suggested.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.23-43
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• 2017

Purpose: As application-specific wireless sensor networks are gaining popularity, this paper discusses the development and field performance of the GHAN, a greenhouse area network system to monitor, control, and access greenhouse microenvironments. GHAN, which is an upgraded system, has many new functions. It is an intelligent wireless sensor and actuator network (WSAN) system for next-generation greenhouses, which enhances the state of the art of greenhouse automation systems and helps growers by providing them valuable information not available otherwise. Apart from providing online spatial and temporal monitoring of the greenhouse microclimate, GHAN has a modified vapor pressure deficit (VPD) fuzzy controller with an adaptive-selective mechanism that provides better control of the greenhouse crop VPD with energy optimization. Using the latest soil-matrix potential sensors, the GHAN system also ascertains when, where, and how much to irrigate and spatially manages the irrigation schedule within the greenhouse grids. Further, given the need to understand the microclimate control dynamics of a greenhouse during the crop season or a specific time, a statistical assessment tool to estimate the degree of optimality and spatial variability is proposed and implemented. Methods: Apart from the development work, the system was field-tested in a commercial greenhouse situated in the region of Punjab, India, under different outside weather conditions for a long period of time. Conclusions: Day results of the greenhouse microclimate control dynamics were recorded and analyzed, and they proved the successful operation of the system in keeping the greenhouse climate optimal and uniform most of the time, with high control performance.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.207-213
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• 2013

Purpose: Traumatic pancreas injuries are rare conditions that result in high morbidity and mortality. Thus, early diagnosis and intervention are very important to manage pancreatic injuries. The purpose of this study is to review the management and outcomes of the pancreatic injuries in the Korean population. Methods: Original articles published from January 2001 to December 2012 and addressing the Korean population were selected by using indices such as 'pancreas injury', 'traumatic pancreas injury', and 'pancreatic trauma' to search KoreaMed and PubMed. Nine reports were selected to review the management options for surgery or endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography. We assessed the injury mechanisms, injury severities, associated injuries, types of operation, and outcomes. Results: Two hundred fifty of the 332 patients included in the 9 selected reports were men, and the mean age of all patients was 36.4 years. The main injury mechanism was traffic accidents(65.6%). Most patients had grade II or III injuries(68.9%). The most common extra-pancreatic injury site was the liver, followed by the chest and spleen. Operative management, including distal pancreatectomies(129), drainage procedures(64), pancreaticoduodenectomies(23), and others(60), was used for 276 patients. The reported mortality rate was 10.2%, and the morbidity rate ranged from 38% to 76.9%. The average length of hospital stay was 39.5 days. Risk factors for mortality were amount of transfusion, injury severity, base deficit, age, and presence of shock. Conclusion: In this study, we found neither significant data nor a consensus. If national guidelines are to be developed and established, a national data bank or registry, and nationwide data collection are required.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.24 no.6 s.84
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• pp.1-16
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• 2006

This study aims to investigate the Healthy Family Support Centers'(HFSCs) operational patterns and their programs by surveying 46 HFSC employees in order to prepare for the massive increase of the number of HFSCs nationwide. This study might contribute to not only rebuilding the HFSCs' operational strategies but suggesting visible ideas for the HFSCs' programs. Results were as followed: First, most HFSCs consisted of several teams, i.e., educational team, counseling team and cultural team. However, the number of employees in each team was different from one regional community to another. The most difficult task in the HFSCs' operation was publicity work. Citing the issue of system delivery difficulties, HFSC employees insisted that budgetary deficit was the most difficult obstacle in running the HFSCs. Second was in regards to the programs that each team was planning, performing, and evaluating for each program. The HFSCs' programs were mostly structured around family difficulties or problems that arise according to the family life cycle. Based on these study results, more unified and specialized programs for HFSCs should be developed. In order to achieve this related studies should continue to conducted.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.494-497
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• 2011

Purpose: Schwannoma, a benign peripheral nerve tumor, is slow-growing, encapsulated neoplasm that originates from the Schwann cell of the nerve sheath. Schwannoma most frequently involves the major nerve. Schwannoma occurring in the superficial radial nerve rare. This is a report of our experience with schwannoma arising from the superficial radial nerve with neurologic symptom. Methods: A 55-year-old woman presented with eight-month history of progressive numbness and paresthesia in dorsum of the thumb and index finger. Physical examination revealed a localized mass on the midforearm. Sonographic examination showed an ovoid, heterogenous, hypoechoic lesion, located eccentrically in related to the superficial radial nerve. The lesion was mobile in the transverse but not in the longitudinal axis of the nerve, which was thought to favour schwannoma rather than neurofibroma. At operation, a $20{\times}15mm$ ovoid, yellowish grey mass was seen arising from the superficial radial nerve. The tumor present as eccentric masses over which the nerve fibers are splayed. Using operating microscope, the tumor was removed, preserving the surrounding nerve. Results: Histology confirmed that the mass was a benign schwannoma. There were no postoperative complications. After two months the patient had no clinically demonstrable sensory deficit. Conclusion: An unsusual case of a schwannoma of the superficial radial nerve is presented. In case with neurologic symptom, prompt surgical decompression must be made to prevent further nerve damage and to restore nerve function early.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.62 no.4
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• pp.467-475
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• 2019

Objective : There is a lack of knowledge regarding whether decompression is necessary in treating patients with epidural spinal cord compression (ESCC) grade 2. The purpose of this study was to compare the outcomes of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) without decompression and conventional open surgery (palliative laminectomy) for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) spinal metastasis of ESCC grade 2. Methods : Patients with HCC spinal metastasis requiring surgery were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with ESCC grade 2, medically intractable mechanical back pain, a Nurick grade better than 3, 3-6 months of life expectancy, Tomita score ${\geq}5$, and Spinal Instability Neoplastic Score ${\geq}7$ were included. Patients with neurological deficits, other systemic illnesses and less than 1 month of life expectancy were excluded. Thirty patients were included in the study, including 17 in the open surgery group (until 2008) and 13 in the MIS group (since 2009). Results : The MIS group had a significantly shorter operative time ($94.2{\pm}48.2minutes$ vs. $162.9{\pm}52.3minutes$, p=0.001), less blood loss ($140.0{\pm}182.9mL$ vs. $1534.4{\pm}1484.2mL$, p=0.002), and less post-operative intensive care unit transfer (one patient vs. eight patients, p=0.042) than the open surgery group. The visual analogue scale for back pain at 3 months post-operation was significantly improved in the MIS group than in the open surgery group ($3.0{\pm}1.2$ vs. $4.3{\pm}1.2$, p=0.042). The MIS group had longer ambulation time ($183{\pm}33days$ vs. $166{\pm}36days$) and survival time ($216{\pm}38days$ vs. $204{\pm}43days$) than the open surgery group without significant difference (p=0.814 and 0.959, respectively). Conclusion : MIS without decompression would be a good choice for patients with HCC spinal metastasis of ESCC grade 2, especially those with limited prognosis, mechanical instability and no neurologic deficit.

• Smart Media Journal
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• v.12 no.8
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• pp.18-25
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• 2023

The COVID-19 outbreak in 2020 caused continuous damage worldwode, especially the smart tourism industry was hit directly by the blockade of sky roads and restriction of going out. At a time when overseas travel and domestic travel have decreased significantly, the number of tourist hotels that are colsed and closed due to the continued deficit is increasing. Therefore, in this study, licensing data from the Ministry of Public Administraion and Security were collected and visualized to understand the operation status of the tourism and lodging industry. The machine learning classification algorithm was applied to implement the business status prediction model of the tourist hotel, the performance of the prediction model was optimized using the ensemble algorithm, and the performance of the model was evaluated through 5-Fold cross-validation. It was predicted that the survival rate of tourist hotels would decrease somewhat, but the actual survival rate was analyzed to be no different from before COVID-19. Through the prediction of the business status of the hotel industry in this paper, it can be used as a basis for grasping the operability and development trends of the entire tourism and lodging industry.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.429-440
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• 2021

During the growing period, the integrated solar radiation inside the greenhouse was 12.7MJ·m^-2d^-1, and which was 90% of the average daily global radiation outside the greenhouse, 14.1MJ·m^-2d^-1. The 24-hour average temperature inside the greenhouse from July to August, which has the highest temperature of the year, was 3.04℃ lower than the outside temperature, and 4.07℃ lower after the rainy season. Before the operation of fog cooling system, the average daily RH (%) was lowered to a minimum of 40% (20% for daytime), making it inappropriate for paprika cultivation, but after the operation of fog system, the daily RH during the daytime increased to 70 to 85%. The average humidity deficit increased to a maximum of 12.7g/m³ before fog supply, but decreased to 3.7g/m³ between July and August after fog supply, and increased again after October. The daytime residual CO₂ concentration inside the greenhouse was 707 ppm on average during the whole growing period. The marketable yield of paprika harvested from July 27th to November 23rd, 2020 was higher in 'DSP-7054' and 'Allrounder' with 14,255kg/10a and 14,161kg/10a, respectively, followed by 'K-Gloria orange', 'Volante' and 'Nagono'. There were significant differences between paprika cultivars in fruit length, fruit diameter, soluble solids (°Brix), and flash thickness (mm) of paprika produced in summer season at large single-span plastic greenhouse. The soluble solids content was higher in the orange cultivars 'DSP-7054' and 'Naarangi' and the flesh thickness was higher in the yellow and orange cultivars, with 'K-Gloria orange' and 'Allrounder' being the thickest. The marketable yield of paprika, which was treated with cooling and heating treatments in the root zone, increased by 16.1% in the entire cultivars compared to the untreated ones, increased by 16.5% in 'Nagano', 10.3% in the 'Allrounder', 20.2% in the 'Naarangi', and 17.3% in 'Raon red'.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.971-977
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• 2015

Malignant glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant brain tumor and despite recent advances in diagnostics and treatment prognosis remains poor. In this retrospective study, we assessed the clinical and radiological parameters, as well as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of 1p19q deletion, in a series of cases. A total of 816 patients with GBM who received surgery and radiation between January 2010 and May 2014 were included in this study. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox regression analysis were used to find the factors independently influencing patient progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Age at diagnosis, preoperative Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) score, KPS score change at 2 weeks after operation, neurological deficit symptoms, tumor resection extent, maximal tumor diameter, involvement of eloquent cortex or deep structure, involvement of brain lobe, Ki-67 and MMP9 expression level and adjuvant chemotherapy were statistically significant factors (p<0.05) for both PFS and OS in the univariate analysis. Cox proportional hazards modeling revealed that age ${\leq}50$ years, preoperative KPS score ${\geq}80$, KPS score change after operation ${\geq}0$, involvement of single frontal lobe, deep structure involvement, low Ki-67 and MMP9 expression and adjuvant chemotherapy were independent favorable factors (p<0.05) for patient clinical outcomes.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.65 no.1
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• pp.64-73
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• 2022

Objective : To evaluate the surgical outcomes of partial pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PPSO) in patients with thoracolumbar fractures and compare the outcomes of PPSO for burst fractures with those for posttraumatic kyphosis (PTK). Methods : From June 2013 to May 2019, 20 consecutive adult patients underwent PPSO for thoracolumbar fractures at the levels of T10 to L2. Of these patients, 10 underwent surgery for acute fractures (burst fractures), and 10 for sequelae of thoracolumbar fractures (PTK). Outcomes of PPSO were evaluated and compared between the groups. Results : Twenty patients (each 10 patients of burst fractures and PTK) with a mean age of 64.7±11.1 years were included. The mean follow-up period was 21.8±11.0 months. The mean correction of the thoracolumbar angle was -34.9°±18.1° (from 37.8°±20.5°preoperatively to 2.8°±15.2° postoperatively). The mean angular correction at the PPSO site was -38.4°±13.6° (from 35.5°±13.6° preoperatively to -2.9°±14.1° postoperatively). The mean preoperative sagittal vertical axis was 93.5±6.7 cm, which was improved to 37.6±35.0 cm postoperatively. The mean preoperative kyphotic angle at the PPSO site was significant greater in patients with PTK (44.8°±7.2°) than in patients with burst fractures (26.2°±12.2°, p=0.00). However, the mean postoperative PPSO angle did not differ between the two groups (-5.9°±15.7° in patients with burst fractures and 0.2°±12.4° in those with PTK, p=0.28). The mean angular correction at the PPSO site was significantly greater in patients with PTK (-44.6°±10.7°) than in those with burst fractures (-32.1°±13.7°, p=0.04). The mean operation time was 188.1±37.6 minutes, and the mean amount of surgical bleeding was 1030.0±533.2 mL. There were seven cases of perioperative complications occurred in five patients (25%), including one case (5%) of neurological deficit. The operation time, surgical bleeding, and complication rates did not differ between groups. Conclusion : In cases of burst fracture, PPSO provided enough spinal cord decompression without corpectomy and produced sagittal correction superior to that achieved with corpectomy. In case of PTK, PPSO achieved satisfactory curve correction comparable to that achieved with conventional PSO, with less surgical time, less blood loss, and lower complication rates. PPSO could be a viable surgical option for both burst fractures and PTK.