• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2011

We investigated developmental stages of embryo and early life history of the Korean indigenous fish, the northern loach, Cobitis pacifica in 2009 in order to understand fundamental knowledges for conservation of this species. Eggs were obtained after hormones injections (LHRH-a, HCG) and were artificially fertilized by the dry method. The embryo was spherical, separative demersal, faint white, and averaged $1.09{\pm}0.04\;mm$ (n=20) in diameter. The hatching of the embryo took place in about 48 hours after fertilization under water temperature of $21.0{\sim}24.0^{\circ}C$ and the newly hatched larvae averaged $2.87{\pm}0.05\;mm$ (n=20) in total length (TL). Four days after hatching, the larvae grew up to $6.86{\pm}0.10\;mm$ (n=10) in TL and york sac absorption, mouth and anus opening were shown. Fourteen days after hatching, most of fin-rays appeared at $10.71{\pm}0.34\;mm$ (n=10) in TL and color spots on the body surface were attained. Twenty six days after hatching, the larvae grew up to $14.88{\pm}0.45\;mm$ (n=10) in TL, and all their fin-rays were formed. Therefore, according to current study regarding the morphological development of Cobitis pacidica, the conversion from larval to juvenile stages occurred at 26 days after hatching. Eighty days after hatching, the larvae were $33.3{\pm}1.25\;mm$ (n=10), and their body shape and color pattern were similar to adult fish. In this study, embryonic development and early life history of the northern loach, Cobitis pacifica show morphological characteristics of Cobitidae family. We expected that our results can be used as an fundamental knowledges for restoration study of indigenous fish species.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.375-382
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• 2008

This study was a preliminary study to establish diagnostic criterias and treatment for Orofacial Movement Disorders. The 33 Orofacial Movement Disorder patients who were visited in the department of Oral Medicine from September, 2007 to December, 2007 were selected for this study. We analyzed the age, sex, systemic diseases, the diagnosis and the cause of the patients' chief complaints, the self-consciousness and the types of orofacial movements. The obtained results were as follows : 1. Female were predominant in orofacial movement disorders(81.82% vs 18.18%) and mean age was 78.78(56 to 87) years. 2. They almost had systemic diseases(81.82%). Hypertenstion was the most common disease(22.41%) and diabetes mellitus(17.24%), depression(8.62%), gastritis(8.62%) in turns. 3. In clinical manifestation, temporomandibular disorder was the most frequently complained symptom(33.33%), and soft tissue disease(21.57%), burning mouth syndrome(17.65%), orofacial movement itself(15.69%), diffuse orofacial pain(6명, 11.76%) in turns. 4. Most orofacial movement disorders are idiopathic(72.73%), and related to prosthetic treatment(24.24%), related to antidepressant medication(3.03%) in turns. 5. The jaw-closing type was the most common type of orofacial movement disorders, and lateral type(33.33%), jaw-opening types(16.67%) in turns. 6. There were more patients who did not conscious of their orofacial movements than those who did.(54.55% vs 45.45%). In conclusion, dentists must be consider the orofacial movement disorders in patients who have orofacial pain. Also, dentists should obtain a proper history and perform a clinical examination to avoid misdiagnosis and inappropriate, irreversible treatment.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.147-159
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• 1998

A survey of the internal parasites in 115 fishes of Ophicephalus argus was carried out in Kyungpook province during the period from January 1995 to November 1997. A species of trematode from the stomach and a species of nematode from the caeca of the fishes was discovered respectively. The trematode was identified as Azygia hwangtsinyi (Tsin, 1993) and the nematode as Pingus sinensis ($Hs\ddot{u}$, 1993). The fluke was pressed at thick of 0.1mm~0.2mm between slide glasses and fixed in 70% ethyl alcohol solution. The fluke was washed with tap water after fixation and stained with hematoxylin-carmin and mounted in balsam through routine methods. The nematode was fixed in 5% formalin solution and mounted with lactophnol or glycerine jelly. Morphology : Arygia hwantsinyi ; The fluke is elongate body with approximately parallel margins and rounded extremities in pressed preparations(Fig 1). The cuticle is unarmed. The oral sucker is ventro-subterminal in position. The ventral sucker is slightly smaller than oral sucker and positioned at 14.2% of body length from the oral sucker. The cirrus sac and genital pore is in mid-ventral line, slightly anterior to the ventral sucker. The oral sucker is succeeded by a well developed muscular pharynx. It is succeeded by a short inverted Y-shaped oesophagus. The inner wall of oesophagus is consisted of many fine folded membrane. The fine tubes of esophagus pass into the intestinal heads which are distended and presented a marked borderline between the fine tube and intestinal heads. The Intestinal heads start at level of pharynx and pass caudad in a zigzag course to end quite near caudal margin. The uterine coils occupy the intercecal area between the level of the cephalic margin of the ovary and about the level of the ventral sucker. The uterus is filled with many eggs. The testes are round or oval and placed one behind the other generally a little diagonally. The posterior testis is placed at level of 75.1% of body length. The ovary is oval, placed ahead the anterior testis. The shell gland not discernible outline is contacted with ovary ahead it. The vitelline glands are consisted of small oval vesicles. The vesicles occupy extracecal regions and between a little posterior of the ventral sucker and near caudal margin. Pingus sinensis : Female ; The cuticle is smooth and the cervical alae are well developed. The mouth opening is small, triangular, and without lips. The anterior end bears four sub-medial papillae. The oesophagus is divided into a muscular and glandular portion. The nerve ring is situated just at the junction of the muscular and glandular portions of the oesophagus. The vulva which has a prominent flap, is placed behind the middle of the body about one-third of the length of the worm from the posterior extremity. The vagina is strongly muscularised and after running anteriorly about $68{\mu}$, divides itself into two broad uterine tubes with an anterior and a posterior one. There are a few eggs in the uterine tubes. The tail is slender, straight and pointed. The ovary extends almost to the posterior extremity. Male : Male is smaller than female. The tail is pointed, curved and carrying well-developed caudal alae. A prominent muscular precloacal sucker is characteristic. The spicules are equal and short. There are four pairs of pedunculated pre-anal papillae, of which the most anterior pair are situated just at the level anterior to the muscular sucker. Two pairs of pedunculated papillae are present before the anus. There are five pairs of post-anal papillae of which the most anterior pair and the second counted from the posterior end are ventral and more marked than the ones which are situated laterally.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.327-335
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• 2006

Generally, Tension-Type Headache(TTH) patients exhibit muscle pain, but can also have TMJ pain, which includes mouth opening limitation or joint sounds. The purpose of our study is to observe the clinical pain characteristics between TTH patients with muscle pain and TMJ pain. One hundred sixty-seven patients were diagnosed with TTH according to the questionnaires based on the International Headache Society's proposal on the diagnostic criteria of TTH. The patients were classified into three group; arthralgia group (18 patients), myalgia group (50 patients) and arthromyalgia group (99 patients). TTH patients with pericranial muscle pain were classified in the myalgia group. TTH patients with temporal region pain were classified in the arthralgia group. TTH patients with both types of pain were classified in the arthromyalgia group. The parameters in the diagnostic criteria such as quality, intensity, laterality of pain, and aggravation due to physical activities were compared among the three groups. 1. There were no significant differences in the quality of pain among the three groups. 2. There were no significant differences in the intensity of pain among the three groups. 3. There were no significant differences in the laterality of pain among the three groups. 4. A higher percentage of patients in the arthromyalgia group experienced headaches that were aggravated due to physical activity (p=0.03) compared to the other groups. The results of this study show that TTH patients with both arthralgia (TMJ pain) and myalgia (pericranial muscle pain) are more aggravated by physical activity than TTH patients with either one.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.270-279
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• 2018

Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the patients' perception, acceptance, and preference of the difference between a conventional impression and digital impression through questionnaire survey. Materials and Methods: Thirteen (6 male, 7 female) subjects who experienced both digital and conventional impression at the same day were enrolled in this study. Conventional impression were taken with polyvinylsiloxane and digital impression were performed using a newly developed intra-oral scanner. Immediately after the two impressions were made, a survey was conducted with the standardized questionnaires consisting of the following three categories; 1) general dental treatment 2) satisfaction of conventional impression 3) satisfaction of digital impression. The perceived source of satisfaction was evaluated using Likert scale. The distribution of the answers was assessed by percentages and statistical analyses were performed with the paired t-test, and P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: There were significant differences of the overall satisfaction between two impression methods (P < 0.05). Digital impression showed high satisfaction in less shortness of breath and odor to participants compared to conventional impression. The use of an oral scanner resulted in a discomfort of TMJ due to prolonged mouth opening and in lower score of the scanner tip size. Conclusion: It was confirmed that the preference for the digital impression using intraoral scanner is higher than the conventional impression. Most survey participants said they would recommend the digital impression to others and said they preferred it for future prosthetic treatment.