• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.54 no.4
• /
• pp.437-442
• /
• 2010

Sodium hydrogen sulphate ($NaHSO_4$), n-tetra butyl ammonium bromide (TBAB) as a phase transfer catalyst (PTC) in water, and 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium hydrogen sulphate [bmim]$HSO_4$ as ionic liquid (IL) has been used as a mild reaction promoter for the cyclocondensation of formalin, ${\beta}$-naphthol and aromatic amines to afford respective 2,3-dihydro-2-phenyl-1H-naphtho-[1,2-e] [1,3] oxazine derivatives. The present protocols are greener, high yielding and involved the nonchromatographic isolation procedure.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.33 no.4
• /
• pp.1170-1176
• /
• 2012

An efficient one-pot synthesis of acridinediones by $In(OTf)_3$-catalyzed reactions was developed starting from ${\beta}$-enaminones, aldehydes, and cyclic 1,3-diketones. The key strategies of these reactions involve domino Knoevenagel condensation/Michael addition/cyclodehydration reaction.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.30 no.9
• /
• pp.1989-1995
• /
• 2009

Efficient one-pot synthesis of arylmethylene bis(3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexene-1-ones) and xanthenediones by EDDA and In($OTf)_3$-catalyzed reactions was developed starting from dimedone and aryl aldehydes. The key strategies of these reactions involve domino Knoevenagel/Michael reaction or Koevenagel/Michael/Cyclodehydration reactions. The scope and limitation of the two catalysts under various reaction conditions were investigated and described.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.79-88
• /
• 2008

Twenty-eight of 44 Indian Ceropegia species are endemic and their survival is threatened. As a step towards conservation, we implied in vitro methods for the sustainable propagule production in C. hirsuta, C. lawii, C. maccannii, C. oculata and C. sahyadrica. Effects of explant, growth regulators, sucrose and photoperiod were studied. High frequency microtuber production was achieved with the seedling-apical buds, grown on MS medium containing 4-6 mg $1^{-1}$ BAP, 3-8% (w/v) sucrose, under continuous illumination. Each microtuber, when subcultured proliferated to form a cluster of secondary microtubers. Every primary and secondary microtuber bore at least one shoot-bud and a root primordium. Each tuber (formed with any of the significantly effective treatments) weighed more than 500 mg, enough to plant directly in non-sterilized soils. Microtubers could be produced and proliferated round the year. Proliferation could be solely attributed to in vitro procedures as these plants bear solitary tubers in vivo. Microtubers could be sprouted in vitro to prepare ready to pot plantlets. As, this novel method succeeded for all five species, though they belong to different eco-physiological backgrounds, we recommend its implementation in the conservation programs for a broader range of Ceropegia species, supported by other integrated strategies.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.45 no.4
• /
• pp.232-236
• /
• 2000

To obtain a basic information on the development of effective control strategies for weedy rice in direct seeding rice cultivation, occurrence patterns of weedy rice as influenced by different cultural practices such as cultivation method, water management, seeding time, and tillage were investigated in field or pot experiments. High occurrence of weedy rice was observed in a continuous direct seeding paddy field as compared to machine transplanted one. Based on the percent of weedy rice panicle over three years trial, high ridged dry seeding was highest with 36.9%, followed by wet seeding with 30.9%, water seeding with 14.6% and machine transplanting rice with 0.8%, indicating 97.8% reduction in weedy rice occurrence by machine transplanting rice as compared with high ridged dry seeding. Germination of weedy rice was promoted to 83-94 % when rice panicle was flooded from September 30 to October 10 for 6 days and 74-88% for 9 days on October 20. Weedy rice occurrence was also substantially reduced by delayed seeding on June 10 and intensive tillage. The results suggest that machine transplanting rice be more effective cultural practice than flooding treatment, delayed seeding and intensive tillage when weedy rice problem occurs in direct seeded paddy field.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
• /
• v.31 no.4
• /
• pp.685-698
• /
• 1996

Southern Louisiana has one of the largest Vitnamese refrgee neighborhoods after the mid-1970s. It is impressive that one of their adaptive strategies comes from their religious lives which are centered on either Catholicism or Buddhism. The Buddhism community, especially, exhibits an exotic symbolic system of value and attitude, and thus contributes to cultural diversity in the adopted country. The landscape of the Buddhist temple is a visible symbol to them that the host socirty accepts their maintenance of their own cultural identity and that they are also an integral part of American society. Their making-place and being-in-place procedures, although their culture is being transformed in the original shape, put an emphasis on interaction with the host xociety. These procedures have been facilitated by consolidating their identity as a minority group as well as by interacting with the host society. The on-going influx of foreign immigrant groups seems not to drive them to assimilate into the melting-pot society, but to contribute to contribute to the increase in the cultural diversity of the United States.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
• /
• v.11 no.3
• /
• pp.43-51
• /
• 2006

Generally abandoned mine soils have serious problems for introducing vegetation such as nutrient deficiency, poor physical properties, and phytotoxicity due to high levels of heavy metals. It is required to improve soil amenity for revegetation. One of its strategies is using organic materials such as compost manure and sludge. The pot experiments was conducted to evaluate the effects of pig manure and municipal sewage sludge on revegetation of mining area soil surface with Artemisia princeps and Zoysia japonica. Application rate of pig manure and municipal sewage sludge was $75{\sim}225$ Mg/ha and $150{\sim}450$ Mg/ha, respectively. The results showed that the application of manure and sludge increased organic matter about two-fold and total nitrogen contents about five-fold of mine soil and improved the growth of plants in all treatments compared to the control. The result of plant tissue analysis showed that both plants accumulate Cd, Cu and Zn in root tissue rather than shoot tissues. Increased sludge application reduced Zn accumulation in both plant tissue. Sequential extraction results indicated that addition of soil amendment induced increment of organically bound fractions of Cu and Zn. Organically bound fraction of Zn was significantly increased from 7.84% to 13.58% in Artemisia princeps planted soil and from 7.84% to 14.16% in Zoysia japonica planted soil, thereby bioavailability of heavy metals was reduced. The results suggested that application of organic materials to mine soil can reduce phytotoxicity of heavy metals and be helpful in introducing successful revegetation.