• 분석과학
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.42-48
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• 2020

Bromate is a disinfection by-product generated mainly from the oxidation of bromide during the ozonation and disinfection process in order to remove pathogenic microorganism of drinking water, and classified as a possible human carcinogen by International Agency for Research of Cancer (IARC) and World Health Organization (WHO). For the purpose of determining the trace level concentration of bromate, several sensitive techniques are applied mostly based on suppressed conductivity detection and UV/Visible detection after postcolumn reaction (PCR). In this study, the suppressed conductivity detection method and the PCR-UV/Visible detection method through the triiodide reaction were compared to analyze the trace bromate in water samples and estimated for the availability of these analytical methods. In addtion, the state-of-the-art techniques was applied for the determination of trace level bromate in various water matrices, i.e., soft drinking water, hard drinking water, mineral water, swimming pool water, and raw water. In comparison of two analytical methods, it was found that the conductivity detection had the suitable advantage to simultaneously analyze bromate and inorganic anions, however, the bromate might not be precisely quantified due to the matrix effect especially by chloride ion. On the other hand, the trace bromate was analyzed effectively by the method of PCR-UV/Visible detection through triiodide reaction to satisfactorily minimize the matrix interference of chloride ion in various water samples, showing the good linearity and reproducibility. Furthermore, the method detection limit (MDL) and recovery were 0.161 ㎍/L and 101.0-108.1 %, respectively, with a better availability compared to conductivity detection.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.77-83
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• 2006

The hot spring water of the north Jeonla province such as Wanggung, Jookrim, Seokjung, and Hwasim, has fluoride concentration of 3.9 mg/L, 12.7 mg/L, 1.9 mg/L, and 6.3 mg/L, respectively. These figures fairly exceed the Korean and WHO standard for potable water, which is 1.5 mg/L. Therefore, in this study, research on elimination of fluoride in a hot spring water of Jookrim region, which has the highest level of fluoride concentration level in the north Jeonla province, was carried out. In analysis of Jookrim hot spring water according to the water quality standard for potable water, pH was very high at 9.25 and the concentration of fluoride was 10 times higher than the standard at 18.2 mg/L. Other measurements were within the standard or not detected. After injecting 10g of activated carbon for elimination of fluoride, the fluoride concentration was measured at 13.5 mg/L, and when 70mL or more of alum 10 g/L solution was injected, the concentration was measured at 2.8 mg/L, and injecting 3g of lime was measured at 9 mg/L. Alum showed the best elimination performance among all individual injections. Injection of 25 mL of activated carbon and 100 mL of alum solution together reduced the fluoride concentration down to 1.3 mg/L, which is under the potable standard. Injection of lime 1g and 75 mL of alum 10 g/L solution together reduced fluoride concentration to 4.1 mg/L. From the modifying HRT, by using ion exchange resin column, the pH was stabilized when HRT was Imin and showed range of $6.7{\sim}7.8$. The fluoride concentration reduced gradually as the HRT increased, and satisfied the potable standard when HRT passed 6 min, and after 30 min HRT, the concentration of fluoride was 0.05 mg/L: almost eliminated.

• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.176-189
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• 2002

The purpose of this study were to illustrate the various medication error types and causes and identified to related drugs to provide basic data for preventing nurses' medication error by analysing 73 cases of AJN 'medication Error' column(1993, Oct -2000, Nov). Nurses' types of medication error were classified into 7 types. The most frequent error types are wrong medication$(21.9\%)$ and the wrong dose$(21.9\%)$ together. The others are wrong $time(4.1\%)$, $omission(2.7\%)$, mechanical $error(2.7\%)$, incorrect IV $rate(1.4\%)$. wrong route $administration(1.4\%)$ in order. Nurses' causes of medication error were 9 kinds. The most frequent type is confusing between similar drug shape, color, size, name, injection devices and patient's $name(43.9\%)$ and the others are lack of knowledge about $drugs(26.8\%),\; slips(7.3\%),\; miscalculating\;dose(4.9\%)$, incorrect adjusts $devices(4.9\%)$, difficulty to read or illegible decimal $point(4.9\%),$ $abbreviation(2.4\%)$, fatigue with $overwork(2.4\%)$ and no communication with $patient(2.4\%)$ in order. Related drugs with medication error are as follows. - dose unit(IU. minims. mcg/min. mEq) : Heparin. insulin. synthetic calcitonin, some enzymes and hormones, vitamins, some antibiotics, tuberculin injection. MgSO4 injection. nitroglycerin - similar size, color and shape drug : $0.9\%$ N/S and acetic acid $0.25\%$ for irrigation. premixed 2mg lidocaine sol. and $0.9\%$ N/S, gentamycin 20mg/2mL for children and 80mg/2mL for adult, dextroamphetamine 5mg and 10mg capsule. sedatives chloral hydrate 250mg/5mL and 500mg/5mL - similar name :Aredia(pamidronate disodium) and Adriamycin(doxorubicin), Lamictal (lamotrigine) and Lamisil 250mg. Elderpryl and enalapril, cefotaxime and cefoxitin, carboplatin and cisplatin, sumatriptan and zolmitriptan, Celebrex and Celexa, Humulin and Humalog, Percodan and Percocet, Diabeta and Diabinese, Epivir and Retrovir, Xanax(alprazolam) and Zantac(ranitidine) - decimal point : low molecular weight warfarin, methotrexate - unfamiliar drug uses of familiar drug ; methotrexate. droperidol, imipramine, propranolol - number of drug name(misleading chemical name) : 6-thioguanine, 6-mercaptopurine, 5-fluorouracil - type of administration route : Oxycodone(OxyContin). - administration time : acarbose(Precose). - injection way (Z-track method): hydroxyzine - epidural cathether : LMWHs(enoxaparin, dalteparin), - ADD Vantage self contained delivery system : ceftriaxone(Rocephin)

• 유기물자원화
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.40-47
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• 2009

토양으로 유출된 비수용상액체(nonaqueous phase liquid; NAPL)의 제거를 위한 알코올 희석 세정공정의 기술개발을 위하여 3-D 토양탱크에서 NAPL 흡수 및 비흡수 알코올 단독 또는 공기 동시 주입공정에 의한 벤젠 NAPL 제거 효과를 평가하였다. 37L 규모의 토양탱크에 729mL의 벤젠을 주입하고 70%에탄올 (NAPL 비흡수 알콜)과 40%이소 프로판올(NAPL 흡수 알콜)을 탱크 하부에 설치된 주입정에 주입하고 상부의 추출정으로부터 자유상 NAPL 및 수용액을 추출하였다. 그리고 알코올 주입과 공기를 동시 주입하여 기존 토양칼럼실험에서 확인된 공기 동시주입시 화학세정 증대 효과를 아울러 평가하였다. 70% 에탄올 및 40% 이소-프로판올에 의한 토양탱크 세정공정 결과 전체 벤젠 제거율의 과반수는 자유상 NAPL 형태로 제거되었다. 알코올의 NAPL 흡수 특성에 따라 벤젠 제거 특성이 현저히 다르게 나타난 토양칼럼결과와 달리 3-D공정에서는 알코올 NAPL 흡수특성의 영향이 매우 적게 나타났다. 70%에탄올과 공기 동시 주입에 의한 벤젠 제거 증대 효과는 3-D 토양탱크 실험결과에서도 여전히 확인되었다. 그러나 NAPL 흡수 알코올인 40% 이소-프로판올은 공기 동시 주입에 의한 벤젠 제거 증대효과가 여전히 미미하게 나타났다. 3-D 토양탱크 실험결과 화학세정공정에 의한 NAPL제거에 있어 가장 중요한 인자는 추출정의 NAPL 및 유출수 추출능력이었다. 즉 토양내 효과적인 NAPL 정화를 위해서는 화학적인 작용에 의하여 이동된 자유상 NAPL 및 수용액을 밖으로 효율적으로 추출할 수 있는 공정이 필요하다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.190-198
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 주유소 등의 지하 유류저장탱크나 파이프의 제한된 수명으로 인해 발생할 수 있는 가솔린의 누출에 의해 MTBE로 토양이 오염되었을 경우를 가정하여, 칼럼실험을 수행하고, CXTFIT 기법을 이용하여 토양 내 MTBE의 이동특성을 살펴 보았다. 칼럼실험에서는 토성, 수분함량, 유기물함량, 주입유속을 달리하여, 주입액과 유출액의 MTBE의 농도 측정값을 비교하고, CXTFIT기법을 이용하여 two-site 비평형 흡착모델에 사용된 매개변수(D, R, $\beta$, $\omega$)를 구하였다. 이들 매개변수와 파과곡선을 이용하여 MTBE의 토양 내 이동특성을 살펴보았다. 토양 내 미세입자와 유기물함량이 많을수록 이류에 의한 영향이 감소하는 것으로 나타났으며, 수분함량과 유속의 증가는 이류에 의한 MTBE의 이동을 더욱 가속시키는 것으로 나타났다.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.71-75
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• 2001

지리산 오갈피에 주로 포함된 Acanthoside-D은 인삼과 유사한 물질로 알려져 있다. Acanthoside-D에 대한 분석용뿐만 아니라 제조용에서의 실험조건을 구하는 것이 연구의 목적이 된다. 지리한 오갈피의 줄기의 파우더를 ethanol 용액으로 추출한 후 hexane으로 분배하였다. 정제된 추출액을 $\mu$-Bondapak $C_{18}$ (3.9 $\times$ 300 mm, $10\mu\textrm{m}$) 칼럼을 이용하여 지라산 오갈피 줄기에 포함된 Acanthoside-D를 분리하기 위한 분석조건을 확립하였다. 본 연구의 결과에 의하면 목적물질인 Acanthoside-D를 분리하기 위해 이동상의 조성은 water/acetonitrile/methanol=80/14/6 %(v/v)이었고, 유속은 1.0 mL/min, UV 검지기는 210 mm로 고정하였다. 위의 분석조건을 이용하여 반제조용 컬럼(3.9 $\times$ 300 mm, $15\mu\textrm{m}$,Lichrospher 100RP-18)에서 분리 가능한 최대 주입량은 $250\mu\textrm{L}$ 이었다.

• 지질공학
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.179-187
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• 2004

Frequency Domain Reflectometry(FDR) system과 길이 7cm의 측정센서를 사용하여 에탄을 믹싱리퀴드(EML)를 주입함으로씨 포화된 흙의 유전율상수 변화를 파악하기 위한 실내실험을 실시하였다. 측정센서에 대한 유전율 측정 범위의 확인 및 물과 동일한 비중을 갖는 EML이 포화된 흙의 공극을 통하여 이동 경로를 파악하기 위함이다. EML 확산실험에서는 포화 흙 칼럼 상단부의 배출구가 EML 주입구로부터 이격될수록 포화 흙의 공극을 통한 EML의 확산범위가 확대됨을 확인하였다. 그리고 EML 유동실험의 결과에서는 포화된 흙 칼럼에 대한 주입과 동시에 일정한 간격으로 설치된 모든 측정센서에서 유전율의 변화를 파악하였다. 따라서 EML 주입에 따른 포화 흑의 공극 내에 존재하는 물의 치환이 충분히 가능하며 공극을 통한 이동성도 함께 확인하였다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제27권10호
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• pp.1043-1051
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• 2005

이류-확산 국부적 평형흡착모델(convection-dispersion local equilibrium sorption model)과 Two-site 비평형 흡착모델(non-equilibrium sorption model)을 이용하여 철(Fe)의 토양 내 흡착 및 이동특성을 살펴보았다. 회분실험에서는 철의 주입농도를 변화시키면서 시간에 따른 농도변화를 측정함으로써 철의 흡착특성을 선형흡착등온선과 Freundlich 흡착등온선으로 살펴보았으며, 칼럼실험에서는 주입유속, 유기물함량, 철의 농도를 변화시키면서 주입액과 유출액의 철의 농도를 측정하고, CXTFIT 프로그램을 이용하여 two-site 비평형 흡착 모델에 사용된 매개변수(D, R, ${\beta}$, ${\omega}$)를 구하였다. CXTFIT 프로그램에 의해 구하여진 매개변수들을 이용하여 철의 토양 내 이동특성을 살펴보았으며, 철과 같은 흡착성 물질의 이동특성은 two-site 비평형 흡착모델에 의해 예측할 수 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.51-61
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• 2013

Objectives We performed the simultaneous analysis for three compounds in Cheongsimyeonja-tang (CSYJT) and evaluated its anti-obesity effect. Methods The column for separation of three compounds was used Gemini $C_{18}$ column and maintained at $40^{\circ}C$. The mobile phase for gradient elution consisted of two solvent systems. The analysis was carried out at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min with PDA detection at 275 nm. The injection volume was $10{\mu}L$. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were differentiated into adipocytes by adding insulin, dexamethasone and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) for 8 days in the absence or presence of CSYJT. Anti-obesity effects of CSYJT were evaluated by Oil Red O staining, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) activity, triglyceride contents, and leptin production. Results Calibration curves were acquired with $r^2$ >0.9999. The contents of baicalin, wogonoside and baicalein in CSYJT were 14.54-14.65 mg/g, 5.24-5.27 mg/g and 0.01-0.02 mg/g, respectively. CSYJT showed inhibitory effect on lipid accumulation and GPDH activity in the differentiated 3T3-L1 cells. Furthermore, CSYJT significantly decreased contents of triglyceride and leptin production in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Conclusions These results will be helpful to improve quality control and anti-obesity effect of Taeeumin CSYJT.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.93-101
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• 2016

For efficient quality control of the Samryeongbaekchul-san decoction, a powerful and accurate an ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled with electrospray ionization (ESI) tandem mass spectrometry (MS) method was developed for quantitative analysis of the thirteen constituents: allantoin (1), spinosin (2), liquiritin (3), ginsenoside Rg1 (4), liquiritigenin (5), platycodin D2 (6), platycodin D (7), ginsenoside Rb1 (8), glycyrrhizin (9), 6-gingerol (10), atractylenolide III (11), atractylenolide II (12), and atractylenolide I (13). Separation of the compounds 1 - 13 was performed on a UPLC BEH $C_{18}$ column ($2.1{\times}100mm$, $1.7{\mu}m$) at a column temperature of $40^{\circ}C$ with a gradient solvent system of 0.1% (v/v) formic acid aqueous-acetonitrile. The flow rate and injection volume were 0.3 mL/min and $2.0{\mu}L$. Calibration curves of all compounds were showed good linearity with values of the correlation coefficient ${\geq}0.9920$ within the test ranges. The values of limits of detection and quantification for all analytes were 0.04 - 4.53 ng/mL and 0.13 - 13.60 ng/mL. The result of an experiment, compounds 2, 6, 12, and 13 were not detected while compounds 1, 3 - 5, and 7 - 11 were detected with 1,570.42, 5,239.85, 299.35, 318.88, 562.27, 340.87, 12,253.69, 73.80, and $115.01{\mu}g/g$, respectively.