• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.11-26
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• 2008

목적 : 홍삼약침(藥鍼)이 고혈당 및 지질대사장애에 미치는 개선효과와 그 기전을 조사하고자 한다. 방법 : 홍삼약침(藥鍼)의 anti-diabetic 활성과 그 기전을 C57BL/KsJ db/db mice를 이용하여 관찰하였다. 실험 동물은 대조군(DC), 홍삼약침(藥鍼)군(RGL, RGH) 및 양성대조군(MET, GPZ, PIO)의 6군으로 나누었다. 홍삼약침(藥鍼)군은 $0.2m{\ell}$의 홍삼약침멸(藥鍼滅)을 각각 100mg/kg(RGL) 및 200mg/kg(RGH)씩 인체의 간유(肝兪)($BL_{18}$)에 상응하는 혈위에 1일 1회 10주간 좌우 혈을 번갈아가며 약침 시술하였다. 양성대조군은 metformin 300mg/kg(MET), glipizide 15mg/kg(GPZ) 및 pioglitazone 30mg/kg(PIO)을 각각 1일 1회 10주간 경구투여 하였다. 체중과 혈당은 매주 측정하였다. 실험 10주 후에는 혈액채취로 혈중 glucose, 당화혈색소(HbAlc), insulin, 중성지방(TG), adiponectin, leptin, non-esterified fatty acid(NEFA)를 측정 하였고, 간 조직을 채취하여 조직학적 검사 및 gene expression 분석을 시행하였다. 결과 : 홍삼약침(藥鍼)(RGL, RGH)은 10주 동안 C57BL/KsJ db/db mice의 체중을 증가시키는 부작용은 나타나지 않았다. 홍삼약침(藥鍼)군(RGL, RGH)의 사료섭취량은 대조군과 비슷하였으나 음수량은 증가하였다. 홍삼약침(藥鍼)(RGL, RGH)은 대조군에 비하여 각각 19.8% 및 18.3% 혈당을 낮추었고, 홍삼약침(藥鍼)(RGL)은 insulin resistance를 27.7% 감소시켰으며, 경구내당능 검사의 혈중 glucose에서는 대조군에 비해 홍삼약침(藥鍼)군(RGL, RGH)과 양성대조군(MET, GPZ, PIO)에서 각각 19.8%, 18.3%, 67.7%, 52.3% 및 56.9% 감소시켰다. 당화혈색소(HbAlc)는 홍삼약침(藥鍼)(RGL, RGH), MET, GPZ 및 PIO군에서 대조군에 비하여 각각 11.0%, 6.4%, 18.9%, 16.1% 및 27.9% 감소시켰으며, 혈중 glucose감소와 유사한 경향을 나타내었다. 홍삼약침(藥鍼)(RGL)은 대조군에 비해 TG와 NEFA를 각각 18.8% 및 16.8% 감소시켰고, adiponectin과 leptin을 각각 20.6% 및 12.1% 증가시켰다. 홍삼약침(藥鍼)(RGL, RGH)은 중성지방의 침착으로 인한 간의 질량비 증가를 억제하지 못하였으나, 지방구를 감소시겼음을 관찰할 수 있었다. Microarray 분석에서는 홍삼약침(藥鍼)(RGL, RGH)이 간에서 glycolysis, gluconeogenesis 및 fatty acid beta-oxidation과 관련된 유전자 발현에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나 양성대조군 metformin과 유사한 기전을 나타내었다. 요약 : 홍삼약침(藥鍼)은 T2DM동물모델(C57BL/KsJ db/db mice)에서 항당뇨 및 지질대사 개선활성이 있었다. 홍삼약침(藥鍼)은 C57BL/KsJ db/db mice의 간조직에서 lipogenesis억제 및 fatty acid beta-oxidation활성을 통해 혈당 이용을 높이고, insulin sensitivity를 향상시켰다. 또한 유전자 발현분석을 통해 그 기전이 metformin과 유사함을 확인할 수 있었으므로 향후 홍삼약침(藥鍼)의 새로운 약침 기술 개발 근거가 될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.156-162
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• 2008

Salmonellosis is a major bacterial zoonosis that causes a variety of disease syndromes, self-limited enteritis to fatal infection in animals and food-borne infection and typhoid fever in humans. Recently, the emergence of multidrug resistant strains of Salmonella spp. causes more serious problems in environment and public health. The present study was investigated the antibacterial effect of Houttuynia cordata ethanol extract(HCEE) for murine salmonellosis. In the cytotoxic effect of HCEE on RAW 264.7 cells, there was no detectable effect with any concentrations between 25 and 100 ${\mu}g/ml$ after 8 h incubation. The bacteriocidal effect of HCEE was not showed on a Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium(S. typhimurium). HCEE makes morphological change of the RAW 264.7 cells, and there was significant decreased bacterial uptake and intracellular replication within Salmonella infected cells. And further nitric oxide(NO) production of Salmonella infected RAW 264.7 cells with HCEE was decreased comparing to RAW 264.7 cells without HCEE until 8 h post infection. Oral administration of HCEE showed a therapeutic effect for S. typhimurium infected BALB/c mice. The mortality of HCEE treated mouse was 80% until 12 days, while that of HCEE untreated mouse was 100 % until 8 days after lethal dose of S. typhimurium infection. These data suggested that HCEE has a potency treatment for intracellular replicative pathogen including salmonellosis, brucellosis, tuberculosis, listeriosis etc., and the application of HCEE makes new strategies for safety medicine development without antibiotic resistance bacterial appearance and residue problem in food and solves the public health problem from antibiotic mis- and over use.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.87-101
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• 2017

The analysis was carried out with meta-analysis on master's and doctoral dissertations, and academic journals that analyzed the effects of STEAM education between 2012 and 2015. From the total number of 75 dissertations and articles analyzed, 183 different effect sizes were calculated. The analysis was done to find out the kinds of differences that would be created according to the effect size of creativity, problem-solving ability, and researcher, target area, student division research design type, and level of schools. The total effect size of creativity scored 0.776, and demonstrated satisfaction in symmetry of funnel plot, with no publication biases. The fail-safe N scored 780, and since the number is smaller than 8,945, the results of this research has credibility. Furthermore, problem-solving ability shows intermediate level of effect size with a score of 0.584. It also showed satisfaction in symmetry with funnel plot, with no publication bias. With the different research methods of the sub-factors of creativity, fluency scored the highest with 0.929, flexibility with 0.881, originality with 0.838, sophistication with 0.653, abstractness with title 0.705, and resistance to termination, 0.527. This study finds its significance in the demonstration of average effect size of STEAM education through meta-analysis. According to research results, the effects of inclusive education could be determined, yet the specific effect cause or learning principles were difficult to find. It was found that the effects of STEAM education do not rise or fall depending on school age, and demonstrated differences in creativity according to the research methods or the researchers.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.157-162
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• 2008

Enterobacter sakazakii was initially referred to as yellow-pigmented Enterobacter cloacae and reclassified in 1980. E. sakazakii infection cause life-threatening meningitis, septicemia, and necrotizing enterocolitis in infants. Powdered infant formula (PIF) and baby foods may be the important vehicle of E. sakazakii infection. It has been reported that E. sakazakii was isolated from PIF and sunsik ingredients produced in Korea. Some infants have been fed sunsik as a weaning diet. Therefore, it is necessary that this organism should be inactivated on preparing PIF and sunsik at homes and in hospitals. The cocktail of three Korean E. sakazakii strains (human, sunsik and soil isolates) were used to investigate the inactivation of this organism with hot water at 50, 60, 65, 70 and $80^{\circ}C$ and microwave heating for 60, 75, 90, 105 and 120 sec. Reconstituted PIF and sunsikwere inoculated with cocktailed vegetative cells of E. sakazakii at 6 log CFU/mL. Thermal inactivation of vegetative cells of E. sakazakii were achieved by reconstituted PIF and sunsik with hot water at $60^{\circ}C$ or greater and with microwave heating at 2,450 MHz for 75 sec or longer. Considering that biofilm formation of E. sakazakii was adapted to survive the dry environment that is PIF and sunsik and thermal resistance increased, it is suggested that inactivation of E. sakazakii was used by hot water at $70^{\circ}C$ or greater and microwave heating for 90 sec or longer. Reconstituted PIF and sunsik were inoculated with cocktailed vegetative cells of E. sakazakii at 2 to 3 log CFU/mL to investigate the growth curve of this organism and stored at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and $35^{\circ}C$. Viable counts slightly changed at 5, $10^{\circ}C$ during 48 h but grew at $15^{\circ}C$ or greater. Considering that E. sakazakii is able to grow in infant formula milk at refrigerator temperature, reconstituted PIF and sunsik that are not immediately consumed should be discarded or stored at refrigeration temperatures within 24 h.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.487-493
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• 2004

This study has been undertaken to increase availability of native camellia in Jeonnam as a medicinal resource and to isolate the effective components from them. Fresh leaf and flower of camellia, single camellia tea and camellia tea mixed with green tea, herbs were screened for cytotoxicity on MCF -7 (human breast adenocarcinoma pleual effusion), Calu-6 (human pulmonary carcinoma), SNU-601 (human gastric carcinoma) cells. Also their multidrug-resistance reversing activity were evaluated using drug sensitive AML-2/WT and multidrug-resistant AML-2/D100 cells. Among the camellia extracts, young leaf and camellia tea mixed with green tea had strong growth inhibitory effects in below 100 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL against human cancer cells. In result, young leaf showed the strongest inhibitory effects on MCF -7 ($IC_{50}$/ = 100 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL ↑), Calu-6 ($IC_{50}$/ = 79 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL), and SNU -601 ($IC_{50}$/ = 39 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL), and AML-2/WT ($IC_{50}$/ = 64 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL). Chemosensitizing effect was the extracts of mature leaf ($IC_{50}$/ = 97 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL, RF=3.0), roasted tea ($IC_{50}$/ = 76 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL, RF = 2.6 ↑) and steam tea ($IC_{50}$/ = 70 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL, RF=2.8 ↑) strongly potentiate vincristine cytotoxicity in AML-2/D100 cells. But their cytotoxicities to both sensitive AML-2/WT and resistant AML-2/D100 cells were in the same order of magnitude. This results indicate that crude extracts of camellia mature leaves would contain some principles which have chemosensitizing activity.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.210-222
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• 2000

Background: Endothelin(ET) is the most potent vasoconstrictor and bronchoconstrictor. The plasma ET-1 level is elevated in patients with acute pulmonary thromboembolism(APTE). This finding suggest that ET-1 may be an important mediator in the cardiopulmonary derangement of APTE. But whether ET-1 is a pathogenic mediator or a simple marker of APTE is not known. The role of ET-1 in the pathogenesis of cardiopulmonary dysfunction in APTE(delete) was investigated through an evaluation of the effects of $ET_A$-receptor antagonist on APTE. The increase in local levels of preproET-1 mRNA and ET-1 peptide in the embolized lung was also demonstrated. Methods: In a canine autologous blood clot pulmonary embolism model, $ET_A$-receptor antagonist(10 mg/kg intravenously, n=6) was administered one hour after the onset of the embolism. Hemodynamic measurements, blood gas tensions and plasma levels of ET-1 immunoreactivity in this treatment group were compared with those in the control group(n=5). After the experiment., preproET-1 mRNA expression(using Northern blot analysis) and the distribution of ET-1(by immunohistochemical analysis) in the lung tissues were examined. Results: The increases in pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance of the treatment group were less than those of the control group. Decrease in cardiac output was also less in the treatment group. Complications such as systemic arterial hypotension and hypoxemia did not occur with the administration of $ET_A$-receptor antagonist The plasma level of ET-1 like(ED: what does 'like' mean?) immunoreactivity was increased after embolization in both groups but was significantly higher in the treatment group. The preproET-1 mRNA and ET-1 peptide expressions were increased in the embolized lung. Conclusion: ET-1 synthesis increases with embolization in the lung and may plays play an important role in the pathophysiology of cardiopulmonary derangement of APTE. Furthermore, $ET_A$-receptor antagonist attenuates cardiopulmonary alterations seen in APTE, suggesting a potential benefit of this therapy.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 1997

Major object of this study was to investigate the causative organism of th e diseased cultured fingerling of sea bass, L japonicus. The experimental results are summarized as follows ; Staphylococcus epidermidis, isolated from the liver, kidney, spleen and brain, was considered to be the causative organism. External symptoms of this disease were congestion and hemorrhages in eyes. Anatomical symptoms were hemorrhage of brain, congestion of liver, and slight swelling of kidney and spleen. Growth of the isolates was good on BHIA, HIA and Staphylococcus No. 110. The growth occurred at a range(optimum) of $10\sim45^{\circ}C(35\sim40^{\circ}C)$, 0~9% (1~3%) of NaCl concentration and pH 4~10(8). DNase and coagulase production of all isolated strains were nagative, but was positive in hemolysis. Urease was positive reaction, and novobiocin resistance was nagative. Acid was produced anaerobically from glucose and maltose. Acid was produced aerobically from glucose, galactose, sucrose, maltose and dextrine. But gas was not produced from any carbohydrates. When the isolated strain was injected intramuscularly on fingerling of sea bass, L japonicus, it had virulence at $1.7{\times}10^{10}$ viable cells/$m\ell$ for all fish examined but no virulence at $1.7{\times}10^4$ viable cells/$m\ell$. Bacitracin, Erythromycin and Nofloxacin were observed as bacteriostatic agents to the strain, but Colistin, Gentamicin and Nalidixic acid were not. There were remarkable congestion of the brain, regressive necrosis of the liver, and showed necrosis of the epithelial cells of renal tubules in kidney tissues.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.69-83
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• 2010

This study was aimed to investigate the effects of injection of garlic, Allium sativum, extract and immersion in garlic juice on the nonspecific immunity and the resistance against the artificial infection of Streptococcus iniae and Edwardsiella tarda of the olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. The nonspecific immune mechanisms were assessed in terms of lysozyme activity, nitroblue-tetrazolium (NBT) assay and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity etc. Relative percent survival (RPS) was assessed by the challenge with S. iniae BS10 or E. tarda KE-1. Almost of the garlic extract injected groups showed the enhanced level of the tested nonspecific immune factors. In the challenge test with S. iniae and E. tarda, RPS of 5% garlic extract pre-injected group was much higher than that of any other tested groups, respectively. Almost of the garlic juice immersion tested groups exhibited strengthened nonspecific immune defence factors, lysozyme activity, the number of lymphocytes and neutrophils, NBT reduction and SOD activity in kidney. In the challenge with S. iniae and E. tarda, RPS in the 0.25 g/L of garlic juice immersed group was much higher than any other tested groups, respectively. The results suggest that the garlic extract and juice would be effective to enhance the nonspecific immunity and protective ability of olive flounder against fish disease such as S. iniae and E. tarda.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.145-151
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• 1982

Breslau's report on the two stillbirths induced by illuminating gas poisoning made many investigators explore the hazards. of carbon monoxide(CO) poisoning to pregnancy. The pregnant woman, her fetus, and the newborn infant have been identified to be particularly vulnerable to CO even in low concentration. Several factors, such as placental barrier, membrane resistance of maternal and fetal red blood cells etc., were considered to be related to the delayed elimination of CO from fetus. Slower elimination of CO from fetus than from mother was confirmed in several in vivo studies. But there are few studies which have confirmed the difference of carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) dissociation in adult and fetal bloods. Author investigated the effects of hemoglobin itself on the elimination of CO from mother and fetus. By observing the difference of CO dissociation from adult and fetal hemoglobin at the various partial pressures of oxygen, the author tries to suggest the base of the proper treatment measure for the CO poisoning of pregnant woman and newborn infant. The results were as follows: 1. The total hemoglobin amounts of adults and fetal bloods were $16.1{\pm}0.50gm%\;and\;15.7{\pm}0.32gm%$, respectively. The fetal hemoglobin proportions in adult and fetal bloods were $1.2{\pm}0.15%\;and\;72.7{\pm}3.01%$, respectively. 2. Adult and fetal bloods saturated by CO to 100% HbCO were exposed to ambient air$(21%\;O_2),\;100%\;O_2\;and\;3\;ATAO_2$. After 30 minutes exposure, the HbCO saturations of adult blood were 96.7%, 70.9%, and 52.8%, respectively, and those of fetal blood were 98.5%, 76.1%, and 62.2%, respectively. HbCO dissociation was proportional to the partial pressure of oxygen and the most marked dissociation was shown under 3 ATA $O_2$, HbCO dissociation of fetal blood was slower than that of adult blood in all conditions. According to the above results, it is possible that CO poisoning make more serious damage to the fetus and newborn infant than to the adult due to the delayed dissociation of HbCO. Thus in the treatment of CO poisoning of pregnant woman and newborn infant, hyperbaric oxygen therapy seems to be the most eflective treatment measure, but the duration of hyperbaric oxygenation should be lengthened accordingly.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.241-248
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• 1993

An experiment was conducted in 1990~1991 to study the effects of various soil amelioration on the soil productivity and machine workability at tidal land paddy field of Kyewhado Substation, Homam Crop Experiment Station. The soil, Munpo Series(fine sandy loam, Typic Fluvaquents) was treated with gipsum, rice straw, rice straw compost and foreign soil(at 20cm depth) after deep ploughing. The results are surmerized as follows. 1. Sand and clay were slightly increased, while silt was slightly decreased in the rice straw and compost plots. The soil texture was changed from loam to sand loam by the addition of foreign soil 2. Soil bulk density and porosity was decreased in the rice straw, compost and foreign soil addition plots. 3. Cone penetration resistance was $12.5kg/cm^2$ at 10cm of soil depth before experiment and $12.5kg/cm^2$ at 20cm of soil depth after experiment except control, and the root zone was expended down to 20cm. 4. Soil salt content before experiment was 0.46 and 0.48% for surface soil(10cm) and subsoil(20cm), respectively ; The salt content of ameliorated plot was 0.26~0.32% and 0.16~0.31%, respectively, indicating good leaching of soil salt by the soil improvements. 5. The yields of rice in different treatments were in the order of the foreign soil addition > compost > gypsum > rice straw > control.