• Title/Summary/Keyword: Omega-3

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Characteristics of ω-3 and ω-6 Balanced Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Oil Mixture Using Flaxseed Oil and Sesame Oil (아마인유와 참기름을 이용하여 제조한 ω-3와 ω-6 지방산이 균형 잡힌 다가불포화지방산 혼합유의 특성)

  • Byun, Myung-Woo;Chun, Myoung-Sook;Lee, Gyu-Hee
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.43 no.12
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    • pp.1865-1870
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    • 2014
  • To synthesize ${\omega}$-3 and ${\omega}$-6 balanced polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) oil mixture, flaxseed oil and sesame oil were mixed and their anti-oxidative and sensory characteristics analyzed. For the fatty acid composition analysis results, the ${\omega}$-3 and ${\omega}$-6 PUFA ratios of the F20S80 oil mixture (flaxseed oil 20% and sesame oil 80% oil mixture) and F10S90 (flaxseed oil 10% and sesame oil 90% oil mixture) were represented as 1 to 10 and 1 to 5 ratio for ${\omega}$-3 and ${\omega}$-6 PUFA content from 4.4% to 42.1% and 8.9% to 39.7%, respectively. Since these were within 1:4~1:10 for healthy functional ${\omega}$-3 and ${\omega}$-6 balanced PUFA oil mixtures, these oil mixtures were healthy functional oil mixtures. To analyze anti-oxidative effects, acid values were analyzed. Samples were stored at room temperature, 70% relative humidity (RH) and $45^{\circ}C$, and 70% RH for 16 weeks. The acid value between F10S90 and S100 stored at $45^{\circ}C$ and 70% RH for 16 weeks were not statistically significant. The sensory characteristics such as oxidative odor and sesame odor and taste were not statistically significant among F20S80, F10S90, and sesame S100. Sensory characteristics between F10S90 and S100 stored at $45^{\circ}C$ and 70% RH for 16 weeks were not statistically significant. In conclusion, the sensory and oxidative characteristics of F10S90 were similar to those of S100. Therefore, F10S90 oil mixture should be used as a ${\omega}$-3 and ${\omega}$-6 balanced PUFA healthy functional oil mixture with high anti-oxidative effects.

Stereospecific Analysis of the Molecular Species of the Triacylglycerols Containing Conjugate Trienoic Acids by GLC-Mass Spectrometry in Combination with Deuteration and Pentafluorobenzyl Derivatization Techniques (중수소화(重水素化), Pentafluorobenzyl화(化)와 GLC-Mass Spectrometry에 의한 Conjugate Trienoic Acid함유(含有) Triacylglycerol 분자종(分子種)의 입체특이적 분석(分析))

  • Woo, Hyo-Kyeng;Kim, Seong-Jin;Joh, Yong-Goe
    • Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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    • v.18 no.3
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    • pp.214-232
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    • 2001
  • CTA ester bonds in TG molecules were not attacked by pancreatic lipase and lipases produced by microbes such as Candida cylindracea, Chromobacterium viscosum, Geotricum candidium, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Rhizophus delemar, R. arrhizus and Mucor miehei. An aliquot of total TG of all the seed oils and each TG fraction of the oils collected from HPLC runs were deuterated prior to partial hydrolysis with Grignard reagent, because CTA molecule was destroyed with treatment of Grignard reagent. Deuterated TG (dTG) was hydrolyzed partially to a mixture of deuterated diacylglycerols (dDG), which were subsequently reacted with (S)-(+)-1-(1-naphthyl)ethyl isocyanate to derivatize into dDG-NEUs. Purified dDG-NEUs were resolved into 1, 3-, 1, 2- and 2, 3-dDG-NEU on silica columns in tandem of HPLC using a solvent of 0.4% propan-1-o1 (containing 2% water)-hexane. An aliquot of each dDG-NEU fraction was hydrolyzed and (fatty acid-PFB ester). These derivatives showed a diagnostic carboxylate ion, $(M-1)^{-}$, as parent peak and a minor peak at m/z 196 $(PFB-CH_{3})^{-}$ on NICI mass spectra. In the mass spectra of the fatty acid-PFB esters of dTGs derived from the seed oils of T. kilirowii and M. charantia, peaks at m/z 285, 287, 289 and 317 were observed, which corresponded to $(M-1)^{-}$ of deuterized oleic acid ($d_{2}-C_{18:0}$), linoleic acid ($d_{4}-C_{18:0}$), punicic acid ($d_{6}-C_{18:0}$) and eicosamonoenoic acid ($d_{2}-C_{20:0}$), respectively. Fatty acid compositions of deuterized total TG of each oil measured by relative intensities of $(M-1)^-$ ion peaks were similar with those of intact TG of the oils by GLC. The composition of fatty acid-PFB esters of total dTG derived from the seed oils of T. kilirowii are as follows; $C_{16:0}$, 4.6 mole % (4.8 mole %, intact TG by GLC), $C_{18:0}$, 3.0 mole % (3.1 mole %), $d_{2}C_{18:0}$, 11.9 mole % (12.5 mole %, sum of $C_{18:1{\omega}9}$ and $C_{18:1{\omega}7}$), $d_{4}-C_{18:0}$, 39.3 mole % (38.9 mole %, sum of $C_{18:2{\omega}6}$ and its isomer), $d_{6}-C_{18:0}$, 41.1 mole % (40.5 mole %, sum of $C_{18:3\;9c,11t,13c}$, $C_{18:3\;9c,11t,13r}$ and $C_{18:3\;9t,11t,13c}$), $d_{2}-C_{20:0}$, 0.1 mole % (0.2 mole % of $C_{20:1{\omega}9}$). In total dTG derived from the seed oils of M. charantia, the fatty acid components are $C_{16:0}$, 1.5 mole % (1.8 mole %, intact TG by GLC), $C_{18:0}$, 12.0 mole % (12.3 mole %), $d_{2}-C_{18:0}$, 16.9 mole % (17.4 mole %, sum of $C_{18:1{\omega}9}$), $d_{4}-C_{18:0}$, 11.0 mole % (10.6 mole %, sum of $C_{18:2{\omega}6}$), $d_{6}-C_{18:0}$, 58.6 mole % (57.5 mole %, sum of $C_{18:3\;9c,11t,13t}$ and $C_{18:3\;9c,11t,13c}$). In the case of Aleurites fordii, $C_{16:0}$; 2.2 mole % (2.4 mole %, intact TG by GLC), $C_{18:0}$; 1.7 mole % (1.7 mole %), $d_{2}-C_{18:0}$; 5.5 mole % (5.4 mole %, sum of $C_{18:1{\omega}9}$), $d_{4}-C_{18:0}$ ; 8.3 mole % (8.5 mole %, sum of $C_{18:2{\omega}6}$), $d_{6}-C_{18:0}$; 82.0 mole % (81.2 mole %, sum of $C_{18:3\;9c,11t,13t}$ and $C_{18:3 9c,11t,13c})$. In the stereospecific analysis of fatty acid distribution in the TG species of the seed oils of T. kilirowii, $C_{18:3\;9c,11t,13r}$ and $C_{18:2{\omega}6}$ were mainly located at sn-2 and sn-3 position, while saturated acids were usually present at sn-1 position. And the major molecular species of $(C_{18:2{\omega}6})(C_{18:3\;9c,11t,13c})_{2}$ and $(C_{18:1{\omega}9})(C_{18:2{\omega}6})(C_{18:3\;9c,11t,13c})$ were predominantly composed of the stereoisomer of $sn-1-C_{18:2{\omega}6}$, $sn-2-C_{18:3\;9c,11t,13c}$, $sn-3-C_{18:3\;9c,11t,13c}$, and $sn-1-C_{18:1{\omega}9}$, $sn-2-C_{18:2{\omega}6}$, $sn-3-C_{18:3\;9c,11t,13c}$, respectively, and the minor TG species of $(C_{18:2{\omega}6})_{2}(C_{18:3\;9c,11t,13c})$ and $ (C_{16:0})(C_{18:3\;9c,11t,13c})_{2}$ mainly comprised the stereoisomer of $sn-1-C_{18:2{\omega}6}$, $sn-2-C_{18:2{\omega}6}$, $sn-3-C_{18:3\;9c,11t,13c}$ and $sn-1-C_{16:0}$, $sn-2-C_{18:3\;9c,11t,13c}$, $sn-3-C_{18:3\;9c,11t,13c}$. The TG of the seed oils of Momordica charantia showed that most of CTA, $C_{18:3\;9c,11t,13r}$, occurred at sn-3 position, and $C_{18:2{\omega}6}$ was concentrated at sn-1 and sn-2 compared to sn-3. Main TG species of $(C_{18:1{\omega}9})(C_{18:3\;9c,11t,13t})_{2}$ and $(C_{18:0})(C_{18:3\;9c,11t,13t})_{2}$ were consisted of the stereoisomer of $sn-1-C_{18:1{\omega}9}$, $sn-2-C_{18:3\;9c,11t,13t}$, $sn-3-C_{18:3\;9c,11t,13t}$ and $sn-1-C_{18:0}$, $sn-2-C_{18:3\;9c,11t,13t}$, $sn-3-C_{18:3\;9c,11t,13t}$, respectively, and minor TG species of $(C_{18:2{\omega}6})(C_{18:3\;9c,11t,13c})_{2}$ and $(C_{18:1{\omega}9})(C_{18:2{\omega}6})(C_{18:3\;9c,11t,13c})$ contained mostly $sn-1-C_{18:2{\omega6}$, $sn-2-C_{18:3\;9c,11t,13t}$, $sn-3-C_{18:3\;9c,11t,13t}$ and $sn-1-C_{18:1{\omega}9}$, $sn-2-C_{18:2{\omega}6}$, $sn-3-C_{18:3\;9c,11t,13t}$. The TG fraction of the seed oils of Aleurites fordii was mostly occupied with simple TG species of $(C_{18:3\;9c,11t,13t})_{3}$, along with minor species of $(C_{18:2{\omega}6})(C_{18:3\;9c,11t,13t})_{2}$, $(C_{18:1{\omega}9})(C_{18:3\;9c,11t,13t})_{2}$ and $(C_{16:0})(C_{18:3\;9c,11t,13t})$. The sterospecific species of $sn-1-C_{18:2{\omega}6}$, $sn-2-C_{18:3\;9c,11t,13t}$, sn-3-C_{18:3\;9c,11t,13t}$, $sn-1-C_{18:1{\omega}9}$, $sn-2-C_{18:3\;9c,11t,13t}$, $sn-3-C_{18:3\;9c,11t,13t}$ and $sn-1-C_{16;0}$, $sn-2-C_{18:3\;9c,11t,13t}$, $sn-3-C_{18:3\;9c,11t,13t}$ are the main stereoisomers for the species of $(C_{18:2{\omega}6})(C_{18:3\;9c,11t,13t})_2$, $(C_{18:1{\omega}9})(C_{18:3\;9c,11t,13t})_{2}$ and $(C_{16:0})(C_{18:3\;9c,11t,13t})$, respectively.

Characteristics of Flow Sensor Using PTC Thermistor (PTC 써어미스터를 이용한 유속센서의 특성)

  • Kwon, Hyuk-Joo;Lee, Yang-Hyun
    • Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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    • v.3 no.3
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    • pp.3-8
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    • 1994
  • Flow sensor was fabricated with PTC thermistor usually operating as thermostats. The PTC thermistor was manufactured with $(Ba_{0.7}Sr_{0.3})TiO_{3}$ powder and its resistivity as a function of flow velocity was investigated. The resistivity changed from 4.45 $k{\Omega}{\cdot}cm$ to 3.95 $k{\Omega}{\cdot}cm$ as flow velocity varied 0 cm/s to 5 cm/s The sensitivities of the PTC thermistor were -204 (${\Omega}{\cdot}cm$)/(cm/s) and -24 (${\Omega}{\cdot}cm$)/(cm/s) at the flow velocity of 1 cm/s and 5 cm/s, respectively.

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Lower ω-6/ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Ratios Decrease Fat Deposition by Inhibiting Fat Synthesis in Gosling

  • Yu, Lihuai;Wang, Shunan;Ding, Luoyang;Liang, Xianghuan;Wang, Mengzhi;Dong, Li;Wang, Hongrong
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.29 no.10
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    • pp.1443-1450
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    • 2016
  • The objective of the current study was to investigate the effects of dietary ${\omega}-6/{\omega}-3$ polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratios on lipid metabolism in goslings. One hundred and sixty 21-day-old Yangzhou geese of similar weight were randomly divided into 4 groups. They were fed different PUFA-supplemented diets (the 4 diets had ${\omega}-6/{\omega}-3$ PUFA ratios of 12:1, 9:1, 6:1, or 3:1). The geese were slaughtered and samples of liver and muscle were collected at day 70. The activities and the gene expression of enzymes involved in lipid metabolism were measured. The results show that the activities of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC), malic enzyme (ME), and fatty acid synthase (FAS) were lower (p<0.05), but the activities of hepatic lipase (HL) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) were higher (p<0.05), in the liver and the muscle from the 3:1 and 6:1 groups compared with those in the 9:1 and 12:1 groups. Expression of the genes for FAS (p<0.01), ME (p<0.01) and ACC (p<0.05) were higher in the muscle of groups fed diets with higher ${\omega}-6/{\omega}-3$ PUFA ratios. Additionally, in situ hybridization tests showed that the expression intensities of the high density lipoprotein (HDL-R) gene in the 12:1 and 9:1 groups were significantly lower (p<0.01) than that of the 3:1 group in the muscle of goslings. In conclusion, diets containing lower ${\omega}-6/{\omega}-3$ PUFA ratios (3:1 or 6:1) could decrease fat deposition by inhibiting fat synthesis in goslings.

The combination of canagliflozin and omega-3 fatty acid ameliorates insulin resistance and cardiac biomarkers via modulation of inflammatory cytokines in type 2 diabetic rats

  • Safhi, Mohammed Mohsen;Anwer, Tarique;Khan, Gyas;Siddiqui, Rahimullah;Sivakumar, Sivagurunathan Moni;Alam, Mohammad Firoz
    • The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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    • v.22 no.5
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    • pp.493-501
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    • 2018
  • The present study was carried out with the hypothesis that combination of canagliflozin and omega-3 fatty acid may have potential effect on insulin level, insulin resistance, cardiac biomarkers, inflammatory cytokines and histological studies in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Type 2 DM was induced by injecting nicotinamide (120 mg/kg, i.p.) 15 min before STZ (60 mg/kg) injection. Canagliflozin (5 and 10 mg/kg) and omega-3 fatty acid (300 mg/kg) were given for 28 days after confirmation of diabetes. Biochemical estimations revealed elevated levels of glucose, insulin, HOMA-R and inflammatory cytokines in diabetic group. Daily dosing of alone canagliflozin and omega-3 fatty acid slightly reduced elevated levels of glucose, insulin, HOMA-R and inflammatory cytokines ($IL-1{\beta}$, IL-2, and $TNF{\alpha}$), whereas canagliflozin and omega-3 fatty acid combination has reduced these biochemical parameters significantly when compared with diabetic group. Similarly in diabetic group the levels of cardiac biomarkers such as lipid profile, LDH, CKMB and troponin were significantly increased. Elevated levels of cardiac biomarkers were significantly reduced after daily dosing of alone canagliflozin and omega-3 fatty acid. Canagliflozin and omega-3 fatty acid combination has offered better improvement in cardiac biomarkers compared to alone canagliflozin and omega-3 fatty acid. Histopathological analysis also supported the above hypothesis that combination therapy (canagliflozin and omega-3 fatty acid) offered better protection against degenerative changes in ${\beta}-cells$ of pancreas as compared to alone treatment with these drugs. Thus the present study revealed that canagliflozin and omega-3 fatty acid can be used as potential combination therapy in type 2 DM along with cardiac complication.

Influence of the Feeding Mixed Perilla Oil and Red Pepper Oil on Fatty Acid Compositions of Serum and Platelet in Rats (들깨유와 고추 종자유의 혼합 급이가 흰쥐의 혈청 및 혈소판 지방산 조성에 미치는 영향)

  • 강정옥;김성희;김한수;김군자;최운정;정승용
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.21 no.2
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    • pp.124-130
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    • 1992
  • This study aims at revealing the effects of the feeding mixed $\omega$-3 perilla oil and $\omega$-6 red pepper oil on fatty acid compositions of serum and platelet in rats. The diet administered to the male rats of Sprague - Dawley was composed of the peril1a oil containing about 60% $\omega$-3 linolenic acid as well as the red pepper oil with roughly 64% of $\omega$-6 linoleic acid. In the total fatty acid composition of serum lipid, SFA had no great significance among the groups, while MUFA ranged from 14.4% to 17.0% and PUFA stood from 48.0% to 53.0%. PUFA compositions of phospholipid, triglyceride and cholesteryl ester fractions, $C_{18:2}$ ($\omega$-6) was the highest in cholesteryl ester than the other components. In platelet's fatty arid composition, SFA were low in groups 2 (7.5% perilla oil+2.5% red pepper oil) and 3 (5.0% perilla oil +5.0% red pepper oil), and the highest in group 5 (10% red pepper oil). MUFA stood the highest in group 3 and the lowest in group 5, while PUFA was the lowest in group 2. Ratio of EPA / AA was the highest in group 2, but group 5 was the lowest.t.

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Seismic Overstrength of Low-rised RC Frame in Korea (국내 저층 콘크리트 골조의 초과강도)

  • 이영욱
    • Proceedings of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea Conference
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    • 1998.10a
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    • pp.28-35
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    • 1998
  • The seismic overstrength factor $\Omega$ is evaluated for 4-story reinforced concrete buildings in Korea(of which seismic intensity is low). The study model is designed according to aseismic guideline research - phase II in Korea. The effect of variation of span length and bay number, dead load is considered, especially including the variation of hardening ration after yielding. And push-over analysis is performed, in which the external and internal frame is connected by rigid-link and the $\Omega$ is calculated using the roof drift ratio at 2%. For Zone I, the mean value of $\Omega$ is ranged form 2.3 to 2.5, For Zone II, from 3.1 to 3.4. For low hardening ratio(3%) after yielding, $\Omega$ has little relations with the number of bay, like as the results of other research. But for 5% hardening ratio, $\Omega$ is increased as the number of bay is increased. Within general gravity-load bound, the variation of D.L. has variation of D. L. has no effect on $\Omega$. And, $\Omega$ is increased as the span length is increased.

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Seasonal Variation in Lipids and Fatty Acid Composition of Neutral and Phospholipids of Hibernant Fishes(I) - Variation of Muscle Lipid Compositions of Loach (Misgurnus mizolepis) - (동면 어류의 지방질과 중성 및 인지질 조성의 시기적 변화(I) - 미꾸라지 근육 지질 조성의 변화-)

  • 홍재식;최선남;박일웅
    • The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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    • v.10 no.1
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    • pp.14-24
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    • 1997
  • The seasonal variation in lipids, and fatty acid composition of neutral lipid(NL) and phospholipid(PL) contained in the muscles of hibernant fish(loach) were investigated. In the investigation, four groups of wild loaches ere used, those caught May, 1993(before spawning period), August, 1993(after spawning period), November, 1993(just before hibernation) and March, 1994(just after hibernation). The NL was the most abundant in muscle lipid, followed by PL and glycolipid(GL), and also the composition and variation patterns were almost similar between female and male throughout all the periods. NL content began to increase gradually after March and came to the maximum in August(under 90%) ; hereafter got to decrease gradually again and came to the minimum in March of the next year(under 60%). While the variation-pattern of GL and PL was in inverse proportion with that of NL and their content came to the maximum in March of the next year. The NL and PL fractions were mainly consisted of triglyceride and phosphatidyl choline respectively, and both of the contents showed the highest value in August, the lowest in March of the next year. The major fatty acids in NL fraction were 16:0, 16:1, 18:1, 18:2 and 18:3($\omega$3). In particular, the ratio of 16:1 was much higher than that in PL, while those of highly unsaturated fatty acids(HUFAs) such as 20:4($\omega$6), 20:5($\omega$3) and 22:6($\omega$3) were much lower. The ratio of 16:0 in NL was almost constant through the year, however those of 16:1, 18:1, 18:2 and 18:3($\omega$3) showed a tendency to increase after March and were about 2~4% higher in May, compared with that in March, while those of HUFAs were about 2~4% lower. In particular, the ratio of 16:1 in NL continuously decreased after May and markedly decreased in March of the next year, but those of 18:1, 18:2 were almost constant until November. In August, saturates and monoenes were higher levels due to the slight increase of 18:0, 14:1 and 17:1 than in the other periods, while those of HUFAs decreased and the unsaturation(TUFA/TSFA) of NL showed the lowest value in August. On the contrary, saturates and monoenes gradually decreased after November and the most of them including 18:0, 16:1, 18:1 and 18:2 rapidly decreased in March of the next year, while 20:1, 20:4(~6), and 20:5(~3), and 22:6(~3) were in inverse proportion. PL consisted mainly of 16:0, 16:1, 18:1, 18:2, 20:4(~6), and 20:5(~3). Saturates and monoenes-composition showed almost no difference in March and May, while polyene acids ratio showed similar changes with that of NL. In August, the ratio of saturates(16:0, 18:0) were high but that of HUFAs were low, and after November 16:0, 18:0, 18:1, 18:2 and 18:3($\omega$3) began to decrease, while most of HUFAs increased in their composition-ratio until the marking increase of their unsaturation and the big changes of 18:2, 18:3($\omega$3), 20:4($\omega$6), 22:6($\omega$3) in March of the next year.

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Effects of Omega-3 on Lipid and Liver Function Tests (Omega-3가 지질과 간기능검사에 미치는 영향)

  • Choi, Woo-Soon
    • Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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    • v.50 no.2
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    • pp.183-189
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    • 2018
  • Omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids, including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are found in fish and fish oil. Recent studies have shown that omega-3 fatty acids are effective in cancer, cardiovascular disease, immune system, cirrhosis, and nervous system disorders. In particular, omega-3 was also reported to help improve hyperlipidemia and liver function tests. On the other hand, there are few cases in Korea. This study examined whether omega-3 is effective in improving hyperlipemia and liver function by taking 1 gm/day for 2 weeks. As a result, AST was decreased in the liver function test, and GGT related to alcoholic hepatitis and fatty liver showed significant results. Omega-3 has been shown to help improve the liver function. The triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low density cholesterol associated with cardiovascular disease decreased after omega-3 ingestion, particularly high density cholesterol. Omega-3 has also been shown to improve the hyperlipidemia. Comparisons between males and females before and after the ingestion of omega-3 showed significant results in AST (P<0.01) from the male group and in GGT (P<0.01) and high density cholesterol (P<0.01) from the female group. As a result, omega-3 intake can help control and improve liver function and hyperlipidemia.

Physiological Activity of $\omega3$ Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Dark Fleshed Fishes I. The Effects on Protein and Phospholipid Contents, and Cholesterol Levels in Rats ($\omega3$ 고도불포화지방산의 생리활성에 관한 연구 I 단백질, 인지질 및 콜레스테롤 함량에 대한 연구)

  • CHOI Jin-Ho;Byun Dae-Seok
    • Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.22 no.2
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    • pp.102-108
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    • 1989
  • The effects of n 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) on protein and phospholipid con-tents, and cholesterol level were studied in rats fed with diets of different fat composition. Body weights of fish oil groups were decreased to $11.1\%\~14.4\%$ compared with lard group (control), and also $16.4\%\~23.3\%$ compared with corn oil group, respectively. Protein contents of $\omega3$ PUFA and sardine oil groups in liver were increased to $6.78\%\~8.51\%$ compared with control group, but were no significant difference in brain and serum. $\omega3$ PUFA and sardine oil slightly repressed the phospholipid in microsome of liver. Moreover they effectively reduced the serum cholesterol levels compared with control group.

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