• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.947-950
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• 2013

Background: We performed this meta-analysis to assess the effectiveness and safety of axillary dissection in old women. Methods: The Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMBASE and Chinese Biomedical Literature Database were searched and all randomized controlled trials of axillary dissection in old women (at least 60 years old) were considered. Meta-analyses were completed using RevMan5.1. Results: Three eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) including 5,337 patients were considered. There was weak evidence in favour of axillary dissection (AD) in old women. The meta-analysis showed that the overall survival (OS) after 1, 3, 5 and 7 years and the disease free survival (DFS) after 1, 3 and 5 year were not statistically significantly different between AD and no AD groups. However, there was a difference in the 7 year DFS. Conclusions: Axillary dissection did not provide survival benefit to the old women with breast cancer analysed. Therefore, axillary dissection is not well-indicated in old women with breast cancer.

• Korean Journal of Logic
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.33-58
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• 2005

The old evidence problem raises a profound problem to Bayesian theory of confirmation that evidence known prior to a hypothesis explaining it cannot give any empirical support to the hypothesis. The old evidence problem has resisted to a lot of trials to solve it. The purpose of the paper is to solve the old evidence problem by showing that the problem originated from a serious misunderstanding about the Bayesian concept of confirmation. First, I shall make a brief analysis of the problem, and examine critically two typical Bayesian strategies to solve it. Second, I shah point out a misunderstanding commonly found among Bayesian discussions about the old evidence problem, the ignorance of the asymmetry of confirmation in the context of explanation and prediction. Lastly, 1 shall suggest two different concepts of confirmations by using the asymmetry and argue that the concept of confirmation presupposed in the old evidence problem is not a genuine Bayesian concept of confirmation.

• Korean Journal of Logic
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.107-154
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• 2012

In my previous paper (2009), I defended a solution of the Sleeping Beauty problem, according to which, on Monday, Sleeping Beauty assigns a lower credence to the coin's landing heads than 1/2. This conclusion was largely favorable to the Thirder view. However, even if my defense of the Thirder view was successful, it left one important question to be unanswered: Where did the Halfers go wrong? Their main argument was simple: Because Sleeping Beauty does not receive new and relevant evidence about how the coin lands, her credence in its landing heads should remain to be the same. But note that, if the Thirder view was right and Sleeping Beauty receives no new and relevant evidence, then this becomes a special case of the so-called old evidence problem (Glymour, 1980). In this paper, I will explain why it is rational for Sleeping Beauty to change her credence despite the lack of new evidence about the coin's landing heads. For this explanation, I will use Garber's well-known solution to the old evidence problem.

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.1157-1166
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• 2001

This paper answers some old questions about approximate similarity and raises new ones. We provide positive evidence and a technique for finding negative evidence on the question of whether approximate similarity is the equivalence relation generated by approximate equivalence and similarity.

• Korean Journal of English Language and Linguistics
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.117-149
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• 2004

The paper is to argue against the asymmetric CP-V2 analysis of Old English, according to which finite verbs invariably undergo movement into a clause-final T within subordinate clauses and reach the functional head C within main clauses. The asymmetric CP-V2 analysis, first of all, faces difficulty in explaining a wide range of post-verbal elements within subordinate clauses. To resolve the problem, the analysis has to abandon the obligatoriness of V-to-T movement or introduce various types of extraposition whose status is dubious as a legitimate syntactic operation. Obligatory V-to-T movement in Old English lacks conceptual justification as well. Crosslinguistic evidence reveals that morphological richness in verbal inflection cannot entail overt verb movement. Moreover, the operation is always string-vacuous under the asymmetric CP- V2 analysis and has no effect at the interfaces, in violation of the principle of economy. The distribution of Old English finite verbs in main clauses also undermines the asymmetric CP-V2 analysis. Conceptually speaking, a proper syntactic trigger cannot be confirmed to motivate obligatory verb movement to C. The operation not only gets little support from nominative Case marking, the distribution of expletives, or complementizer agreement but also requires the unconvincing stipulation that expletives as well as sentence-initial subjects result from string-vacuous topicalization. Finally, textual evidence testifies that Old English sometimes permits non-V2 ordering patterns, many of which remain unexplained under the asymmetric CP-V2 analysis.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.24 no.7
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• pp.701-711
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• 1991

We experienced 6 cases of primary cardiac tumor, all received operation for removal of tumor. Mean age was 43.8 years-old ranging from 17 years-old to 66 years-old. Five cases were female, one case was male. Five cases were benign, myxoma, all located within left atrium. One case was malignant, angiosarcoma within right atrium. All patient showed cardiac manifestations. One case was in NYHA functional class II, two were in III, three were in IV. Four patients showed constitutional symptoms, but no one showed evidence of embolic phenomenon. All case of myxoma showed cardiomegaly except one malignancy. Only one case was regular sinus rhythm, three were sinus tachycardia 8z two were atrial fibrillation. The most common site of tumor origin was fossa ovalis limbus[four of all]. Two of five myxomas received emergency operation, one patient died postoperatively. Lived four patients showed no evidence of recurrence[mean follow-up, 3,5 years], but one patient has Grade II /IV mitral regurgitation & in OPD follow-up now, One malignant case, 17 years-old cerebral palsy female, was angiosarcoma occupied most of right atrial chamber originated from anterior wall of right atrium, received emergency operation which was removal of mass & reconstruction of right atrium with artificial pericardial patch. This patient died on postoperative 36th day due to persistent LCOS[low cardiac output syndrome] with combined sepsis.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.315-325
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• 2006

Purpose: The Purpose of this study was to build up guidelines for preventing constipation in the Korean elderly based on the National Guideline $Clearinghouse^{TM}$ Guideline. Method: The process is composed of four steps: first. the composition of an expert group; second, the evaluation by the expert group about the appropriateness and applicability of each recommendation in the guideline; third, systematic literature review for evidence searching; and fourth. the formation of guidelines for Preventing constipation in the Korean elderly according to experts' opinions and literature review. Result: The appropriateness and applicability of each recommendation showed high scores, but the score of applicability was lower than that of appropriateness. The reasons for lower score of applicability were lack of cognition on the importance of constipation management and lack of recent information and evidence-based knowledge on constipation. There were some inadequate recommendations in Korean clinical setting. So the modified and replaced recommendations were added to the guidelines for preventing constipation in the old adult population to improve the applicability in Korea. Conclusion: The results of this study can be used as fundamental baseline data for future study to develope guidelines for management of constipation in the elderly and will be adapted locally for Korean clinical setting.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.131-135
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• 2009

Domains are the building blocks of proteins. Exon shuffling is an important mechanism accounting for combination of a limited repertoire of protein domains in the evolution of multicellular species. A relative excess of domains encoded by symmetric exons in metazoan phyla has been presented as evidence of exon shuffling, and symmetric domains can be divided into old and new domains by determining the ages of the domains. In this report, we compare the spread, versatility, and subcellular localization of old and new domains by analyzing eight metazoan genomes and their respective annotated proteomes. We found that new domains have been expanding as multicellular organisms evolved, and this expansion was principally because of increases in class 1-1 domains amongst several classes of domain families. We also found that younger domains have been expanding in membranes and secreted proteins along with multi-cellular organism evolution. In contrast, old domains are located mainly in nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins. We conclude that the increasing mobility and versatility of new domains, in contrast to old domains, plays a significant role in metazoan evolution, facilitating the creation of secreted and transmembrane multidomain proteins unique to metazoa.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.266-271
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• 2014

In the clinical state of oligometastases or oligorecurrence, a transitional state between localized and widespread systemic disease, local control of the disease may yield improved systemic control. Radiotherapy may be a good means for controlling oligometastatic tumors, particularly in very old patients for whom surgery may be infeasible. A combination of systemic therapy and local therapy is necessary to prevent systemic progression. Some kinds of cancers found in the elderly are known to be somewhat indolent for systemic progression. So, for very old patients who refuse or cannot tolerate chemotherapy, the use of radical radiotherapy alone to treat oligorecurrences may be very helpful. We successfully treated an 87-year-old patient who had been diagnosed with oligorecurrences three times over six years with radiotherapy alone. The patient is now, about four years after his first radiotherapy for liver metastasis, alive without any evidence of cancer and with fully active performance status.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.49 no.10
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• pp.57-69
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• 2011

The purpose of the present study was to examine married female immigrants' life style and marriage satisfaction on the perception of preparing their old age. We also investigated how socio-demographic factors influence their Preparation for old age. For the study, -data were collected from 350 questionnaires obtained from female immigrants living in Chungcheongnam-do. Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ tests were conducted for reliability, and regressional analysis was conducted to test our hypotheses. The results of this study shows that there is evidence of relations among the sub-variables. However, we found attitudes to safety and material pursuit are not related to married female immigrants' preparations for their old age. On the other hand, the results indicate that their life style and marriage satisfaction influences their perception of preparing their old age in a positive way. Finally, sociodemographic factors such as gender, age, education, marriage status, occupation and income are shown to affect the women's perception of preparing their old age positively.