• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국신재생에너지학회 2010년도 춘계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.110.1-110.1
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• 2010

A bench scale slurry bubble column reactor (SBCR) with active-Fe based catalyst was developed for the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) reaction. Considering the highly exothermic reaction heat generated in the bench scale SBCR, an effective cooling system was devised consisting of a U-type dip tube submerged in the reactor. Also, the physical and chemical properties of the catalyst were controlled so as to achieve high activity for the CO conversion and liquid oil ($C_{5+}$) production. Firstly, the FTS performance of the FeCuK/$SiO_2$ catalyst in the SBCR under reaction conditions of $265^{\circ}C$, 2.5 MPa, and $H_2/CO=1$ was investigated. The CO conversion and liquid oil ($C_{5+}$) productivity in the reaction were 88.6% and 0.226 $g/g_{cat}-h$, respectively, corresponding to a liquid oil ($C_{5+}$) production rate of 0.03 bbl/day. To investigate the FTS reaction behavior in the bench scale SBCR, the effects of the space velocity and superficial velocity of the synthesis gas and reaction temperature were also studied. The liquid oil production rate increased upto 0.057 bbl/day with increasing space velocity from 2.61 to 3.92 $SL/h-g_{Fe}$ and it was confirmed that the SBCR bench system developed in this research precisely simulated the FTS reaction behavior reported in the small scale slurry reactor.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.669-691
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• 2022

본 연구에서는 산업생태계의 관점에서 호주, 노르웨이, 미국, 일본, 한국을 대상으로 석유·가스개발산업이 갖는 경제적 효과를 유발효과 측면에서 추정하였다. 석유·가스개발사업을 활발하게 하는 국가인 호주, 노르웨이, 미국을, 그리고 그렇지 않은 일본과 우리나라를 분석대상으로 하였다. 산업생태계가 형성되어 있으면 자원개발에서 발생한 수요가 산업생태계를 타고 다른 산업들에 대해서 생산을 유발시키므로 보다 큰 경제적 효과를 가져올 수 있다. 분석결과에 따르면, 호주, 노르웨이, 미국, 일본, 한국은 석유·가스개발산업의 생산유발계수가 1보다 크다. 노르웨이와 미국은 전 산업에 걸친 산업생태계를 형성하여 1, 2, 3차산업에 대해서 고르게 중간투입재들을 수요하고 있다. 이에 비해 우리나라와 일본은 3차산업으로부터의 투입 비중이 매우 크고 3차산업을 중심으로 산업생태계를 형성하고 있다. 산업생태계 내에서 특정 산업군이 보유하는 투입 비중의 여하가 유발효과 크기를 결정할 수 있다는 점이 고려되어야 한다. 해당 산업을 지탱하고 산업생태계를 구성하는 연관 산업들이 각 산업군에 골고루 분포하여 영향력 계수가 높게 나타나고 생산유발계수가 높으면 해당 산업의 생산 규모를 증가시켜 계수들의 효과가 더욱 커질 수 있도록 유도하는 것이 필요하다.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.45-58
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• 2014

It is a well recognised rule in international law that the property of aliens cannot be taken. The question of whether indirect expropriation and government regulatory measures require compensation is an important issue in international investment law. Bilateral investment treaties and other investment agreements contain brief and general indirect expropriation provisions. These focus on the effect of government action and do not address the distinction between compensable and non-compensable regulatory actions. It is generally accepted that a state is not responsible for loss of property or for other economic disadvantages resulting from bona fide general taxation accepted as within the police power of states, provided it is not discriminatory. Yukos Oil Company is a Russian oil and gas company engaged in exploration, refining, and marketing activities. It is one of the largest oil and gas companies in the world. Yukos Oil Company has its production operations in Russia and markets its products in Europe. An international tribunal ordered the Russian government to compensate a group of Spanish investors for the losses they suffered when Russia seized the Yukos Oil Company on July 26, 2012. This has been the subject of several judicial proceedings and academic publications. This paper explores which circumstances do not lead to taxation amounting to expropriation. The author suggests that under the following circumstances, taxation would not amount to expropriation. First, taxation should be non-discriminatory. Also a lawful exercise of the taxation powers of governments would not amount to expropriation.

• 한국가스학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.59-69
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 가스전의 추가 생산정 위치선정을 위해 고속의 연산이 가능한 인공신경망을 이용하여 저류 전산시뮬레이터를 개발하였다. 입출력자료와 알고리즘을 설계하였으며, 개발한 시뮬레이터를 이용하여 가스전의 추가 생산정 위치선정을 위한 연구를 수행하였다. 입력값은 생산시간, 생산정간 상관관계, 추가 생산정 위치좌표, 생산성 잠재력, 함수적 연관관계, 저류층 압력으로 구성하였으며, 출력값은 생산량과 함께 공저압력을 동시에 사용하였다. 20가지의 생산정 위치 시나리오에 대해 학습을 수행한 결과, 생산량의 상관계수 값은 0.99, 공저압력은 0.98로 상관관계가 매우 높은 것으로 확인되어 인공신경망 시뮬레이터의 타당성이 검증되었다. 가스전에서 최대공급계약량 유지시점을 산출함으로써 생산정 위치에 따른 생산성을 분석하였다. 그 결과 시나리오 C-1이 최대공급계약량 유지기간이 가장 짧았으며, 시나리오 A-1이 가장 오랫동안 유지시킬 수 있는 것으로 산출되었다. 결론적으로, 시나리오 A가 생산성에 영향을 받는 인자를 포함한 시나리오 B, C보다 최대 21% 더 최대공급계약량을 유지시킬 수 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 따라서 생산성에 영향을 미치는 요소를 종합적으로 고려하여 생산정의 위치를 선정해야 생산량을 극대화 할 수 있다. 본 인공신경망 시뮬레이터를 이용 시 생산기간동안 생산량과 공저압력 변화를 동시에 비교 분석하는 것이 가능하여 다양한 최적화 모델에 전위모델로 사용하는 것이 가능하다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.9-18
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• 1971

석유에 효모를 길러 식량 내지 사료로 이용할것을 목적으로 전국 각지의 100여점의 토양시료로부터 400여주의 탄화수소이용 효모균주를 분리하고 그 중 가장 균체수율이 좋은 균주를 선정하여 동정 하였다. 그 균주의 석유탄화수소 배지에서의 배양최적조건, 생육경과 및 균체조성을 조사하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 우수균주로 신정된 효모는 Candida curvata-SNU 70으로 동정되었다. 2. 선정호모의 적정 증식배지조성은 다음과같다 Light Gas Oil 30ml, $(NH_2)_2CO$ 400mg, $(NH_4)_2\;SO_4$ 100mg, $KH_2PO_4$ 670mg, $Na_2HPO_4{\cdot} 12H_2O$ 330mg. $MgSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$ 500mg, $CaCO_3$ 3g, Yeast Extract 50mg, Tween 20 0.05ml, Tap Water 1000ml. 3. 선정효모의 배양조건은 pH $5.5{\sim}7.0,\;30^{\circ}C$, 및 충분한 통기조건이 적당함을 알았다. 4. 유가법은 특히 10% 이상의 고농도배양에서 효과를 보였다. 5. 선정효모, Candida curvata-SNU 70는 lag phase가 16시간 까지이고 다음 28시간까지가 대수기임을 알 수 있었으며, 대수기에서 비증식율, ${\mu}x$는 $0.22hr^{-1}$이고 doubling time은 3.2시간이었다. 6. 얻어진 최적조건에서 2일간 배양시켜 Light Gas Oil에 대한 균체수율 16.1%를 얻었으며 건조세포의 단백질함량은 48.4%였다.

• Advances in Energy Research
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.75-90
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• 2019

Anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions are rising rapidly despite efforts to curb release of such gases. One long term potential solution to offset these destructive emissions is the capture and storage of carbon dioxide. Partially depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs are attractive targets for permanent carbon dioxide disposal due to proven storage capacity and seal integrity, existing infrastructure. Optimum well completion design in depleted reservoirs requires understanding of prominent geomechanics issues with regard to rock-fluid interaction effects. Geomechanics plays a crucial role in the selection, design and operation of a storage facility and can improve the engineering performance, maintain safety and minimize environmental impact. In this paper, an integrated geomechanics workflow to evaluate reservoir caprock integrity is presented. This method integrates a reservoir simulation that typically computes variation in the reservoir pressure and temperature with geomechanical simulation which calculates variation in stresses. Coupling between these simulation modules is performed iteratively which in each simulation cycle, time dependent reservoir pressure and temperature obtained from three dimensional compositional reservoir models in ECLIPSE were transferred into finite element reservoir geomechanical models in ABAQUS and new porosity and permeability are obtained using volumetric strains for the next analysis step. Finally, efficiency of this approach is demonstrated through a case study of oil production and subsequent carbon storage in an oil reservoir. The methodology and overall workflow presented in this paper are expected to assist engineers with geomechanical assessments for reservoir optimum production and gas injection design for both natural gas and carbon dioxide storage in depleted reservoirs.

• 신재생에너지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.36-42
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• 2013

To secure raw materials of biodiesel production, the possibility of camellia (C. japonica L.) and tea (C. sinensis L.) seed oil was studied to produce biodiesel. In this research, crude oil contents and fatty acid compositions of seeds were analyzed by Solxlet and Gas chromatography (GC). The oil contents in the seeds of camellia were 69.8%~73.8%, and tea were 26.3%~29.4%. Among the fatty acids of camellia and tea oil, oleic acid was dominant. The unsaturated fatty acids accounted for 88.4% and 80.2% of the whole fatty acids of camellia and tea seed oil. Total seed oil content and fatty acid composition of tea seed were influenced by collecting date. Across maturation period, oil content of tea seed averaged 18.3% on $6^{th}$ September increasing to 27.9% by $11^{th}$ October. For largest seed yield and oil content, the optimum time to harvest tea is in middle october, and camellia is late september and thereafter. The extraction efficiency of oil from seeds by extraction methods was determined. Biodiesel were synthesized in 92.1~92.8% yields from camellia and tea oils by transesterification. The biodiesel was characterized by its physical and fuel properties including oxidation stability, iodine value and cold filter plugging point (CFPP). Oxidation stability of camellia was 8.6~8.8 hours and tea was 2.9~3.6 at $110^{\circ}C$. Camellia oil had considerably better oxidation stability and CFPP than tea oil.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권8호
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• pp.1113-1120
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• 2000

Productivity, nutrient contents, in vitro gas production and in sacco degradability of different fractions and whole OPF were determined to assess the feeding value of OPF as a ruminant feed. An in vivo digestibility trial was also carried out using goat. Freshly harvested OPF was randomly collected, partitioned and weighed. An OPF from 21 years older palm weighed 13.4 kg and the annual fresh matter yield of petiole, leaflet and midrib was 46.5, 11.8 and 3.4 ton/ha, respectively. Leaflet contained 439, 926, 698, 501, 168, 196, 748 and 52 (g/kg) of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), cellulose (CE), hemicellulose (HC), total carbohydrate (TC) and non fiber carbohydrate (NFC), respectively. Petiole contained lower (p<0.01) DM, CP and EE contents than leaflet. Organic matter, CE and TC contents were higher (p<0.01) in petiole compared to leaflet. Silica and lignin contents were highest (p<0.01) in midrib followed by leaflet, whole OPF and least in petiole. The Ca, P, Na, K and Mg contents (g/100 g DM) of leaflet were 0.529, 0.182, 0.039, 0.876, and 0.168, respectively. In vitro DM digestibility (g/100 g) at 48 h of leaflet, petiole and midrib was 32.7, 38.7 and 30.2, respectively. The in sacco DM degradation (g/100 g) at 48 h of leaflet was higher than that of whole OPF, petiole and midrib. The in vivo digestibility of DM, OM, CP and ADF of whole OPF was 52, 56, 43 and 26%, respectively. It can be concluded that leaflet is the most nutritious fraction of OPF and midrib is the least. The nutrient content and digestibility of the whole OPF showed that OPF could be an alternative roughage source for ruminant diets.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.69-83
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• 2008

The self-supply rate of Korea in 2006 was approximately 27.3 % by importing 13.99Mt for 19.79Mt of demanded amount. Among the imported crops, wheat, corn, and soybean consumed 95 % for the total imported amount, and wheat, corn, and soybean were 3.5Mt(Table use : 0.22Mt; Feed stuff : 0.13Mt), 8.7Mt(Table use : 0.19Mt; Feed stuff : 0.68Mt), and 1.2Mt (Table use : 0.03Mt; Feed stuff : 0.09Mt), respectively. On the other hand, our government has prepared the strategies for a great fear of food according to sharp price rise of the international crops by maintaining the self-supply rate of 5 % excluding 5.23Mt of rice in Korea. Also concern for recycled energy known as future energy for era of high oil price and global warming due to green house gas is rapidly growing. Therefore, our country which has relied on import of the whole oil needed in Korea and has to keep Kyoto Agent to request reduction of green house gas fully support research and practical use for agricultural products as resource of alternate energy. At first, we have to develop the mass production technology in order to secure a program of self-supply of food for bioenergy production utilizing agricultural product in Korea. But we assume that this matter is difficult to achieve under the current agriculture system that more emphasizes the environment conservation such as environmentally-friendly agriculture than production of food.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국신재생에너지학회 2010년도 추계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.107-107
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• 2010

Hydrogen is an alternative fuel for the future energy which can reduce pollutants and greenhouse gases. Synthesis gas have played an important role of synthesizing the valuable chemical compound, for example methanol, DME and GTL chemicals. Renewable biomass feedstocks can be potentially used for fuels and chemical production. Current thermal processing techniques such as fast pyrolysis, slow pyrolysis, and gasification tend to generate products with a large slate of compounds. Lignocellulose feedstocks such as forest residues are promising for the production of bio-oil and synthesis gas. Pyrolysis and gasification was investigated using thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) and bubbling fluidized bed gasification reactor to utilize forest woody biomass. Most of the materials decomposed between $320^{\circ}C$ and $380^{\circ}C$ at heating rates of $5{\sim}20^{\circ}C/min$ in thermogravimetric analysis. Bubbling fluidized bed reactor were use to study gasification characteristics, and the effects of reaction temperature, residence time and feedstocks on gas yields and selectivities were investigated. With increasing temperature from $750^{\circ}C$ to $850^{\circ}C$, the yield of char decreased, whereas the yield of gas increased. The gaseous products consisted of mostly CO, CO2, H2 and a small fraction of C1-C4 hydrocarbons.