• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.15-21
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• 2010

Sibutramine is an orally administered centrally-acting antiobesity agent and inhibits both noradrenaline(norephinephirine) and serotonin(5-HT) reuptake. These effects are contributed by its active metabolites, M1 and M2. However, as the free base form of sibutramine is an oil form in room temperature, it had the problem of handling and stability. Thus, this drug should be used in the form of acid salt form in the pharmaceutical application. Unfortunately, anhydrous sibutramine hydrochloride is highly hygroscopic and unstable. In order to solve the hygroscopicity of the anhydrous salt form, another sibutramine acid salt form must be developed as a hydrate form. In this study. to overcome these problems, various of sibutramine acid salt forms were prepared with the pharmaceutically available salts such as maleate, esylate, mandelate, camsylate, besylate, salicylate, tartrate, isethionate and malate forms, and their physicochemical properties were investigated. Sibutramine malate was selected for excellent solubility and stability among the listed salt forms above. Its pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated in rats comparing with sibutramine HCl, resulting in similar parameters. In vitro dissolution study of sibutramine malate-loaded capsule was performed comparison with commercial product ($Reductil^{(R)}$) in pH 1.2, pH 4.0, pH 6.8 and water medium. Our results indicated that there were no significant differences in their dissolution profiles were similar in all tested medium. Thus, sibutramine malate-loaded capsule should be a potential candiate due to its excellent solubility, good stability and biosimilar absorption.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2006년도 춘계 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.906-915
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• 2006

In this study, Field test was performed using high-quality additions and accelerators to obtain the improvement of the strength on domestic shotcrete and quality test based on EFNARC was performed. In addition, Deterioration test that combined the Freezing-thawing and Carbonation was also performed in order to investigate a long-term durability of high-strength shotcrete. As a result of field test, a promotion ratio of early strength is $90\sim97%$ in case of using alkali-free accelerators. And a compressive strength of shotcrete using Micro-silica fume was $45.2\sim55.8MPa$ and the flexible strength was $5.01\sim6.66MPa$, so a promotion ratio of strength was $37\sim79%$, $17\sim61%$ respectively. It was showed that increment effect of strength by the Micro-silica fume replacement of $7.5\sim10%$ for cement mass was remarkable. It was also realized that application of Micro-silica fume to shotcrete reduced deterioration and improved a long-term durability of shotcrete.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.247-252
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• 1995

To evaluate the effect of xanthine oxidase on liver injury by $CCl_4$, liver damage was induced both in allopurinol pretreated rats (500 mg/kg. ip) and control group by twice intraperitoneal injection of $CCl_4$ (0.1 ml/100 g body wt. 50% in olive oil) at interval of one day. Increases in the levels of serum alanine aminotransferase and liver weight/body weight (%) by $CCl_4$ were significantly smaller inallopurinol pretreated rats than in control whereas the hepatic microsomal glucose-6-pholphatase activities were significantly higher in allopurinol pretreated rats than control group by $CCl_4$ treatment. These results indicates that allopurinol pretreatment may reduce the liver damage in $CCl_4$ intoxicated rats. In rats either with $CCl_4$or not, hepatic type O xanthine oxidase activities were significantly reduced by allopurinol pretreatment and the increasing rate of these enzymes to each control was remarkably lower in allopurinol pretreated rats than control. Liver cytosolic protein contents and aniline hydroxylase, aminopyrine demethylase activities were higher in allopurinol pretreated rats than coirol rats when animals were treated with $CCl_4$. On the other hand, neither allopurinol pretreated nor $CCl_4$ treatment caused any significant changes in hepatic superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. Hepatic glutathione contents were higher in $CCl_4$-treated rats than control, but no significant changes were found in both between the allopurinol treated rats and $CCl_4$-treated rats pretreated with allopurinol, and glutathione and glutathione S-transferase activities were significantly reduced in $CCl_4$-treated rats than control whereas these enzyme activities showed on significant change in both between allopurinel treated and $CCl_4$-treated rats pretreated with allopurinol. It is concluded that xanthine oxidase reaction system augment $CCl_4$ induced liver injury via even oxygen free radical system.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2001년도 The 6th International Symposium of East Asian Resources Recycling Technology
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• pp.19-23
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• 2001

In addition to landfilling and incineration, waste minimization and recycling have become priorities in Taiwan's municipal waste management strategies over the past 10 years. Major recycling initiatives being implemented in Taiwan include producer responsibility, "pay-as-you-throw, " and mandatory sorting provisions. Currently, the producer responsibility regime established under the Waste Disposal Act and administered by the Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) requires that manufacturers or importers of listed items, including containers, batteries. cars, motorcycles ("scooters"), tires, oil, televisions, refrigerators, air conditioners, washing machines, computers, and printers, pay recycling fees to government recycling funds. EPA then uses the recycling funds to subsidize collection and recycling. The 2001 recycling fund budget totals NT$57 billion (NT$35 = US$l). Under the producer responsibility regime, EPA-designated retailers ("sellers") must accept end-of-life items returned to them by the consumers. At the local level, Taipei City implements a pay-as-you-throw program, whereby citizens pay waste collection and treatment fees through the purchase of special trash bags approved by the Taipei City Government. However. recyclables that are separated by citizens are collected free-of-charge by the City. Taichung City and Kaohsiung City, on the other hand, enforce mandatory sorting schemes, whereby citizens face penalties if they don't separate recyclables from the trash before pick-up. These programs have resulted in a significant reduction in municipal waste. Per capita waste collected per day has dropped from 1.143 kg in 1997 to 0.978 kg in 2000. Targeting a 10% recycling rate for municipal waste in 2001. EPA plans to research and develop new recycling techniques, expand the scope of producer responsibilities, and strengthen existing municipal recyclable collection programs. To this end, among other initiatives, EPA has prepared a draft "Resource Recycling and Reuse Act" that would complement the existing producer responsibility programs by incorporating into the current recycling framework the concept of product life-cycle management.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제12권
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• pp.587-613
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• 1999

Environmental problems such as global climate change, depletion, ocean and air pollution, and resource degradation-compounded by an expanding world population-respect no border and threaten the health, prosperity and jobs of all mankind. Our efforts to promote democracy, free trade, and stability in the world will fall short unless people have a livable environment. We have an enormous stake in the management of the world's resources. By increasing demand for timber, natural gas, coal and consumer's goods have destroyed the grounds for living. Greenhouse gas emissions anywhere in the world have threatened coastal communities, and then changed the Earth's climate system. The burning of coal, oil, and other fossil fuels is increasing substantially the concentration of heat-trapping gasses such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide in our air. The earth's temperature and sea levels are rising as a result. Since 1972 there has been a marked growth in the number and scope of environmental treaties. In particular, after the 1992 Rio Conference, international legal instruments became more concentrated on addressing environment within the context of sustainable development and incorporated a number of new concepts and innovative approaches. A preliminary analysis of recent conventions and in particular those associated with the Rio Conference indicates various ideas, concepts and principles which have come to the fore including sustainable development, equity, common concern of humankind, common but differentiated responsibilities and global partnership. However, international trade also has an environmental impact which must be minimized or countered. Positive measures are to be preferred to achieve environmental goals, but where trade provisions are necessary, they should be appropriately used within environmental conventions to facilitate the reduction and limitation of the negative impacts of trade and to enhance the complementarity of the multilateral trade regime with the imperatives of environmental protection, in the interests of environmental protection and sustainable development generally. The international community has to recognize and endorse this need to achieve complementarity between trade and environment issues.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.177-188
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• 2002

Objective : The purpose of this study is to investigate the immunohistological effect of Buthus martensi Karsch Herbal-acupuncture in treating the arthritis, performed several experimental items : those are paw edema, $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, IL-8, $TNF-{\alpha}$ and $PGE_2$. Methods : All the male Sprague Dawley rats used in this study were bred and maintaned in our pathogen-free rat colony and were 8 weeks of age at the start of to experiment. The experimental model of arthritis was induced by injection of $50{\mu}g/{\mu}{\ell}$ adjuvant(mineral oil mixed Mycobacterium butyricum). Buthus martensi Karsch Herbal-acupuncture was injected into ST36(足三里) of rats daily for 21 days. Immunohistological analysis was carried out to assess paw edema, $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, IL-8, $TNF-{\alpha}$ and $PGE_2$ expression in synovial membrane and sera Buthus martensi Karsch Herbal-acupuncture injected. Results : Buthus martensi Karsch Herbal-acupuncture group showed a decrease with statistical significance, in paw edema, $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, IL-8, $TNF-{\alpha}$ and $PGE_2$ in synovial membrane and sera compared with control group. Conclusion : Buthus martensi Karsch Herbal-acupuncture stimulation inhibited the development of immunity to adjuvant induced arthritis in rats. Thus, Buthus martensi Karsch Herbal-acupuncture may have preventive effects on autoimmune inflammatory joint diseases as arthritis. The effect of Buthus martensi Karsch Herbal-acupuncture on the immune function and the disease activity in patients with arthritis warrants further investigation.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.80-89
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• 2008

Objectives : This study was carried out to investigate the effects of Ephedrae Herba pharmacopuncture (EHP) on the adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells, lipolysis in rat epididymal adipocytes and histological changes in porcine adipose tissue. Methods : Inhibition of preadipocyte differentiation and/or stimulation of lipolysis play important roles in reducing obesity. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were differentiated with adipogenic reagents by incubating for 3 days in the absence or presence of EHP ranging from 0.01 to 1.0 $mg/m{\ell}$. The effect of EHP on adipogenesis was examined by measuring glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) activity and by oil red O staining. Mature adipocytes from rat epididymal fat pad were incubated with EHP ranging from 0.01 to 1.0 $mg/m{\ell}$ for 3 days. The effect of EHP on lipolysis was examined by measuring free glycerol released. Fat tissue from porcine skin was injected with EHP ranging from 0.1 to 10.0 $mg/m{\ell}$ to examine the effect of EHP on histological changes under light microscopy. Results : The following results were obtained from present study on adipogenesis of preadipocytes, lipolysis of adipocytes and histological changes in fat tissue. Proliferation of preadipocytes was significantly inhibited by EHP at the concentration of 1.0 $mg/m{\ell}$. Lipolysis of adipocytes was increased by EHP at the concentration of 0.1, 1.0 $mg/m{\ell}$. Porcine fat tissues were widely injured by EHP at the concentration of 10.0 $mg/m{\ell}$. Conclusions : From the above results, EHP efficiently induces inhibition of preadipocytes proliferation, lipolysis of adipocytes and histologic injury in fat tissues. Therefore, EHP may be useful to treat localized obesity.

• 한국진공학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.144-149
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• 2003

주사전자현미경을 이용한 전자빔의 직접조사에 의해 실리콘 캔틸레버 위에 탄소상 탐침을 성장하였다. 오일확산 펌프의 잔류가스 분위기에서 실리콘 캔틸레버와 전자빔을 수직으로 정렬한 다음 전자현미경의 스폿 모드를 통해 전자빔을 일정시간 동안 조사시켜 탄소상 탐침을 성장시켰다. 주사전자현미경의 제어변수인 조사시간, 가속전압, 방출 전류, 전자빔 프로브 전류 등을 변화시킴으로써 다양한 종횡비를 가지는 탐침을 성장시킬 수 있었으며, 성장 위치의 표면 형상과 무관하게 탐침을 성장시킬 수 있었다. 그 결과 유효길이 0.5 $\mu\textrm{m}$, 바닥직경 90 nm,콘의 반각 $3.5^{\circ}$인 탐침을 성장시켰다. 탐침이 없는 캔틸레버에 고종횡비 탄소상 탐침을 성장시킬 수 있는 기술은 PZT 박막구동기가 집적화된 AFM 캔틸레버의 탐침 형성 과정에서 발생하는 제작과정의 번거로움을 극복하는데 적용될 수 있다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제47권
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• pp.95-106
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• 2002

Soybean is one of the most important sources of protein and oil in the world. Recently, emphasis has been laid on the chemical composition of soybean seeds for the processing soybean foods. Improvement of soybean components has been expected to improve food-processing quality for the processed soybean products such as soymilk and various edible ingredients as well as fur the traditional soyfoods. In Korea, soybean breeding research programmes have been focused on the quality of the products derived from soybean with yield stability, and some new modified soybean varieties haying good food-processing quality were developed recently. So the efforts of establishing standard and standardization of products in soybean are important. Three main categories should be considered in view of soybean seed quality; the marketing value such as grain size, shape, and appearance; the eating and processing value such as dehulled ratio, water absorption rate, and benny flavor; the nutritional value such as protein, lipid, and carbohydrate contents. And the new frontiers in research are looking at the functional nutrients in soybeans and how to improve them. In case marketing value, mainly the appearance is evaluated, therefore, each country has an application of standard related to quality. Each determination of standard class, heat-damaged kernels, splits, and soybeans of other colors is made on the basis of the grain when free from foreign materials. But processing value and nutritional value for standardization were not studied in detail till now. In addition, soybean has potential roles in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases, most notably cancer, osteoporosis, and heart disease. The functional nutrients include a protease inhibitor, phytic acid, saponins, and isoflavones, etc.. It is believed that standardization of soybean quality should perform to overcome the difficulties, relatively high price of domestic soybean products has weakened the competitive power, in the market related to WTO. So, we should focus on further research into the evaluation and establishment of quality-standard in soybean.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.49-54
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Lycii fructus extract on the serum lipids in hyperlipemia rats. The rats were divided five groups including negative control, positive control and treated L. fructus extract at dose of 50, 100, 200 mg/kg. To induce the hyperlipemia, 4 groups of rats, not including the negative control group, were fed experimental diets consisting of cholesterol, lard, corn oil, and normal diet for experiment period. As a result, the L. fructus extract decreased total cholesterol(T. Cho), trigryceride(TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C), and free fatty acid(FFA) significantly compared with positive control. However, no significant difference was found in high density lipoprotein(HDL-C) and phospholipid(PPL) level. Otherwise, in serum lipid level including, T-Cho, TG, LDL-C, FFA and PPL was decreased dose dependently by treatment of L. fructus extract. But HDL-C was increased by L. fructus extract too. Thereby having beneficial effect on hyperlipermia by influencing the serum lipid change, it is expected that Lycii fructus extract can suppress arteriosclerosis and obesity.