• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2010.06a
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• pp.248.1-248.1
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• 2010

수송용 바이오연료로써 바이오디젤의 보급 활성화에 따른 원료인 식물성 기름의 가격 상승 및 수급 불안정성 문제를 해결하고자 그동안 활용되지 않았던 폐유지를 바이오디젤 생산 원료로 사용하여 바이오디젤 생산 단가를 낮추고 원료의 수급 안정성도 확보하려는 시도가 이루어지고 있다. 폐유지의 경우 대부분 유리지방산 함량이 높아 염기 촉매를 적용하는 방법으로는 비누의 생성으로 전환이 힘들며 산 촉매를 적용하여 유리지방산을 에스테르화하는 공정을 필요로 한다. 에스테르화 반응에서는 반응 부산물로 물이 생성되며, 생성된 물은 바이오디젤 생산 반응을 저해하고 역반응을 유도하며 촉매의 활성을 감소시킨다. 본 연구에서는 고유리지방산 함량 오일의 에스테르화 반응에서 수분의 영향을 검토하였다. 산 촉매로 액상 촉매인 황산과 고체 산 촉매인 Amberlyst-15를 사용하였다. 초기 수분 함량이 0, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20%로 증가하였을 때, 지방산 메틸 에스테르 함량이 크게 감소하였으며, 1%의 수분 함량에서도 반응이 크게 저해받는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 고유리지방산 함량 오일의 에스테르화 반응에서 수분에 의한 저해가 중요한 변수라는 것을 알 수 있다. Amberlyst-15는 황산보다 수분의 영향에 의해 지방산 메틸 에스테르 함량이 빠르게 감소하였다. 이는 다공성의 Amberlyst-15에서 생성된 물이 반응물질들이 active site에 접근하는 것을 방해하였기 때문인 것으로 생각된다. 황산을 사용하였을 경우에는 오일 대 메탄올 몰비를 1:3에서 1:6으로 증가시킴으로써 정반응 속도가 증가하여 수분에 대한 영향이 감소하는 현상이 나타났다. 에스테르화 반응 종료 12시간 후에 바이오디젤과 메탄올 내에 수분 함량을 분석한 결과 12%의 수분이 바이오디젤 층에 존재하며 88%의 수분은 메탄올 층에 존재하였다. 반응 중에 생성된 수분을 제거하기 위해, 에스테르화 반응 30분 후에 물을 포함하는 메탄올과 촉매 층을 새 메탄올과 촉매로 교환하는 2단계 반응을 수행함으로써 지방산 메틸 에스테르 함량을 향상시킬 수 있었다. 반응 초기에는 황산이 Amberlyst-15보다 높은 활성을 보였지만, 시간이 지날수록 두 촉매 사이의 에스테르화 성능 차이는 감소하였다. 따라서 2단계 에스테르화 반응이 수분의 저해작용을 줄이는 한 가지 대안으로 제안될 수 있다. 또한 에스테르화 반응에서 물의 저해 작용을 줄이기 위해 앞으로 투과증발막의 적용 또는 물에 저해작용을 받지 않는 구조의 촉매 사용을 검토할 필요가 있다.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.138-143
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• 2004

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been shown to have a range of biological activities, including anti-carcinogenic, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-adipogenic and anti-diabetogenic effects. Recent reports also showed that CLA has free radical scavenging capacity, which may have health benefits for human beings. The current study was performed to investigate the effect of structured lipid (SL)-containing CLA on plasma lipids and hepatic antioxidant enzyme activity. Sprague-Dawley mts were fed 5% and 10% SL-containing normal diet for 6 wks and these groups were compared to rats fed 5% and 10% corn oil. In plasma lipids, total-cholesterol was not affected by fat source or dietary fat level while triglyceride level decreased significantly in groups fed 10% fat diet compared to the other groups. Plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) level decreased significantly in the S5 and S10 groups compared to the C5 and C10 groups, although hepatic TBARS level was not altered by fat source. On the other hand, in terms of hepatic antioxidant enzyme activity, superoxide dismutase activity increased in the S10 group, whereas catalase activity decreased in the S10 group. Glutathione peroxidase activity decreased significantly in the SL groups compared to the C5 group. Glutathione reductase activity increased and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity decreased in the C10 group compared to the C5 and C5 groups. In conclusion, the free radical scavenging activity of CLA seemed to suppress oxidative stress, which reduced lipid peroxidation resulting in lower hepatic antioxidant enzyme activity.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.233-239
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• 2000

To proceed mass production and improve its quality, we fermented potatoes using pilot system and investigated the changes in components during fermentation. After liquefaction and saccharification of potatoes by Nuruk(group I), crude enzyme(group II) and glucoamylase(group III), sugar contents in all groups were 18brix equally. However sugar contents in group(II) and group(III) after 24hrs decreased deeply to 7.2 and 8.8 % respectively, after 24hrs. Alcohol content in group(I) increased slowly and was the highest such as 6.8% after 48hrs. Fusel oils in all groups were n-propanol, isobutanol and isoamylalcohol. The major fusel oil in all groups was isoamylalcohol. At the early stage of fermentation, free sugars were glucose, maltose and lactose. Glucose decreased deeply during fermentation and at latter of the fermentation, galactose was detected in all groups. The contents of total free amino acid were 516.57~569.98 mg% in group(I), 193.97~292.11 mg% in group (II) and 186.31~270.53 mg% in group(III). The contents of aspartic acid, serine, glutamic acid, alanine, arginine, and histidine were high in all groups.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.11 no.8
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• pp.25-32
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• 2010

Contamination of soil and groundwater by the compounds of hydrocarbon petroleum has been widely accepted as the main cause that harms the environments and health. To remove those pollutants, absorbing clothes, activated carbons, or oil-water separation devices with the gravity method are employed for treatment. However, those materials and devices cannot remove the emulsion pollutants despite of their efficiency for removing free products. Therefore, we investigated the problems which occur during the groundwater treatment for the highly concentrated suspended solid particles, which can be resulted from excavation, and to propose methods to remove TPH(Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon). After coagulation experiment with high molecular polymers, the concentration of SS(Suspended Solids) and COD(Chemical Oxygen Demand) turned to satisfy the groundwater quality criteria within 5 minutes while the concentration of TPH failed to meet the water quality standard of effluent. Consequently, the water quality criteria for effluent could not be met by single DAF(Dissolved Air Flotation) process. However all water quality criteria could be satisfied after 20 minutes when coagulation reactions are carried out simultaneously in the DAF reactor.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.178-186
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• 2004

The aim of this study was to investigate the skin-whitening effect of okyong-san and to develop new drug delivery carrier The extracts of okyong-san were found to have the whitening effect and Eudragit$\^$ⓡ/ L 100-55 (EUD) coated solid lipid nanoparticle (E-SLN) was prepared by solvent evaporation method and melt dispersion technique. As a result, E-SLN have a 144-170 nm of particle size, spherical shape, and 33-41% encapsulation efficiency, After release test in vitro, release profile of E-SLN depended on pH and temperature. Lastly, closed patch test and skin-whitening test was peformed clinically. In conclusion, test sample had non-stimulation and high % whiteness. The results suggest that okyong-san and E-SLN is useful as cosmeceuticals for whitening cosmetics.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.123-130
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• 2013

Whole cotton seed (WCS) has become one of the major feed ingredients in TMR for dairy cattle in Korea, and WCS for feed use is mostly imported from abroad. Since this genetically modified oil seed is usually fed to the animal in raw state, its germination ability, if last long, often causes concerns about ecological disturbances. In the process of looking for effective conditions to remove germination ability of WCS this study had the objectives to evaluate the nutritional effects of gamma irradiation at doses of 8, 10 and 12 kGy on changes in nutrient contents, anti-nutritional factors, in vitro digestibility and ruminal degradability. No significant differences were found in proximate analysis of nutrients between raw WCS and gamma irradiated one. Glycine and threonine contents significantly increased when the WCS was exposed to gamma ray as compared to untreated WCS (p<0.05). As for fatty acid composition, no significant differences were observed with the irradiation treatment. Free gossypol in WCS was decreased (p<0.05) by gamma irradiation treatment. Of the 3 different levels of gamma irradiation, a dose of 12 kGy was found to be the most effective in reducing free gossypol concentration. Results obtained from in situ experiment indicated that gamma irradiation at a dose of 10 kGy significantly (p<0.05) lowered rumen degradability of both dry matter and crude protein as compared with raw WCS. However, there were no significant differences in rapidly degradable and potentially degradable fractions of crude protein due to 10 kGy gamma irradiation. Overall, this study show that gamma irradiation at a dose of 10 kGy is the optimum condition for removing germination ability of WCS, and could improve nutritive value for the ruminant with respect to the decrease in both ruminal protein degradability and gossypol content of WCS.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.107-119
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• 2003

In order to study the preventive effects of hyperlipidemia depending on endogenous and exogenous methods of induction, after observing what happens when Nokyongdaebotang, a strengthening up treatment is orally administrated into the ways that cause hyperlipidemia either by the exogenous hyperlipidemia condition model method, which is the way where you orally administrate the cholesterol that was dissolved in olive oil, or the endogenous hyperlipidemia model method, where it uses the injecting the Triton WR-1339 vein method, or to the already inducted white rats, the following conclusions could be drawn. 1. The endogenous induction method, cholesterol diet, helps preventing Total Cholesterol, TG, and LDL-Cholesterol, Free Fatty Acid, Phospholipid's augmentation within the blood in the white rats that is being induced or just inducted with hyperlipidemia 2. The exogenous induction method, Triton WR injection, helps preventing Total Cholesterol, TG, and LDL-Cholesterol, Free Fatty Acid, Phospholipid's augmentation within the blood in the white rats that is being induced or just inducted with hyperlipidemia 3. The HDL-Cholesterol did not increase in regard. This is considered to be because when the geological features the HDL-Cholesterol increases proportionally. In deference to the above results, Nokyongdaebotang, which strengthens the vitality, showed that it helps prevent white rats that is being induced or just inducted with hyperlipidemia no matter whether it is endogenous or exogenous.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.520-525
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• 2014

In this paper, the effect of silane-treated silicas and epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO) addition on adhesion properties of silicas-filled epoxy adhesives was examined. The silicas were treated by ${\gamma}$-methacryloxy propyltrimethoxy silane (MPS), ${\gamma}$-glycidoxy propyl trimethoxy silane (GPS), and ${\gamma}$-mercapto propyl trimethoxy silane (MCPS). Surface and structural properties of the adhesives were determined by using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The t-peel strength of the adhesives was estimated using the universal testing machine (UTM). And, the equilibrium spreading pressure, surface free energy, and specific surface area were investigated by BET methods with $N_2$/77 K adsorption. As a result, the peel strength of the adhesives was increased in the presence of silane-treated silicas in the adhesives compared to that of untreated silicas. This result indicated that the silane coupling agent played an important role in improving the dispersion of silicas in epoxy adhesives. And, the adhesives treated by MCPS were superior to the others in adhesion.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2010.11a
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• pp.106.2-106.2
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• 2010

동식물성 기름과 메탄올의 전이에스테르화 반응에 의해 생산되는 바이오디젤은 환경친화성과 지속가능성이 인정됨에 따라 그 생산량이 급격히 증가하고 있어 대두유, 유채유, 팜유 등의 원료유 부족과 가격 상승, 수급 불안정 등의 문제가 대두되고 있다. 이를 해결하기 위한 방안으로 유리지방산 함량이 높은 저가유지 자원(폐식용유, 폐돈지, 폐우지, soapstock, trapped grease)과 새로운 오일 작물을 이용한 생산 기술 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 비활용 해외 열대작물 씨앗에서 착유한 식물성 오일을 정제하여 바이오디젤 원료유를 생산하는 과정에서 발생하는 폐기물(폐유, 폐수)의 경제적 처리 방안으로 유화유 제조 원료(벙커C유, 물)와 유화유 제조 첨가제(무기계, 유기계)로 활용 가능성을 검토하였다. 열대작물 오일의 물성 분석 결과 고형물, 수분, 인지질(phospholipid), 유리지방산(free fatty acid) 함량이 기존 원료유보다 매우 높게 나타났다. 인지질은 바이오디젤 제조 반응후 에스테르와 글리세린의 층분리를 방해하고 유리지방산은 염기촉매와 결합하여 지방산염을 생성해 생산 수율을 감소시킨다. 고형물과 수분 역시 촉매반응에 악영향을 가지나 여과와 감압증발에 의해 쉽게 제거가 가능하다. 유리지방산은 산촉매 에스테르화 반응에 의해 제거가 가능하다. 인지질은 탈검(degumming) 과정을 통해 제거하며 탈검은 수용성 탈검, 산 탈검, 세정 공정으로 구성된다. 착유한 원료유의 고형물을 제거 후 물과 수세하여 수용성 인지질을 수화하여 층 분리해 제거하고 상층의 오일은 추가적인 산 탈검을 수행한다. 그 뒤 세정을 통해 사용된 탈검제인 산과 추가적으로 수화된 인지질을 제거하게 된다. 이러한 3단계의 탈검 과정에서 하층으로 오일과 물이 폐기물로서 배출되며 본 연구에서는 배출 폐기물을 다시 층분리하여 오일층과 물 층으로 구분하여 유화유 제조에 사용되는 벙커C유, 물, 그리고 기존 유기계 및 무기계 유화제의 대체 가능성을 조사하였다. 유화 연료유는 기름과 물을 균일한 분산상으로 혼합한 연료유로 연소시 오일계 성분의 미연분을 감소시켜 연료 효율 제고와 배출가스 성상을 개선하기 위해 개발되어 왔다. 본 발표에서는 다양한 종류의 상용 첨가제 및 바이오디젤 원료유 생산 폐기물을 활용해 유화 연료유를 제조하였으며 각 유화유의 장시간의 상(phase) 안정성을 비교하였다. 바이오 폐기물 중에는 천연 계면활성제(surfactant)인 인지질이 다량 함유되어 있어 기존의 무기계 및 유기계 유화제보다 상 안정성이 우수하게 나타났으며 바이오디젤 원료유 생산 공정의 폐기물인 폐유과 폐수의 활용이 가능한 것으로 나타났다.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.194-199
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• 1999

Sesame samples used in this study were Korean variety cultivated in Chochiwon City of Korea (KvKc), Chinese variety cultivated in Jilin Province of China(CvCc), Chinese variety cultivated in Chochiwon city of Korea(CvKc) and Korean variety cultivated in Jilin Province of China(KvCc). The extraction yields of sesame oils from KvKc, CvCc, CvKc and KvCc were 47.8%, 48.1%, 48.6% and 49.3% respectively. The color value (L value) of sesame oil from KvKc was lower than that of CvCc and KvKc sesame oil showed dark brown color. The composition of neutral lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid of free lipids from KvKc and U sesame oils were 93.1%, 6.6%, 0.2% and 94.7%, 4.6%, 0.8% respectively. Major fatty acids of KvKc and CvCc sesame were usaturated fatty acids, such as oleic and linoleic acid. Total composition of the two major fatty acids of KvKc was 84.6% which was almost same with that of CvCc. However the composition of oleic and linoleic acid of KvKc were 47.1% and 37.5%, while the composition of CvCc were 40.5% and 44.3%. When cross-cultivated, the composition of oleic and linoleic acid of CvKc were 41.0% and 43.5%, while the composition of KvCc were 42.0% and 43.7%. The contents of total amino acids and essential amino acids of KvKc were 713 mg% and 309 mg%, which were much higher than those of CvCc. When cross-cultivated, the content of total amino acids of KvCc was 44% lower than that of KvKc while the content of total amino acids of CvKc was 36% higher than that of CvCc.