• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.41-46
• /
• 2004

There is currently much interest in the development of instruments that emulate the senses of humans. Increasingly, there is demand for mimicking the human sense of smell, which is a sophisticated chemosensory system. An electronic nose system is applicable to a large area of industries including environmental monitoring. We have designed a protable electronic nose system using an array of commercial chemical gas sensors for recognizing and analyzing the various odours. In this paper, we have implemented a portable electronic nose system using an array of gas sensors for recognizing and analyzing VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds) in the field. The accuracy of a portable electronic nose system may be lower than an instrument such as GC/MS (Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometer). However, a portable electronic nose system could be used on the field and showed fast response to pollutants in the field. Several different algorithms for odours recognition were used such as BP (Back-Propagation) or LM-BP (Levenberq-Marquardt Back-Propagation). We applied RBF (Radial Basis Function) Network for recognition and quantifying of odours, which has simpler and faster compared to the previously used algorithms such as BP and LM-BP.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2000.10a
• /
• pp.405-405
• /
• 2000

We designed the artificial olfactory sensing system (Electronic Nose) using MOS type sensor array fur recognizing and analyzing odour. The response of individual sensors of sensor array, each processing a slightly different response towards the sample volatiles, can provide enough information to discriminate between sample odours. In this paper, we applied clustering algorithm for dimension reduction, such as linear projection mapping (PCA method), nonlinear mapping (Sammon mapping method) and the combination of PCA and Sammon mapping having a better discriminating ability. The odours used are VOC (Volatile chemical compound) and Toxic gases.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.12 no.4
• /
• pp.633-641
• /
• 1999

Reaction by neighbours to odours is increasingly affecting operations of existing animal farming operations and may adversely constrain the further development of the animal production industry in some parts of Australia. It is critical that the scale of such odour impact on the rural-urban interface be estimated to provide useful information both for environmental protection and animal farming operations. Furthermore, the information can be used to modify odour reduction strategies as economic conditions change. The Centre for Water and Waste Technology at The University of New South Wales has developed a comprehensive set of odour control techniques in the course of its research and development effort over the past eight years. Techniques have been developed for odour sampling at point, area and volume sources, monitoring environmental parameters such as ventilation rate, shed temperature, shed humidity, litter water content and ambient meteorological condition, olfactometry and odour dispersion modelling. The work has paved the way for the establishment of odour reduction strategies based on best environmental management practice and advanced odour abatement technologies.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.31 no.11
• /
• pp.1833-1839
• /
• 2018

Objective: Incorporating high fibre ingredients into pig diets has the potential to reduce odour emissions from of pigs. The current study was carried out to determine effect of diets containing 0, 80 and 160 g/kg of each of lucerne hay, maize cobs and sunflower husks on the chemical characteristics and odours from pig slurries. Methods: Twenty eight pigs averaging $18{\pm}2.0kg$ were kept in individual cages, over four weeks. All pigs were fed ad libitum. Faeces and urine were collected, mixed in a 1:2.3 ratio (w/w), stored and fermented for 16 days in a temperature controlled room at $22^{\circ}C{\pm}2.3^{\circ}C$. The slurry was sampled twice (on day 1 and on day 16) of the fermentation period and analysed for pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrogen and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) concentration, on wet basis. All samples were tested for odour offensiveness using 18 panelists. A scale of 1 to 5 was used to rank the odour severity, (1 = not offensive, 5 = extremely offensive). Results: Slurry pH and COD varied with fibre source (p<0.05). On day 16, COD for lucerne hay, sunflower husk and maize cobs were 369, 512, and 425 (standard error of the mean = 34.2) mg of oxygen per litre. Total SCFA concentration was higher at day 16 than day 1 (p<0.05). Odour offensiveness varied with fibre source across both incubation periods (p<0.05). Sunflower husks and lucerne hay-based diets were rated as less offensive (mean rank = 2.2) than maize cob diets (mean rank of 4.3) (p<0.05). Conclusion: It was concluded that different fibre sources and incubation period influence chemical composition and odour of the slurry. There is, thereby, a need to incorporate locally available fibrous feeds in the diet of pigs because they have an economical and environmental relevance to pig management.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.53-63
• /
• 2006

Nano and micro capsulation (NM capsulation) involve the incorporation for nanofood materials, enzymes, cells or other materials in small capsules. Since Kim D. M. (2001) showed that a new type of food called firstly the name of nanofood, which means nanotechnology for food, and the encapsulated materials can be protected from moisture, heat or other extreme conditions, thus enhancing their stability and maintaining viability applications for this nanofood technique have increased in the food. NM capsules for nanofood is also utilized to mask odours or tastes. Various techniques are employed to form the capsules, including spray drying, spray chilling or spray cooling, extrusion coating, fluidized bed coating, liposome entrapment, coacervation, inclusion complexation, centrifugal extrusion and rotational suspension separation. Each of these techniques is discussed in this review. A wide variety of nanofood is NM capsulated - flavouring agents, acids, bases, artificial sweeteners, colourants, preservatives, leavening agents, antioxidants, agents with undesirable flavours, odours and nutrients, among others. The use of NM capsulation for sweeteners such as aspartame and flavors in chewing gum is well known. Fats, starches, dextrins, alginates, protein and lipid materials can be employed as encapsulating materials. Various methods exist to release the ingredients from the capsules. Release can be site-specific, stage-specific or signaled by changes in pH, temperature, irradiation or osmotic shock. NM capsulation for the nanofood, the most common method is by solvent-activated release. The addition of water to dry beverages or cake mixes is an example. Liposomes have been applied in cheese-making, and its use in the preparation of nanofood emulsions such as spreads, margarine and mayonnaise is a developing area. Most recent developments include the NM capsulation for nanofood in the areas of controlled release, carrier materials, preparation methods and sweetener immobilization. New markets are being developed and current research is underway to reduce the high production costs and lack of food-grade materials.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
• /
• 2004.11c
• /
• pp.39-42
• /
• 2004

We have designed a portable electronic nose(e-nose) system using an array of commercial gas sensors for recognition and analyzing the various odours. In this paper, we have implemented a portable e-nose system using an array gas sensors and personal digital assistants(PDA) for recognizing and analyzing volatile organic compounds(VOCs) in the field. Field screening for pollutants has been a target of instrumental development for number of year. A portable e-nose system can be substantial benefit to rapidly localize the spacial extent of a pollution or to find pollutants source. And, by using PDA, E-nose have a better function such as the easy user-interface and data transfer by internet from on- site to remote computer. We adapted the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm based on the back-propagation and proposed the method that could be predicted concentration levels of VOCs gases after classification by separating neural network into two parts.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.205-214
• /
• 1989

The sensing of odour compounds in gas phase is an attractive target in recent sensor technology. Based on the finding that a plant leaf can respond to various gas molecules by changing its potential, biosensing system using a plant leaf has been investigated for the detection of odour compounds. A leaf of some plant species responded to odour compounds directly by changing its potential $5{\sim}10\;mV$. That the leaf was actually sensing an odour was much more remarkably detected from the difference between the response profile to pure $CO_2$ gas and that to $CO_2$ gas containing odour compounds. Then the quantitative study (ppb level) is now being performed on the response of a tobacco leaf to benzyl acetate; a component of jasminelike odours. The concept of biosensing and its significance are also described from the viewpoint of sensor technology.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2001.10a
• /
• pp.137.2-137
• /
• 2001

We have been developed an intelligent mobile robot with an artificial olfactory function to recognize odours and to track odour source location. This mobile robot also has been installed an engine for speech recognition and synthesis, and is controlled by wireless communication. An artificial olfactory system based on array of 7 gas sensors has been installed in the mobile robot for odour recognition, and 11 gas sensors also are located in the bottom of robot to track odour sources. 3 optical sensors are also included in the intelligent mobile robot, which is driven by 2 D.C. motors, for clash avoidance in a way of direction toward an odour source. Throughout the experimental trails, it is confirmed that the intelligent mobile robot is capable of not only the odour recognition using artificial neural network algorithm, but also the tracking odour source using the step-by-step approach method ...

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2000.10a
• /
• pp.210-210
• /
• 2000

In this paper, we have investigated the properties of multi-layer perceptron (MLP) for odour patterns classification and concentration estimation simultaneously. When the MLP may be has a fast convergence speed with small error and excellent mapping ability for classification, it can be possible to use for classification and concentration prediction of volatile chemicals simultaneously. However, the conventional MLP, which is back-Propagation of error based on the steepest descent method, was difficult to use for odour classification and concentration estimation simultaneously, because it is slow to converge and may fall into the local minimum. We adapted the Levenberg-Marquardt(LM) algorithm [4,5] having advantages both the steepest descent method and Gauss-Newton method instead of the conventional steepest descent method for the simultaneous classification and concentration estimation of odours. And, We designed the artificial odour sensing system(Electronic Nose) and applied LM-BP algorithm for classification and concentration prediction of VOC gases.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
• /
• 1996.07b
• /
• pp.1042-1044
• /
• 1996

The use of fuzzy theory in task of pattern recognition may be applicable gases and odours classification and recognition. This paper reports results obtained from fuzzy c-means algorithms to patterns generated by odour sensing system using an array of conducting polymer sensors, for volatile chemicals. For the volatile chemicals clustering problem, the three unsupervise fuzzy c-means algorithms were applied. From among the pattern clustering methods, the FCMAW algorithm, which updated the cluster centres more frequently, consistently outperformed. It has been confirmed as an outstanding clustering algorithm throughout experimental trials.