• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.306-312
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• 2000

Background : Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are well known environmental pollutants. The measurement of PAH in ambient air is not commonly used, because it is quite difficult to perform and is unreliable. Using biomarkers of PAH can be an alternative approach to this problem. The PAH in ambient air is absorbed in particulate matter. Total suspended particulate(TSP) or particulate matter of less than $10{\mu}m$ in diameter (PM10) can be easily measured. Therefore, TSP or PM10 can be used as a surrogate measurements of ambient air PAH. Objectives : We investigated whether the urinary concentration of two biomarkers of PAH, 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) and 2-naphthol, could reflect the total suspended particulate in the general population. Methods : In order to exclude the effects of occupational exposure and smoking, first grade middle school students were included in this study. Four middle schools within a one kilometer boundary of ambient air monitoring stations were selected. Total suspended particulate was regarded as the marker of airborne PAH. Diet and smoking data were collected by self administered questionnaires, and spot urine samples were collected. Urinary 1-OHP and 2-naphthol were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. Results : The correlation between urinary 1-OHP, 2-naphthol and passive smoking was not statistically significant. The correlation between urinary 1-OHP and TSP indices was not statistically significant. The correlations between urinary 2-naphthol and TSP of two lag days, one lag day, and zero lag days were statistically significant. The statistical significance of two lag days was the strongest (p=0.001), one lag day was the next (p=0.0275), and zero lag days was the weakest (p=0.0349). Conclusion : Our results imply that the urinary concentration of 2-naphthol can be applied as a PAH exposure marker for the general population with low PAH exposure.

• 한국환경성돌연변이발암원학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.303-311
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• 2002

This study evaluated the concentrations of urinary metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in industrial waste incineration workers. The effect of genetic polymorphisms of xenobiotic metabolism enzymes on urinary concentration of PAH metabolites was assessed. And, aromatic DNA adduct levels were also determined in total white blood cells. Fifty employees were recruited from a company handling industrial wastes located in Ansan, Korea: non-exposed group (n=21), exposed group (n=29). Sixteen ambient PAHs were determined by GC/MSD (NIOSH method) from personal breathing zone samples of nine subjects near incinerators. Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide (1-OHPG), a major pyrene metabolite, was assayed by synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy after immunoaffinity purification using monoclonal antibody 8E11 (SFS/IAC). Multiplex PCR was used for genotyping for GSTMI/TI and PCR-RFLP for genotyping of CYP1A1 (MspI and Ile/Val). PAH-DNA adducts in peripheral blood WBC were measured by the nuclease P1-enhanced postlabeling assay. Smoking habit, demographic and occupational information were collected by self-administered questionnaire. The range of total ambient PAH levels were 0.00-7.00 mg/㎥ (mean 3.31). Urinary 1-OHPG levels were significantly higher in workers handling industrial wastes than in those with presumed lower exposure to PAHs (p=0.006, by Kruskal-Wallis test). There was a statistically significant dose-response increase in 1-OHPG levels with the number of cigarettes consumed per day (Pearson correlation coefficient=0.686, p<0.001). Urinary 1-OHPG levels in occupationally exposed smoking workers were highest compared with non-occupationally exposed smokers (p=0.053, by Kruskal-Wallis test). Smoking and GSTMI genotype were significant predictors for log-transformed 1-OHPG by multiple regression analysis (overall model R²=0.565, p<0.001), whereas smoking was the only significant predictor for log-transformed aromatic DNA adducts (overall model R²=0.249, p=0.201). Aromatic DNA adducts was also a significantly correlation between log transferred urinary 1-OHPG levels (pearson's correlation coefficient=0.307, p=0.04). However, the partial correlation coefficient adjusting for Age, Sex, and cigarette consumption was not significant (r=0.154, p=0.169). The significant association exists only in individuals with the GSTMI null genotype (pearsons correlation coefficient=0.516, p=0.010; partial correlation coefficient adjusting for age, sex, and cigarette consumption, r=0.363, p=0.038). Our results suggest that the significant increase in urinary 1-OHPG in the exposed workers is due to higher prevalence of smokers among them, and that the association between urinary PAH metabolites and aromatic DNA adducts in workers of industrial waste handling may be modulated by GSTMI genotype. There results remain to be confirmed in future larger studies.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제20권11호
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• pp.510-519
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• 2019

공동주택 설계 및 시공단계에서 다양한 하자를 사전에 예방하기 위하여 다양한 방안이 모색됨에도 불구하고, 완공 이후 다양한 하자들이 지속적으로 발생하고 있다. 이러한 공동주택 하자를 최소화하기 위해서는 하자 위험에 대한 패턴을 확인할 필요가 있다. 이러한 관점에서 본 연구에서는 공동주택 공종/하자보수보증기간/하자위치/하자유형을 고려한 하자분류체계를 설정하고, 세부적인 하자위험을 분석하였다. 이를 위하여 본 논문에서는 공동주택 하자분쟁사례 133건, 약 15,056개의 하자데이터를 토대로 분석을 실시하였다. 주요 분석결과를 살펴보면, 첫째, 공용부의 RC 공사와 관련된 주요 하자는 균열이며, 균열과 연계되어 있는 누수 및 표면불량 등도 하자위험이 높은 것으로 확인되었다. 둘째, 다양한 자재가 활용되고, 복합적인 공종이 이루어지는 마감공사의 특성에 따라 상대적으로 하자위험이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 지하주차장에 대한 방수공사의 경우 오시공이나 미시공과 같이 재시공이 필요한 하자들의 위험도가 상대적으로 높은 것으로 확인되었다. 이를 토대로 본 연구에서는 발생위험이 높은 하자들을 LFHS, LFLS, HFLS 영역으로 구분하여 시공단계, 입주 전단계, 유지관리단계 등에서의 하자대응방안을 모색하였다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.518-527
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• 2016

주택시장은 장소와 시간에 따라 지속적으로 변화하고 있으며 이러한 주택시장의 변화는 다양한 분야에 걸쳐 파급효과를 미친다. 한편, 지역에서 소비되는 주택의 양은 가격이동의 중심원인으로 작용하기도 한다. 또한, 주택시장의 변동 원인은 주택 수요자의 특성에 따라 분리될 수 있으며, 그 소비자의 개별적인 특성은 지역에 따라 다르게 나타난다. 이에 따라 주택시장의 지역적 인과성에 관한 연구가 진행되고 있다. 하지만 기존 문헌의 경우, 국내 주택매매시장 중심으로 연구가 진행됨에 따라 주택전세시장까지 고려하는데 한계를 가지고 있었다. 이에 본 논문에서는 서울 강남, 강북지역 및 경기지역의 주택시장 지역적 인과성을 매매시장과 전세시장으로 세분화하여 벡터오차수정모형을 통해 실증분석하였다. 이를 위해 본 논문에서는 서울시 강남, 강북 및 경기지역의 주택매매와 주택전세가격을 분석변수로 정의하였으며, 시계열 자료는 2003년 6월부터 2015년 11월까지의 월별 자료이다. 분석 결과 주택매매시장의 경우 강남지역 주택가격 변동이 주변지역 주택가격 변동에 주요한 영향력을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 주택전세시장의 경우도 마찬가지로, 강남지역 주택전세가격이 주변 지역 전세가격에 매우 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제10권12호
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• pp.3931-3942
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• 2009

본 연구의 목적은 현장에서 근무하는 119 구급대원들을 대상으로 DNR(Do not resuscitate)과 관련된 이들의 윤리문제 인식 및 태도를 알아봄으로써, DNR 대상 환자 처치에 도움이 되는 객관적인 기틀을 마련하기 위해 시도된 서술적 조사연구이다. 연구대상은 전라북도 소방서에서 근무하는 구급대원 219명을 대상으로 하였다. 자료수집 기간은 2009년 5월 6일부터 6월 20일까지였으며, 자료수집 방법은 구조화된 질문지를 이용하였다. 자료 분석 방법은 SPSS 12.O program을 이용하여 빈도, 백분율, $x^2$-test, 교차분석이다. 연구 결과 대상자의 성별, 연령, 종교, 결혼상태, 임상근무경력, 현재 근무지 경력, 현재직위, 윤리 및 가치관에 관한 교육경험, DNR 교육 받은 곳, DNR 실행경험, DNR 상담요청에 따라 윤리적 태도간에 유의한 차이가 있었다. 따라서 본 연구 결과를 바탕으로 DNR에 관한 대책을 마련하기 위하여 더 많은 후속 연구가 필요하다고 사료된다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.678-689
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• 1995

Chromium is one of the representative toxic substance by occupational exposure which damage the mucosa of respiratory tract including nasal septal perforation. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of chromium exposure on olfactory function and to obtain the fundamental information about chromium exposure. The authors performed olfactory function test, laboratory tests and questionnaire interview on the subject of three groups, that is, two exposed groups and one nonexposed group from May 1 to June 30, 1994. Exposed group 1 was 15 male workers without nasal septal perforation, exposed group 2 was 15 male workers with nasal septal perforation among 103 workers in 22 chromium plating factories, and nonexposed group was 15 male medical students. The gathered informations were histories of chromium exposure, habits of smoking and alcohol drinking, the concentrations of chromium in serum and urine, and asparate aminotransferase(AST), alanine aminotransferase(ALT), gamma-glutamyl transferase, etc. Olfactory function was checked by T and T olfectometer using phenyl ethyl alcohol(material A), methyl cyclopentenolone(material B), iso-valeric acid(material C), $\gamma$-undecalactone(material D), skatole(material E) and the results were expressed by detection threshold(DT) and recognition threshold(RT). There was a significant difference between exposed groups and nonexposed group in A, B, C, D, E substances by DT and in A, B, C, D substances by RT(P<0.01). The degree of olfactory dysfunction was highest in the exposed group 2 and lowest in the nonexposed group in all five substances by DT and it was same in A B, D substances RT and the difference of RT and DT. As summary, olfactory dysfunction by chromium exposure was recognized and the degree of olfactory dysfunction was higher in the exposed group with nasal septal perforation. Therefore, it would be helpful to apply olfactory function test for the early detection of olfactory dysfunction, and this test would be considered as the basic tool within workers' compensation system.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.122-129
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• 2014

Objectives: Because of its properties such as resistance to heat, chemicals and corrosion; tensile strength; sound absorption; and affordable price, asbestos has been widely used as a building material, fire resistant and retardant, thermal and heat insulator, soundproofing material, and electrical insulation. Since the prolonged inhalation of asbestos can cause serious illnesses such as lung cancer, mesothelioma, and asbestosis after an incubation period of 20 to 40 years, the mineral was classified as a Group 1 carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, an intergovernmental agency forming part of the World Health Organization. Children and infants are more at risk than are adults if they are exposed to carcinogens, due to aweaker immunity that has not yet been fully developed. Most childcare centers are operated all day and children tend to spend a great amount of time in the centers. This is why it is important for them to be systematically isolated from environments that may expose them to asbestos. Materials: In order to understand both indoor and outdoor hazards to which children may have been exposed, the study focused on actual surveys of asbestos used in childcare centers, paying special attention to slate-roofed buildings in the vicinity of the centers. Results: A survey of a total of 211 childcare centers showed that the buildings of 18.1% of the centers contained asbestos, with 60.53% of the material being found in classroom ceilings. "Tex" was the most used material for ceilings, making up 89.47% of all ceilings. An outdoor survey showed that childcare centers in Daegu Metropolitan City had an average of 143 slate-roof buildings within a distance of 1km. Conclusions: Buildings housing mainly toddlers, children, teenagers and others more vulnerable to the toxicity of asbestos are not subject to asbestos investigation by law. A legal and practical basis for asbestos control is required for such buildings. In particular, housing materials which contain asbestos in day care centers require asbestos control. GIS should be used to identify the location of buildings with slate roofing materials in the vicinity of daycare centers in order to gauge toxicity of exposure to asbestos caused by potential asbestos friability possibility in outdoor conditions.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.109-114
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• 2015

Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens)와 Mycobacterium fortuitum (M. fortuitum)은 동물과 사람에서 심각한 질병과 관련이 있는 세균들로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는, povidone-iodine을 주성분으로 하는 소독제의 살균효과를 C. perfringes와 M. fortuitum을 대상으로 평가하였다. 소독제의 살균효과는 배지희석법을 이용하여, 대상 세균들을 $4^{\circ}C$에서 소독제에 30분 동안 노출시킨 다음, 가장 낮은 소독제의 살균 희석배수를 결정하였다. 소독제는 경수와 유기물로 희석하였으며, 경수 조건에서, C. perfringes와 M. fortuitum에 대해 효과적인 소독제 희석배수는 각각 50과 80배이었다. 유기물 조건에서는, C. perfringes와 M. fortuitum에 대해 효과적인 소독제 희석배수는 모두 15배로 나타났다. 이상의 결과로 부터, povidone-iodine을 주성분으로 하는 소독제는 C. perfringes와 M. fortuitum에 대해 살균효과를 갖는 것으로 확인되었으며, C. perfringes와 M. fortuitum에 의한 질병의 확산을 방지하기 위해 사용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국안광학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.129-133
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• 1999

굴절이상인 근시안의 종류별 분포는 전체 대상자 100명 중 단순근시 50%, 근시성 복난시 16%, 근시성 단난시 15%, 혼합난시 19%의 순으로 나타났다. 양안 굴절이상인 근시의 분포는 -0.50~-2.00Dptr가 전체 대상자중 35%, -2.00~-6.00Dptr가 54%, -6.00Dptr이상이 11%로 나타났다. 연령별 근시성 굴절이상의 분포는 15세~20세가 54%, 21세~40세가 22%, 41~60세다. 16%, 61 세 이상이 10%였다. 근시성 굴절이상도의 직업분포는 학생(중, 고, 대학)이 61.5%, 사무직 13.5%, 주부 및 상업이 15%로 분포되어 나타났다. 하루중 굴절이상에 영향을 많이 미치는 시각때는 저녁인 오후 7시 이후가 45%로 가장 높게 나타났다. 그 이유는 오전에는 각막이 평평해져서 근시도가 줄어들고 오후에는 그 반대가 되어 Sph -0.50D의 차이가 나기 때문이며, 어두워질수록 동공이 확대되면서 각막이 주변부에서 굴절되는 빛의 굴절도가 큰 것이 이유가 된다. 계절별로는 땀의 배출로 인한 인체에서의 영양섭취와 배출의 부족함으로 인한 여름이 근시도수를 증가시켜 68%로 나타났다. 혈액형 별로는 A형과 B형이 34%로 비슷하게 분포되었으며, 남성은 활동적인 O형이 여성에 비해 근시도수가 높게 측정되었다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제16권8호
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• pp.1201-1209
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to isolate probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) that produce bile salt hydrolase (BSH), and to evaluate its effects on serum cholesterol level. One-hundred-twenty bacterial colonies were initially isolated from human feces, and five strains were selected after screening based on their resistance to acids, tolerance against bile salts, and inhibitory activity on Escherichia coli. The Lactobacillus plantarum strain with the highest level of BSH activity was identified using 16S rRNA sequences, and was named L. plantarum CK 102. L. plantarum CK 102 at a level of 1.36$\times$10$^8$cfu/ml survived in pH 2 buffer for 6 h and exhibited excellent tolerance for bile salt. Coculturing the strain with E. coli in MRS broth resulted in strong inhibition against growth of E. coli at 18 h. Furthermore, the potential effect of CK 102 on serum cholesterol level was evaluated in rats. Thirty-two rats [Sprague-Dawley (SD) male, 129$\pm$l g, 5 weeks old] were divided into four groups of eight each. For six weeks, Group 1 was fed a normal diet (negative control); Group 2 was fed a cholesterol-enriched diet (positive control); Group 3 was fed a cholesterol-enriched diet plus L. plantarum CK 102 at 1.0$\times$10$^7$cfu/ml; and Group 4 was fed a cholesterol-enriched diet plus L. plantarum CK 102 at 5.0$\times$10$^7$cfu/ml. Blood samples were collected, serum lipids were analyzed, and weights of the organs were measured. Total blood cholesterol level, triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol, and free-cholesterol values were lower in rats that were fed 1. plantarum CK 102 than in those not fed L. plantarum CK 102. This cholesterol lowering effect implies that L. plantarum CK 102 could be utilized as an additive for health-assistance foods. In conclusion, these results suggest that the 1. plantarum CK 102 isolated could be used commercially as a probiotic.