• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.35
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• pp.125-144
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• 2007

The objective of this study is to find out whether Korean companies which are doing a lot of commercial transactions with Indian companies can consider appointing ICA as a trustworthy institution and using ICA arbitration rules as a governing arbitration rule, when a dispute between Korean companies and Indian companies occurs. Up to now, in the case of dispute with Indian companies, Korean companies are hesitant to utilize ICA as well as ICA arbitration rules as a alternative dispute resolution, owing to lack of understanding on its rules. But, it is obvious that Korean companies which come to have better knowledge on ICA and its rules may consider more positively using ICA as well as ICA arbitration rules as a dispute resolution rather than using other arbitration institutions like ICC and KCAB etc. in the case of disputes with Indian companies because ICA arbitration rules are very objective and similar to other arbitration rules like ICC rules as well as KCAB(Korean Commercial Arbitration Board) international arbitration rules which are frequently being used by Korean companies and also have other several advantages like cheaper cost of arbitration and fast track arbitration procedures. In conclusion, ICA and its rules can also be recommended as a public-trustworthy arbitration option if Korean companies want to resolve some dispute cases with Indian companies.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.91-105
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• 2008

Nowadays, circulation industry is taking charge of important role in improvement of competitive power on the manufacturing industry and public welfare increase of consumer, price stabilization, employment creation and so on. A lot of research have been progressing for formation of total circulation complex, but decision making for selection of location on some facility is only calculated the optimum value when correct data values are inserted. However, a lot of decision making is accomplished in situation that have little knowledge of objective and constraints and as real world is also evaluated inclusive of analyst's subjectivity about variable, indefinite and fuzzy part, so it is decreasing a reliability on evaluation result and complicating objective evaluation on various effect and negative impact. Accordingly, from under like this situation, this study is to develop location decision model of circulation complex using fuzzy theory from the intention for the most reasonable decision making in fuzzy situation based on decision making problem on conventional location and size decision that did to be satisfactory constraints necessarily.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.5 no.2 s.18
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• pp.144-152
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• 2004

Defining value as a measure of how well the project value objectives are met, Value Management Process (VMP) is considered to be any management effort or process that can proactively pursue one or more project objectives (i.e., security/safety, cost effectiveness, schedule optimization, and risk containment). The collection of 44 VMPs has been established based on a rigorous effort conducted by Construction Industry Institute (CII). Because varying circumstances on each project determine the level of suitability, it is crucial to identify which VMP should be implemented on a particular project. The current VMP selection process is primarily based on human intuition. The main objective of this paper is to provide a systematic method to facilitate the usage of VMPs on a particular project. This paper identified and quantified the selection principles (i.e., targeted value objectives, timing of initiation, project characteristics, and relative impact). The data collected from industry practitioners and VMP experts characterized each VMP in terms of the magnitude of benefit. An automated selection tool by Visual Basic Application (VBA) on MS Excel TM, was developed and proved its validity. As a pioneering study, this paper provides a comprehensive and structured knowledge on the subject of VMPs. From the industry's perspective, the automated selection tool, the premier of this study, contributes the facilitation of the VMP implementations in the construction industry thereby maximizing the potential benefits to a particular project.

• Journal of Science Education
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.259-272
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• 2020

This study aims at investigating the effects of collective promotion on the attainment of literacy, numeracy, and essential life skills by primary school pupils and also to find out if the policy of collective promotion meets its objective of minimization of wastage in basic education. The study used written tests for pupils in the final class (Level II, class 6) to collect data in some selected English-speaking primary schools in Meme Division of Cameroon. Descriptive statistics and a one way ANOVA were used for analyzing data. The results revealed that the policy of collective promotion negatively affects the attainment of literacy, numeracy, and essential life skills of pupils in Kumba, Meme Division. Teachers who assisted in the study through personal communication with the researcher argued that collective promotion in basic education does not achieve its objective of minimizing wastage of educational resources; neither does it positively improve the literacy, numeracy, and essential life skills of pupils. This study recommends that the policy of collective promotion can be revisited and that focus be placed not only on minimizing wastage of resources but also on investing on quality education system so as to equip the would-be leaders of tomorrow with skills, knowledge, and attitudes which will make them functional and responsible citizens in their society.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.293-308
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• 2015

Palm oil mill effluent (POME) was produced in huge amounts in Malaysia, and if it discharged into the environment, it causes a serious problem regarding its high content of nutrients and high levels of COD and BOD concentrations. This study was devoted on POME treatment and purification using an integrated process consisting of microalgae treatment followed by membrane filtration. The main objective was to find the optimum conditions as retention time and pH in the biological treatment of POME. Since after the optimum conditions there is a diverse effect of time and the process become costly. According to our knowledge, there is no existing study optimized the retention time and percentage removal of nutrients for microalgae treatment of POME wastewater. In order to achieve with optimization, a second order polynomial model regression coefficients and goodness of fit results in removal percentages of ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3-N$), orthophosphorous ($PO_4{^{-3}}$), COD, TSS, and turbidity were estimated. WinQSB technique was used to optimize the objective function of the developed model, and the optimum conditions were found. Also, ultrafiltration membrane is useful for purification of POME samples as verified by experiments.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.260-271
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• 2021

This paper addresses Very large-scale integration (VLSI) placement optimization, which is important because of the rapid development of VLSI design technologies. The goal of this study is to develop a hybrid algorithm for VLSI placement. The proposed algorithm includes a sequential combination of a genetic algorithm and an evolutionary algorithm. It is commonly known that local search algorithms, such as random forest, hill climbing, and variable neighborhoods, can be effectively applied to NP-hard problem-solving. They provide improved solutions, which are obtained after a global search. The scientific novelty of this research is based on the development of systems, principles, and methods for creating a hybrid (combined) placement algorithm. The principal difference in the proposed algorithm is that it obtains a set of alternative solutions in parallel and then selects the best one. Nonstandard genetic operators, based on problem knowledge, are used in the proposed algorithm. An investigational study shows an objective-function improvement of 13%. The time complexity of the hybrid placement algorithm is O(N2).

• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.363-374
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• 2018

The façade is an important, complex, and costly part of a building, performing multiple objectives of value to the occupants, like protecting from wind, rain, sunlight, heat, cold, and sound. But the frequency of façade fires in large buildings is alarming, and has multiplied by seven times worldwide over the last three decades, to a current rate of 4.8 fires per year. High-performing polymer based materials allow for a significant improvement across several objectives of a facade (e.g., thermal insulation, weight, and construction time) thereby increasing the quality of a building. However, all polymers are flammable to some degree. If this safety problem is to be tackled effectively, then it is essential to understand how different materials, and the façade as a whole, perform in the event of a fire. This paper discusses the drivers for flammability in facades, the interaction of facade materials, and current gaps in knowledge. In doing so, it aims to provide an introduction to the field of façade fires, and to show that because of the drive for thermal efficiency and sustainability, façade systems have become more complex over time, and they have also become more flammable. We discuss the importance of quantifying the flammability of different façade systems, but highlight that it is currently impossible to do so, which hinders research progress. We finish by putting forward an integral framework of design that uses multi-objective optimization to ensure that flammability is minimized while considering other objectives, such as maximizing thermal performance or minimizing weight.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.56-63
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• 2021

Laryngopharyngeal reflux disease (LPRD) is an inflammatory condition of the upper aerodigestive tract mucosa induced by reflux content from stomach. Some of vocal cord diseases are associated with laryngopharyngeal reflux. Because of the pathophysiological features, proton pump inhibitor shows therapeutic effect on some vocal cord diseases. As like that, the gastric reflux contents can make macroscopic or microscopic morphological changes in the upper aerodigestive tract mucosa. Although the pathophysiology of LPRD is relatively clear, clinical diagnosis is still difficult. The diagnosis of LPRD includes objective tests such as 24-hours multichannel intraluminal impedance-pH metry and subjective tests such as questionnaire method. However, the objective verification of reflux is difficult due to invasiveness of the method, and the questionnaire methods have limitations because many symptoms are not specific for LPRD. Moreover, most methods are not fully standardized until now. Despite these limitations, many researchers are struggling to standardize diagnosis and treatment of LPRD, and there are several new achievements recently. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to review the recent literature on the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of LPRD, and to systematize our knowledge.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.210-228
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• 2024

Objective: Understanding the orofacial characteristics and growth patterns in children is essential for both orthodontics and research on children with orofacial abnormalities. However, a concise resource of normative data on the size and relative position of these structures in different populations is not available. Our objective was to aggregate normative data to assess the growth of the orofacial skeletal structures in children with a well-balanced face and normal occlusion. Methods: The MEDLINE, Embase, and Scopus databases were searched. Inclusion criteria included longitudinal and cross-sectional studies on cephalometric measurement of skeletal tissues and a study population ≤ 18 years with a well-balanced face and normal occlusion. Key study parameters were extracted, and knowledge was synthesized. A quality appraisal was performed using a 10-point scale. Results: The final selection comprised of 12 longitudinal and 33 cross-sectional studies, the quality of which ranged from good to excellent. Our results showed that from childhood to adulthood, the length of the cranial base increased significantly while the cranial base angle remained constant; both the maxilla and mandible moved forward and downward. The profile becomes straighter with age. Conclusions: Growth patterns in children with a well-balanced face and normal occlusion follow accepted theories of growth.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-18
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• 2001

The purpose of this research was to develop curricula for the department of marine products marketing in fisheries high schools. The specific objectives were as follows; 1) To investigate the demand of students, teachers in fisheries high schools, and workers in marine products marketing for the educational program. 2) To analyze the jobs of the marine products marketing fields. 3) To develop curricula for the department of marine products marketing on the basis of the theoretical background and the result of the objective 1) and 2). In order to achieve these objectives, domestic and foreign literatures, research reports, and theses were referred to in order to know the academic classification of fisheries economics and curricula of junior colleges and universities were collected and analyzed. To achieve the first objective, the degree of the students' knowledge of marine products marketing through fisheries management textbook was investigated. And the questionnaire survey of the demand was conducted on the subject of professors at the departments of fisheries management, teachers in the charge of the related courses and those who work for marine products marketing-related firms. The questionnaire was composed of 22 items about the knowledge of marine products marketing and 27 items about the job capacity. To achieve the second objective, the occupations were surveyed on the subjects of the works who work for marine products marketing. They were sampled randomly among the marine products buyers, wholesalers, auctioneers and salespersons. The results of this research were as follows; Taking grades and credits at each subject were made out on the consultation of the experts in marine products marketing. The curriculum of the professional subjects related to marine products marketing in fisheries high schools is suggested as follows; General Fisheries(10th grade, 6 credits, curricular discretionary class), General Oceanography(10th grade, 4 credits, curricular discretionary class), Fisheries Marine Transportation Information(11th grade, 8-12 credits), Marine Products Marketing(11th grade, 8-12 credits), Fishery Sale and Management(11th grade, 8-12 credits), General Fisheries Management(11th grade, 6-8 credits), Accounting Principle(11th grade, 4-6 credits), Marine Products Processing(12th grade, 4-8 credits), Commercial Law(12th grade, 4-6 credits), Management Practice(12th grade, 4-6 credits), Computer Practical Business(12th grade, 4-6 credits), Marketing(12th grade, 4-8 credits), General Marketing Management(12th grade, 6-8 credits), Marketing Information Practical Business(12th grade, 4-6 credits) Marketing Management I(12th grade, 4-6 credits), Marketing Management II(12th grade, 4-6 credits). If this curriculum is adopted, it will meet the demands of the educational aims and the industrial society.