• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.61-70
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• 2005

To investigate the dietary behavior and food preference by the obesity index, 524 children (male 265, female 259) from 4 elementary schools in Gyeonggi area participated in this study. The overweight group included more boys (52.5%) than girls (47.5%). The overweight group had significantly higher values in height, weight, Obesity index (OI), Body mass index (BMI), and Rohrer index (RI) than the underweight or normal weight groups. The majority (43.4%) of children showed 11-20 minutes of eating time, and boys ate significantly rapidly than girls (p<0.00l). Snack was consumed 2-3 times a day, with the preference principally for ice-cream and cookies. The frequency of eating out was 1-2 times a month, representing 71.4% of subjects, and 73.3% of children preferred Korean style meals, followed by Western, Chinese and Japanese foods. Twigim (frying) was the preferred cooking method for vegetables, fish and meat. The food preference study showed that Ssalbap, Hyunmibap and Boribap were preferred in the rice group. For one-dish foods in the rice group, Jjajangbap, Kimchibokeumbap, Bokeumbap were preferred, with the tendency that boys preferred significantly more Curry rice (p<0.05) and Chickenbap (p<0.01) than girls. The preference for guk, jjigae, and tang group showed that Soegogimiyeokguk, Chamchikimchijjigae were preferred Boys preferred significantly more Samgyetang (p<0.05), Haemultang (p<0.05) and Yukgaejang (p<0.01) than girls, and girls preferred significantly more Kongbijijjigae (p<0.05) than boys. It is considered that organized and continuous nutritional education beginning in childhood, is necessary to for the development and formation of desirable dietary behaviors.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.107-115
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• 2006

Objectives : It has been suggested that obesity in childhood may lead early menarche and rapid bony maturation. The purpose of this study is to investigate correlation between bone maturation and obese degree in childhood in Korea. Methods : Height, body weight, BMI, percent body fat were taken 138 patients. Ultrasonic scan was taken through calcaneous of the right foot to evaluate bone age. $DA({\Delta}age)$ was calculated from the difference of bone age and chronological age, and it was used in correlation with obese degree. Results : 1. The average age of patients was $11.91{\pm}2.86$ years old in boys, $11.44{\pm}2.27$ years old in girls. 2. The average BMI was $20.92{\pm}4.53kg/m2$ in boys, $19.76{\pm}4.05kg/m2in$ girls, and average percent body fat was $25.13{\pm}8.23%$ in boys, $27.66{\pm}5.95%$ in girls. 3. The average OI(osteo index) was 37.88 in boys, 36.64 in girls, and average bone age was $12.00{\pm}2.61$ years old in boys, $11.81{\pm}2.11$ years old in girls. 4. There was significant correlation between $DA({\Delta}age)$ and PBF in boys, but no significant correlation with BMI(p<0.05). 5. There was significant correlation between $DA({\Delta}age)$ and PBF, BMI in girls(p<0.01). 6. There was significant correlation between RA and OI(p<0.01). Conclusion : It is suggested that obese degree may have an impact on early bony maturation especially in case of girls.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.167-179
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• 2009

This study aims at examining perception of body weight control and lifestyles and food habits of under-weight, normal-weight and over-weight female college students. The data analysis were conducted by a body fat analyzer and questionnaires. The subjects were 368 female college students divided into three groups: the under-weight(UW), the normal-weight(NW), and the over-weight(OW), according to the guidelines of the Korean Society for the Study of Obesity(2000). Among the subjects, 18.2% were under-weight, 63.6% normal-weight, and 18.2% over-weight. Mean of body weights were 45.4kg, 53.3kg, and 63.7kg, and BMIs were $17.5kg/m^2$, $20.5kg/m^2$ and $24.6kg/m^2$ in the UW, NW, and OW groups, respectively. 'Self assessment of body weight' was significant at the level of p<0.001 according to the Obesity Index. Of the UW group, 41.8% considered their weight to be normal and 4.5% believed they are over-weight. In the NW group, 43.2% thought they are over-weight, 1.5% believed they are under-weight. 57.1 % of the UW group and 98.6% of the NW group had ever tried to reduce their weight. Their 'exercise frequency and exercise time' were not significant by the 01. 'Regularity in the daily life' of the subjects was significant at the level of p<0.05. 43.3 % of the OW group answered that they don't live regular daily lives. 'Sleeping time' of the subjects was significant at the level of p<0.05 by the 01. 41.8% of the OW group reported that they sleep 'between 7 and 8 hours a day' which was the highest rate among the three groups. 'Frequency of meals per day' was not significant by the OI. 'The speed of eating meals' was significant at p<0.01, 23.9% of the UW group, 31.2% of NW group, and 38.8% of OW group reported that they have meals 'in a very fast speed'. Concludingly, most of female college students conceive themselves as having inappropriate body image, which means that they need to be given additional education about nutrition and diet.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.326-335
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes of food habits and anxiety level of obese children on body weight control program. The body weight control program included nutrition education, psychotherapy and exercise for weekly session during 9 months. The results from this study were as follows. A total of 27 obese children(boys 44.4%, girls 55.6%) participated in this study. The average age of children was 11.7 years, average height and weight were 141.7cm and 48.1kg respectively. $R{\ddot{o}}hrer$ index(RI) of children was significantly decreased from 167 to 163(p<0.001) and BMI was significantly decreased from 24.5 to 23.9 (p<0.01) after body weight control program. This study also found obesity index(OI) was significantly decreased from 133% to 128%(p<0.01) of 18 children after program. There was not significant difference in food habits score but frequency of overeating, and eating frequency of meats were significantly decreased(p<0.05) after body weight control program. Also depression score significantly decreased after body weight control program(p<0.001) and there was significant negative correlation(r=-0.552) between food habits and anxiety level. The factors analysis of anxiety items indicated that children had feelings more calm and sate after program(p<0.05). Therefore continuous and practical nutritional education and psychotherapy to change food habits and anxiety level are necessary to decrease child obesity. These results suggest that body weight control program including nutrition education, exercise and psychotherapy may be effective physiological and psychological body health of obese children.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.323-330
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of the weight control programme through nutrition education on anthropometry, body composition, dietary behavior, and adipocyte-drived protein in obese elementary school children. The subjects were 17 obese children of OI over 120% from the fourth to sixth grades of elementary school. The subjects were given nutrition education for weight control along with physical and behavioral advices once a week, and the program was 12 weeks long. On the completion of 12 week weight control program, significant decreases in waist and hip circumferences were resulted, however, no changes in body mass index (BMI) and obesity index (OI) were found. Hemoglobin was significantly decreased and HDL-cholesterol was significantly increased. Energy intake was decreased significantly along with intakes of Ca, Fe, folic acid, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, and vitamin C. Meal distribution of energy was changed; % energy from snack significantly from 11.9% to 3.3%. Resistin, leptin, and adiponectin level were not changed; Resistin had a negative correlation with vitamin C intake. Leptin had positive correlations with weight and BMI. Adiponectin was negatively correlated with weight and BMI. In conclusion, nutrition education program for weight control for 12 weeks is effective in changing the dietary behavior, serum profile, and anthropometry in obese elementary children, however, no effect was seen in adipocytokine levels.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.8
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• pp.736-744
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• 2007

Leptin, as an adipocyte-derived hormone, is an important regulator of food intake and energy expenditure. In the cross-sectional study, leptin was shown to be positively related to body adiposity and metabolic disorders in adults. However, there were very few studies which reported the leptin as a predictor of weight gain over time. We examined whether serum leptin can be used as an indicator of the present and 1-year past weight status in very young children. First grade students from elementary schools in Gwacheon City were enrolled in the study since 2005. The study subjects(total 375 students; 195 boys and 180 girls) participated in the investigation of both 2005 and 2006. Physical examinations including height, weight, waist circumference were done. To examine the prevalence of obesity, obesity index was used. Serum leptin was measured, and their nutritional status was also evaluated based on 3-Day dietary records. Serum leptin levels were strongly positively related with the value of the present BMI and with the value of the BMI one year before. We found no association with leptin levels and amount of energy intake and macronutrient intake in this children population. Children were divided into three groups according to leptin tertiles. The highest leptin tertile group showed highest prevalence of obesity in year 2006 as well as in year 2005. Serum leptin levels can reflect the weight status now and as well as 1-year before. Possibly serum leptin levels can predict the weight gain of year later. Without an action against the obesity on children with high leptin level, those children would maintain the excess adiposity growth and progress into the obesity-related metabolic disorders. Further studies are needed to predict the obesity as early as possible and preventive system then after.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.79-90
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• 2006

This study was performed to investigate the dietary behaviors and food intake patterns of university students according to the obesity index(OI). The subjects were 349 students(107 males and 242 females) who were assigned to one of the following groups based on the percentage of ideal body weight: underweight(OI< 90%), normal ($90%{\leq}Ol<10%$) and overweight($OI{\geq}110%$). The dietary behaviors and food intake patterns were evaluated by questionnaires and 24 hour recall method. The results were summarized as follows. The rates of underweight, normal, and overweight students were 33.8%, 61.0%, and 5.2% respectively. The ratios of underweight was higher than overweight, especially in case of female. The 60.46% of subjects responded that they had an irregular eating habits, especially in overweight group(72.22%). The 52.44% of subjects showed skipping mealtime more than one time per day. The overweight group had a tendency to overeat themselves than other groups. The normal group had less unbalanced dietary pattern than the other groups(p<0.0019). Most subjects had a snack(96.27%). The percentage of those who drank and smoked were 86.74% and 19.54%, respectively. The smoking value was significantly higher in the overweight group(p<0.0009). The food consumption frequency by food groups was not different among the groups except instant and fast food. More than 50% subjects consumed fish, legumes & its products, and vegetables everyday. There was significantly less rate of the instant and fast food consumption frequency in the normal group(p<0.0177). The 3/4 subjects that showed the lower consumed level in RDA(< 75%) were under-nutritional state in the Fe and Ca. In case of Ca, there was a higher NAR value in the overweight group(p<0.0257) significantly, and Fe, protein, vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, and niacin showed similar tendencies. The INQ of Fe was significantly higher in the overweight group than other groups(p<0.0335).

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.856-867
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between of weight control attempts with concern about weight control. nutrition knowledge, eating behavior and nutrients Intake among high school girls in Seoul, Korea. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to 355 subjects. The subjects were then divided into two groups, one with experience in attempting to control their weight, and one with no experience in attempting to control their weight. The mean averages of height, weight. obesity index (OI) and BMI of the subjects were 161.1cm, 53.1kg, -5.2% and 20.4, respectively. 49% of the subjects were experienced in attempting weight control. The majority of the group that had experience in weight control expressed dissatisfaction of with their self body image (66.7%), and was concerned about weight control (94.9%). This group also had more abnormal eating habits than the group that had no experience in weight control attempts, such as missing meals, eating irregularly, not eating a variety of foods and snacking. The mean averages of perceived knowledge (PK) and correct knowledge (CK) regarding nutrition on a 30 point scale were 23.6 (78.7% of total score) and 15.8 (52.7%), respectively. There were no significant differences of the PK's and the CK's between the two groups. Nutrients intakes of the two groups were not significantly different and the mean nutrient intakes revealed adequate consumption of energy. protein, Fe, Ca. thiamin. riboflavin, niacin, vitamin A and C. The higher the dissatisfaction of their self body image, PK score. and abnormal eating habits, the higher the level of concerns about of being overweight.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.36-43
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• 2009

urpose : The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been demonstrated to play a major role in regulating blood pressure. Therefore, components of the RAS are likely candidate genes that may predispose an individual to essential hypertension and cardiovascular complications. Among them, the M235T polymorphism of the angiotensinogen gene has been speculated to be associated with elevated circulating angiotensinogen concentrations and essential hypertension. This study aimed to analyze the angiotensinogen M235T polymorphism in hypertensive adolescents and investigate its relationship with cardiovascular risks. Methods : Forty Korean hypertensive adolescents (aged 16-17, systolic $BP{\geq}140 mmHg$ and/or diastolic $BP{\geq}90 mmHg$) and fifty seven normal adolescents were included. Obesity index (OI), body mass index (BMI) were calculated. BP was measured by oscillometric methods in resting state. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was performed on DNA from the hypertensives subjects to analyze the M235T polymorphism. Serum homocysteine, insulin, renin, aldosterone and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) were tested according to each genotype. The carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and carotid artery diameter, Pulse wave velocity (PWV) and ankle-brachial index (ABI) were measured according to each genotype. Results : Genotype frequencies of T/T, M/T and M/M were 62.5%, 35.0%, 2.5%, respectively in hypertensive adolescents. The results were not significantly different compared to control group. Serum insulin, renin levels, BMI and OI were significantly higher in thoses with the M/M genotype as compared to those with the T/T of M/T genotype. Conclusion : This study showed that the M235T polymorphism was not associated with essential hypertension or any cardiovascular risks. Further clinical research is required to ascertain the relationship between this polymorphism and cardiovascular complications in Korean hypertensive adolescents.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.589-596
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• 2004

This study was performed to investigate the anthropometric data, serum profiles, and nutrient intakes of high school students who are living in Seoul. Anthropometric data showed that mean height and weight were 174.1 cm and 66.6 kg in 99 male and 161.4 cm and 54.0 kg in 116 female students. Mean BMl for male and female students were 21.9 and 22.3 kg/$m^2$, and subjects with BMI > 25 kg/$m^2$ were 14 and 7%, respectively. Total cholesterol, HDL- and LDL-cholesterol of subjects were 149.6$\pm 3.1,\; 46.4 \pm 1.3,\; 86.4 \pm 2.3$,/TEX> mg/dl for males and 169.2 $\pm 3.1,\;50.7 \pm 1.0,\; 100.9 \pm 2.7 mg/dl$ for females, respectively. Hemoglobin (Hb) and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) were 12.8 $\pm 0.1 g/dl, \;437.3 \pm 7.2\mug/dl\; in\; male\; and\; 11.9 \pm 0.1 g/dl,\; 439.4 \pm 5.7\mug/dl$ in female, respectively. Based on Hb classification, 45.6% of male and 45.0% of female students fell into anemic condition. Intakes of energy, Ca, Fe, Zn, riboflavin, and folate were below the Korean RDA. In particular Ca (male and female, respectively, 64.6 and 64.3% RDA) and Fe (male and female, respectively, 78.6 and 64.3% RDA) intakes were extremely low. Serum triglyceride was positively significantly correlated with weight (r =0.22), BMI (r =0.279), waist circumference (WC, r =0.235), triceps skin-fold thickness (TSF, r =0.197) and obesity index (OI, r =0.279). Hb concentration was positively correlated with height (r + 0.387), weight (r =0.349), BMI (r =0.191) and waistlhip ratio (WHR, r =0.380). As for the correlation between serum profiles and nutrient intakes, the Hb concentration was positively correlated with energy (r =0.163), protein (r =0.149), Na (r =0.153), vitamin A (r =0.165), thiamin (r =0.201) and niacin (r =0.192, p < 0.01). These result suggest that the prevalence of Ca and Fe deficiency of student is high and dietary guideline for prevent anemia in this age needs to contain the adequate intake of energy and its related vitamins.