• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.286-292
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• 2010

Native oak tree species dominate the deciduous forests of South Korea. Although the acorns of these oak trees represent the main food source for many wildlife species, information pertaining to their nutrient composition and associated seasonal changes is limited. Thus, the objective of this study was to describe the seasonal changes in the acorn nutrient composition of six oak species in terms of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sodium (Na) concentrations, Quercus acutissima, Q. aliena, Q. mongolica, Q. variabilis, Q. dentata, and Q. serrata. The results indicated that N concentrations of Q. aliena acorns were constant, whereas those of Q. dentata changed over the seasons. Those of Q. acutissima acorns were higher in summer and autumn but Q. mongolica acorns were higher in spring and summer. Q. serrata acorns were highest in autumn but Q. variabilis acorns were found to be the lowest in N concentration. P concentrations of acorns of six species tended to decline in the summer but increased in the spring and autumn. Ca and Mg concentrations showed an obvious trend of decline over the seasons for all species except Q. mongolica. Na concentrations of Q. aliena, Q. dentata, and Q. serrata acorns were constant over the seasons whereas those of Q. dentata tended to increase. Q. variabilis acorns were highest in autumn but Q. acutissima acorns were lowest in Na concentration. Overall, these results showed that acorn nutrient composition varies by season, and that the nature of the variability is largely species dependent.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.165-169
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• 2014

In this study, we measured antioxidant activity as DPPH radical scavenging and the total polyphenol content of pulverized and lyophilized oak pollens inoculated with fungi to confirm the husk removal effect. The total polyphenol content of oak pollen was highest in lyophilized pollen medium inoculated with Armillaria mellea, and was lowest in pollen inoculated with Lentinula edodes. Total polyphenol content of the lyophilized pollen was higher than that of the refined pollen and the pulverized pollen in oak pollen germinated with A. mellea. The total polyphenol content of the lyophilized oak pollen germinated with A. mellea was 1.4-fold higher than that extracted with water. Measurement of antioxidant activity using the DPPH (2, 2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging method showed that the lyophilized oak pollen germinated with A. mellea had the highest and that germinated with L. edodes was lowest in antioxidant activities. The lyophilized oak pollen germinated with A. mellea was 2 to 4 times higher than that extracted with water in the antioxidant activity of DPPH free radical scavenging. Many germinated cells were formed around pore of acorn pollen inoculated with L. edodes, while those were formed at the end of hyphae derived from oak pollen inoculated with A. mellea.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.478-484
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• 1998

Distribution of polyphenolic compounds in oak tree (Quercus acutissima, three years old) collected from Forest Research Institute located in Kwang Leung, Kyeonggi-do, Korea, was investigated using chromatographic studies. Total 25 polyphenolic fractions were separated from an oak tree, of which 15, 11, 7, 7, and 4 were in leaf, stem, root, bark, and seed, respectively. Catechins are predominant compounds in the polyphenols and some flavonoids were also identified. Distribution of polyphenols was relatively different in each part. Polyphenols in all of the part studied, except leaf where polymer was not detected, were existed as polymeric, oligomeric, and monomeric forms. Relative contents of total polyphenols in Quercus acutissima were the highest in bark, followed by root, leaf, acorn, and stem. Monomeric polyphenols were the predominant compounds present in all of the part of the oak tree.

• Environmental Sciences Bulletin of The Korean Environmental Sciences Society
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.135-138
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• 1998

This area is plant-geographically located at the Temperate Subtropical Zone and Evergreen Broad Leaf Zone which is included in the sea of southern area of the Korean Peninsula. The Japanese black pine is the most common tree in this area. The sorts of trees that are living in this area Camellia, Alder, Oak, Acorn. It is reported that this area is located at the Evergreen Broad Leaf Zone of Korean Peninsula that is living in the southern sea. The construction place was originally a grassy place. About 40 familly 100 species different plants were living at this area. The most common animals were the Rodents and the most common birds were the Colombiformes.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.808-811
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• 1988

Antithiamine activities of dried wild vegetables consumed in Korea were evaluated by means of the thiochrome fluorescence and Lactobacillus viridescens bioassay methods and compared with the phenolic content and the degree of browning of the samples. Eggplant, sweet Potato stalk, bracken, red pepper leaf, Aster scaber and mugwort had higher antithiamine activities than Codonopsis lanceolata, doraji, taro stalk, pumpkin, oak mushroom and acorn starch. Wild vegetables with high antithiamine activity tended to have a high phenolic content and degree of browning. It is recommended that wild vegetables should not be cooked with thiamine-rich foods and be eaten immediately after cooking in order to minimize the thiamine decomposition.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.127-133
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• 2002

The case reports for clostridium type A enterotoxemia in Formosan deer have rarely been reported. This paper describes a natural case of type A enterotoxemia in farmed Formosan deer in Cheongwon-gun. A dead, male 10-month-old Formosan deer was submitted to Chungbuk Livestock and Veterinary Research Institute, March 24, 2001 and examined. That deer was fed with assorted grain feed, oak leaves, acorn and bean curd. Grossly there was no visible external change. Despite of the carcass being examined within 12 hours of death, there was a quite degree of posonortem decomposition. There was severe hemorrhage in the serosa of abomasum and small intestine. Much blood tinged and watery contents were contained in those organs. Also there were severe swelling of spleen, some red foci in hepatic parenchyma. Microscopically there were severe congestion and hemorrhage in mucosa submucosa, muscular layer, and serosa of abomasum and small intestine. Also spleen and pancreas showed severe Congestion and hemorrhage. There were multifocal hemorrhage with hepatic necrosis in periportal area and focal mononuclear cell deposition in sinusoid. In bacterial culture for small intestine, Cl perfringens was isolated. By toxin typing for the strain, that had $\alpha$ -toxin belonged to type A. In electronmicroscopy for feces, no vims particle was detected. Considering clinical signs, gross lesions, microscopic lesions, bacterial culture, and toxin typing of the isolate, this case was diagnosed as enterotoxemia by Cl perfringens type A.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.42-47
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• 1987

4 strains of the oak mushroom Lentinus edodes including the strain ASI 3046 were collected home and abroad to investigate the characterics of mycelial growth on synthetic media and sawdust media. The possibility of artificial culture of Lentinus edodes on media composed of different saw dusts and adding materials was investigated. Results were as follows: The optimum temperature for growth ranged from $22^{\circ}C$ to $26^{\circ}C$ among the lineages of Lentinus edodes. The optimal growth temperature for ASI 3046 strain and ASI 3047 strain was $26^{\circ}C$ and $22^{\circ}C$, respectively. The optimal carbon source for ASI 3046 strain was glucose, and peptone and ammoinum tartrate were proved excellent as nitrogen sources. When Lentinus edodes was cultured on sawdust media by varying the mixing ratio of different sawdusts and adding materials, mixed sawdust media composed of oak sawdust(50%, v/v), poplar sawdust(50%, v/v), acorn powder(5%, v/v) and rice bran(10%, v/v) showed higher yields of fruit bodies. Results showed that the ideal strain of Lentinus edodes for artificial culture on sawdust media was strain ASI 3046.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.102-106
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• 2008

This study was carried out to evaluate the relationships between stand attributes and litterfall amounts in a 28-year old Quercus acutissima stand. Eighteen sampling plots of $20m{\times}20m$ were chosen and litterfall was collected from May 2005 to December 2006. There was no correlation between stand attributes(tree density, mean diameter at breast height, mean height, basal area) and litterfall amounts except for flower and miscellaneous litter for the study period. There were no significant relationships between leaf litter and basal area(r=0.02, 0.05; P=0.93, 0.83) and between leaf litter and tree density(r=-0.10, 0.05; P=0.85, 0.69). Also, leaf litter was affected neither by mean diameter at breast height(r=-0.08, 0.30; P=0.73, 0.22) nor by mean height(r=-0.24, 0.09; P=0.34, 0.70). Other litter amounts such as bark, branch, and acorn showed no relationships with the stand attributes (P>0.05). The lack of significant relationships between litterfall amounts and stand attributes could be due to the closed canopy with a complete crown cover in this mature oak stand.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.343-350
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• 2019

Cyllorhynchites ursulus drills holes in acorn and cuts branches with mandibles. To understand this special behavior, we observed the mouthpart of this species using several microscope methods. The stereoscopic microscope used in this study shows that the adductor tendon is thicker than the abductor tendon which confirms that mandibles exert more force pulling inwards than pushing outwards. Also, the shape and position differences were observed using an optical microscope. We found differences of the shape, position, and movement of mandibles among C. ursulus, Curculio sikkimensis and Paracycnotrachelus longiceps by way of observation using SEM. The width of the adductor tendon and the abductor tendon of males of the C. ursulus species was 32.87 ㎛, and 53.83 ㎛, respectively. And, the width of females was 40.81 ㎛ and 75.55 ㎛, respectively. Based on a variety of observations and analyses, we found that the unusual behavior of C. ursulus is deeply related to the morphological features, and these features could be applied to biomimicry.