• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.37 no.7
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• pp.387-395
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• 2015

Anaerobic mesophilic batch test of several organic wastes were carried out by a graphical statistic analysis (GSA) to evaluate their ultimate biodegradability and two distinctive decay rates ($k_1$ and $k_2$) with their corresponding degradable substrate fractions ($S_1$ and $S_2$). Each 3 L batch reactor was operated for more than 100 days at the substrate to inoculum ratio (S/I) of 0.5 as an initial total volatile solids (TVS) mass basis. Their Ultimate biodegradabilities were obtained respectively as follow; 69% swine waste, 45% dairy cow manure, 66% slaughterhouse waste, 79% food waste, 87% food waste leachate, 68% primary sludge and 39% waste activated sludge. The readily biodegradable fraction of 89% ($S_1$) of Swine Waste BVS ($S_o$) degraded with in the initial 31 days with $k_1$ of $0.116day^{-1}$, where as the rest 11% slowly biodegradable fraction ($S_2$) of BVS degraded for more than 100 days with the long term batch reaction rates ($k_2$) of $0.004day^{-1}$. For the Food Waste and Waste Activated Sludge, their readily biodegradable portions ($S_1$) appeared 89% and 80%, which degrades with $k_1$ of $0.195day^{-1}$ and $0.054day^{-1}$ for an initial 15 days and 28 days, respectively. Their corresponding long term batch reaction rates ($k_2$) were $0.003day^{-1}$ and $0.002day^{-1}$. Results from other organic wastes are addressed in this paper. The theoretical hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of anaerobic digesters treating organic wastes are easily determined by the analysis of multiple decay rate coefficients ($k_1$ and $k_2$) and their corresponding biodegradable substrate fractions ($S_1$ and $S_2$).

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.247-255
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• 2002

Purpose : This study was undertaken to obtain basic data about the megakaryocyte colony formation of fetal liver cells by using immunocytochemical staining and ex vivo culture with growth factors. Methods : The mononuclear cells were isolated from fetal liver and bone marrow with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura(ITP) and pancytopenia. These mononuclear cells were cultured in $MegaCult^{TM}-C$(Stem Cell Tech, Canada) media in the presence of growth factors and CFU-Megakaryocyte( CFU-Mk) colonies were counted on day 12. The expansion of CD34+ and CD41+ cell was analyzed by flow cytometry after 5 days incubation using flask culture. Results : The numbers of CFU-Mk colonies of mononuclear cells obtained from fetal liver in the 11th week gestational age were more than those in the 19th week specimens; growth factors could not enhance the colony expansion in all cases. Total numbers of CFU-Mk colony of fetal liver cells were higher than bone marrow from ITP or pancytopenia groups. The numbers of pure or large CFU-Mk colonies of fetal liver cells were also higher than bone marrow specimens. The rate of CD34+ cell expression of fetal liver was increased after flask culture and the enhancement effect of epression was seen only in cases which added thrombopoietin. The rate of CD41+ cell expression of fetal liver was increased after incubation, but the enhancement effect of growth factors was unclear. Conclusion : This study revealed good results about the megakaryocyte colony assay of fetal liver mononuclear cells using $MegaCult^{TM}-C$ media. This study suggests that the fetal liver could be a good source of megakaryocytic progenitor cells for clinical application in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 2017

We collected and reared Theragra chalcogramma walleye pollock brood-stock for use in natural spawning tests and undertook to obtain domestic pollock via fertilized egg capture, development of fertilized eggs, and absorption of yolk sac after hatching. Whole pollock were caught with trammel and set nets and immediately placed in a deep-sea water tank. Adults were the most common pollock age group (43.0%; n = 86) among the 254 pollock captured in March 2014 with 57.9% (n = 147) being captured off Southern Gosung, Korea. The main spawning period of pollock is February (spawning phase of 91% of pollock). From the deep-sea tank, we collected 1640 mL of naturally fertilized eggs (~820,000 eggs) from 12 spawning events occurring between February 4 and 22 2015. The floating/ live eggs were maintained in deep-sea water tanks at $5.5{\pm}0.2^{\circ}C$. Egg size was $1.5{\pm}0.03mm$. Six hours after fertilization the eggs were at the 2 cell stage, and the eggs hatched approximately 340 hours after collection. At hatching, larval length and yolk sac area were $5.2{\pm}0.25mm$ and $9.5{\pm}1.00mm^2$ (100%), respectively. Four days after hatching, the yolk sac area was $2.2{\pm}0.53mm^2$ ($23.1{\pm}5.55%$). This is the first report of collection of naturally fertilized eggs from pollock and their subsequent hatching while held in an indoor deep-sea water tank. The results suggest that such collection could assist in the recovery of pollock resources and the possibility of domestic rearing of cultivated larvae.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.263-271
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• 2001

Objective : Glioblastomas, the most common type of primary brain tumors, are highly invasive and cause massive tissue destruction at both the tumor invading edges and in areas that are not in direct contact with glioma cells. As a result, patients with high-grade gliomas are faced with a poor prognosis. Such grim statistics emphasize the need to better understand the mechanisms that underlie glioma invasion, as these may lead to the identification of novel targets in the therapy of high grade gliomas. Protein kinase C(PKC) is a family of serine/threonine kinases and an important signal transduction enzyme that conveys signals generated by ligand-receptor interaction at the cell surface to the nucleus. PKC appears to be critical in regulating many aspects of glioma biology. The purpose of this study was to assess accurately the role of PKC in the invasion regulation of human gliomas based on hypothesis that protein kinase C(PKC) is functional in the process of glial tumor cell invasion. Method : To test this hypothesis, U-87 malignant glioma cell line intracellular PKC levels were up and down regulated and their invasiveness was tested. Intracellular PKC level was characterized using PKC activity assays. Invasion assays including barrier migration and spheroid confrontation were used to study the relationship between PKC concentration and invasiveness. Result : The cell line which were treated by PKC inhibitor tamoxifen and hypericin exhibited decreased PKC activity and decreased invasive abilities dose dependently both in matrigel invasion assay and tumor spheroid fetal rat brain aggregates(FRBA) confrontation assay. However, the cell line that was treated by PKC activator 12-O-tetradecanylphorbol-13acetate(TPA) did not exhibit increases in either PKC activity or invasive ability. Conclusion : These studies suggest that PKC may be a useful molecular target for the chemotherapy of glioblastoma and other malignancies and that a therapeutic approach based on the ability of PKC inhibitors may be helpful in preventing invasion.

• Proceedings of the KOSOMBE Conference
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• v.1992 no.05
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• pp.27-47
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• 1992

Engineers have developed new instruments that aid in diagnosis and therapy Ultrasonic imaging has provided a nondamaging method of imaging internal organs. A complex transducer emits ultrasonic waves at many angles and reconstructs a map of internal anatomy and also velocities of blood in vessels. Fast computed tomography permits reconstruction of the 3-dimensional anatomy and perfusion of the heart at 20-Hz rates. Positron emission tomography uses certain isotopes that produce positrons that react with electrons to simultaneously emit two gamma rays in opposite directions. It locates the region of origin by using a ring of discrete scintillation detectors, each in electronic coincidence with an opposing detector. In magnetic resonance imaging, the patient is placed in a very strong magnetic field. The precessing of the hydrogen atoms is perturbed by an interrogating field to yield two-dimensional images of soft tissue having exceptional clarity. As an alternative to radiology image processing, film archiving, and retrieval, picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) are being implemented. Images from computed radiography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), nuclear medicine, and ultrasound are digitized, transmitted, and stored in computers for retrieval at distributed work stations. In electrical impedance tomography, electrodes are placed around the thorax. 50-kHz current is injected between two electrodes and voltages are measured on all other electrodes. A computer processes the data to yield an image of the resistivity of a 2-dimensional slice of the thorax. During fetal monitoring, a corkscrew electrode is screwed into the fetal scalp to measure the fetal electrocardiogram. Correlations with uterine contractions yield information on the status of the fetus during delivery To measure cardiac output by thermodilution, cold saline is injected into the right atrium. A thermistor in the right pulmonary artery yields temperature measurements, from which we can calculate cardiac output. In impedance cardiography, we measure the changes in electrical impedance as the heart ejects blood into the arteries. Motion artifacts are large, so signal averaging is useful during monitoring. An intraarterial blood gas monitoring system permits monitoring in real time. Light is sent down optical fibers inserted into the radial artery, where it is absorbed by dyes, which reemit the light at a different wavelength. The emitted light travels up optical fibers where an external instrument determines O2, CO2, and pH. Therapeutic devices include the electrosurgical unit. A high-frequency electric arc is drawn between the knife and the tissue. The arc cuts and the heat coagulates, thus preventing blood loss. Hyperthermia has demonstrated antitumor effects in patients in whom all conventional modes of therapy have failed. Methods of raising tumor temperature include focused ultrasound, radio-frequency power through needles, or microwaves. When the heart stops pumping, we use the defibrillator to restore normal pumping. A brief, high-current pulse through the heart synchronizes all cardiac fibers to restore normal rhythm. When the cardiac rhythm is too slow, we implant the cardiac pacemaker. An electrode within the heart stimulates the cardiac muscle to contract at the normal rate. When the cardiac valves are narrowed or leak, we implant an artificial valve. Silicone rubber and Teflon are used for biocompatibility. Artificial hearts powered by pneumatic hoses have been implanted in humans. However, the quality of life gradually degrades, and death ensues. When kidney stones develop, lithotripsy is used. A spark creates a pressure wave, which is focused on the stone and fragments it. The pieces pass out normally. When kidneys fail, the blood is cleansed during hemodialysis. Urea passes through a porous membrane to a dialysate bath to lower its concentration in the blood. The blind are able to read by scanning the Optacon with their fingertips. A camera scans letters and converts them to an array of vibrating pins. The deaf are able to hear using a cochlear implant. A microphone detects sound and divides it into frequency bands. 22 electrodes within the cochlea stimulate the acoustic the acoustic nerve to provide sound patterns. For those who have lost muscle function in the limbs, researchers are implanting electrodes to stimulate the muscle. Sensors in the legs and arms feed back signals to a computer that coordinates the stimulators to provide limb motion. For those with high spinal cord injury, a puff and sip switch can control a computer and permit the disabled person operate the computer and communicate with the outside world.

• Journal of Science of Art and Design
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• v.5
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• pp.87-129
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• 2003

The purpose of this thesis is to propose a new concept of design of the 21st century, on the basis of the study on the general signification of the structures and the signs of industrial product design, by examining the difference between modern and post-modern design, which is expected to lead the users to different design practice and interpretation of it. The starting point of this study is the different styles and patterns of 'Gestalt' in the post-modern design of the late 20th century from modern design - the factor of determination in industrial product design. That is to say, unlike functional and rational styles of modern product design, the late 20th century is based upon the pluralism characterized by complexity, synthetic and decorativeness. So far, most of the previous studies on design seem to have excluded visual aspects and usability, focused only on effective communication of design phenomena. These partial studies on design, blinded by phenomenal aspects, have resulted in failure to discover a principle of fundamental system. However, design varies according to the times; and the transformation of design is reflected in Design Pragnanz to constitute a new text of design. Therefore, it can be argued that Design Pragnanz serves as an essential factor under influence of the significance of text. In this thesis, therefore, I delve into analysis of the 20th century product design, in the light of Gestalt theory and Design Pragnanz, which have been functioning as the principle of the past design. For this study, I attempted to discover the fundamental elements in modern and post-modern designs, and to examine the formal structure of product design, the users' aesthetic preference and its semantics, from the integrative viewpoint. Also, with reference to history and theory of design my emphasis is more on fundamental visual phenomena than on structural analysis or process of visualization in product design, in order to examine the formal properties of modern and post-modern designs. Firstly, In Chapter 1, 'Issues and Background of the Study', I investigated the Gestalt theory and Design Pragnanz, on the premise of formal distinction between modern and post-modern designs. These theories are founded upon the discussion on visual perception of Gestalt in Germany in 1910's, in pursuit of the principle of perception centered around visual perception of human beings. In Chapter 2, I dealt with functionalism of modern design, as an advance preparation for the further study on the product design of the late 20th century. First of all, in Chapter 2-1, I examined the tendency of modern design focused on functionalism, which can be exemplified by the famous statement 'Form follows function'. Excluding all unessential elements in design - for example, decoration, this tendency has attained the position of the international style based on the spirit of Bauhause - universality and regularity - in search of geometric order, standardization and rationalization. In Chapter 2-2, I investigated the anthropological viewpoint that modern design started representing culture in a symbolic way including overall aspects of the society - politics, economics and ethics, and its criticism on functionalist design that aesthetic value is missing in exchange of excessive simplicity in style. Moreover, I examined the pluralist phenomena in post-modern design such as kitsch, eclecticism, reactionism, hi-tech and digital design, breaking away from functionalist purism of modern design. In Chapter 3, I analyzed Gestalt Pragnanz in design in a practical way, against the background of design trends. To begin with, I selected mass product design among those for the 20th century products as a target of analysis, highlighting representative styles in each category of the products. For this analysis, I adopted the theory of J. M Lehnhardt, who gradated in percentage the aesthetic and semantic levels of Pragnantz in design expression, and that of J. K. Grutter, who expressed it in a formula of M = O : C. I also employed eight units of dichotomies, according to the G. D. Birkhoff's aesthetic criteria, for the purpose of scientific classification of the degree of order and complexity in design; and I analyzed phenomenal aspects of design form represented in each unit. For Chapter 4, I executed a questionnaire about semiological phenomena of Design Pragnanz with 28 units of antonymous adjectives, based upon the research in the previous chapter. Then, I analyzed the process of signification of Design Pragnanz, founded on this research. Furthermore, the interpretation of the analysis served as an explanation to preference, through systematic analysis of Gestalt and Design Pragnanz in product design of the late 20th century. In Chapter 5, I determined the position of Design Pragnanz by integrating the analyses of Gestalt and Pragnanz in modern and post-modern designs In this process, 1 revealed the difference of each Design Pragnanz in formal respect, in order to suggest a vision of the future as a result, which will provide systemic and structural stimulation to current design.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.238-245
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• 1998

The reasonable level of nitrogen fertilizer is a key factor to reduce environmental contamination as well as to increase crop yield and quality. The treatments are $N=42kg\;10a^{-1}$, $N=48kg\;10a^{-1}$, $N=54kg\;10a^{-1}$. $N=60kg\;10a^{-1}$. $N=72kg\;10a^{-1}$ and $N=150kg\;10a^{-1}$. Analytical results of yield and quality of tea leaves harvested the second time are summarized as follows: The soil of experimental field was higher in organic matter($49.9g\;kg^{-1}$) and available phosphate($937mg\;kg^{-1}$) compared to the general field but lower in pH(5.07) compared to the general field. When the amount of nitrogen fertilizer application was raised, the yield of tea leaves, the content of nitrogen, total free amino acids, caffeine and chlorophyll increased: however, the yield of tea leaves increased to excessive levels. On the other hand, the increased level of nitrogen fertilizer did not show any difference in the contents of vitamin C and tannin. Eleven kinds of amino acids were isolated from second harvested leaves of tea where the content of theanine occupied over 50%, and content of $665{\sim}763mg\;100g^{-1}$. The contents of fatty acids and catechin did not show correlation with application level of nitrogen fertilizer. The content of fatty acid was produced $1,742{\sim}2,643mg\;100g^{-1}$, and content of catechin was produced 12.47~13.54%. In scoring test, $N=60kg\;10a^{-1}$ treatment was 0.5~6.0 point higher compared to other treatments. Consequently, $N=60kg\;10a^{-1}$ is considered to be the best level of nitrogen fertilizer in terms of decreased environmental contamination as well as to increase crop yield and quality.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.215-220
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• 2011

In order to estimate the inorganic nutrient content in cucumber leaves at respective growth stages under greenhouse conditions, we investigated five cucumber farms practicing a forcing cultivation system with nine-month growth period and another five cucumber farms practicing a semiforcing cultivation system with six-month growth period. The cucumber yield in forcing and semiforcing cultivation systems amounted to 14.8 ton $10a^{-1}$ and 10.7 ton $10a^{-1}$, respectively. Soils between two different cultivation systems showed no significant differences in pH, organic matter contents and exchangeable cation contents during early growth stage, whereas EC, $NO_3$-N and available $P_2O_5$ contents were higher in soils of semiforcing cultivation systems. Suitable soil temperature was well provided by forcing cultivation. The highest NPK contents in leaves were observed in 60~80 days after planting for forcing systems and in 100 days after planting for semiforcing systems. Thereby forcing cultivation systems showed somewhat higher NPK contents. Ca and Mg contents in cucumber leaves did not significantly change during the growth period in forcing systems, while semiforcing systems showed the highest contents of Ca and Mg in 80~100 days after planting. Fe, Mn and Zn contents in leaves also did not significantly change during the growth period, whereas Mn contents were slightly higher in forcing systems due to lower soil pH. B contents in leaves were higher in semiforcing systems because of higher available B contents in soil.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.342-347
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• 2009

We sought to improve the methods for washing fresh raw ginseng. The quality of ginseng surface-washed by different methods was evaluated during storage at 10C and $20^{\circ}C$. The raw ginseng surface-washing method was a full-cone spray-type procedure using water and air. The water for decontamination had an electrolysis value of 80 ppm, also known as electrolysis water $2^{\circ}C$ water and water containing 5 ppm chlorine dioxide, were also used for decontamination. The Hunter color (${\Delta}E$) of ginseng washed with water withan electrolysis value of 80 ppm, or water with 5 ppm chlorine dioxide, was greater than that seen after other washing methods were used. The weight loss after washing with 5 ppm chlorine dioxide water was similar to that seen after washing with $2^{\circ}C$ water or 80 ppm electrolysis water. Reductions in total microorganism levels, and counts of yeasts and molds, assayed 10 days after washing with 5 ppm chlorine dioxide water were greater than seen after use of other sterilization methods. Quality maintenance on storage, at both 10C and 20C, after washing with 80 ppm electrolysis water, was better than that noted after other sterilization methods. The moisture content of washed ginseng was similar under all storage conditions tested.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.193-201
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• 2007

We used $^6Li$ and $^7Li$ MAS NMR to investigate the fate and local environments of Li in the interlayer of clay minerals such as hectorite, Woming-montmorillonite, beidellite, and lepidollite at room and high ($250^{\circ}C$) temperature. Although $^6Li$ NMR spectra show narrower peaks than those of $^7Li$ NMR, S/N ratio is low and there are no obvious differences in chemical shifts suggesting that it is difficult to apply $^6Li$ NMR to have information on the local environments of Li in the clay interlayers. $^7Li$ NMR spectra, however, show changes in the peak width and quadrupole patterns providing information on the local environments of Li in the interlayer even though changes in the chemical shift are not observed. In montmorillonite, two different local environments of Li are observed; one has a narrow peak with typical quadrupole patterns whereas another has a broad peak without those of the patterns. Changes in the peak width is also observed from broad to narrow in the $^7Li$ NMR spectra for beidellite but not for hectorite at high temperature. Our results suggest that the peak width change in the broad peak is attributed to the coordination changes in the water molecules around Li which is tightly bonded on the basal oxygen of Si tetrahedra as inner-sphere complexes. The narrow peak in montmorillnoite can be assigned to the Li bended as outer-sphere complexes.