• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.85-89
• /
• 2018

The effects of distribution temperature due to season all changes on quality and storability of baby leaf beet (Beta vulgaris L.) was examined in modified atmosphere (MA) packages. The beet leaf had been harvested at the 10 cm leaf length stage and packaged with an oxygen transmission rate (OTR) film of $1,300cc{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}day^{-1}{\cdot}atm^{-1}$ and then held at 4 different distribution temperatures which were $-2^{\circ}C$, $4^{\circ}C$, $20^{\circ}C$, or $30^{\circ}C$ for 5 hrs and then stored for 18 days at $8^{\circ}C$. The loss of fresh weight of packged baby leaf beet was lowest at the $4^{\circ}C$ treatment, and below 0.6% in all distribution temperature treatments. The atmosphere composition in packages did not show any significant differences among treatments. The oxygen conc. was the highest at 18.0% after the $4^{\circ}C$ treatment, carbon dioxide conc. showed the maximum value of 4% at the $30^{\circ}C$ and $-2^{\circ}C$ treatments, and ethylene conc. was highest at the $10^{\circ}C$ treatment after 10 days in storage. The hardness was the highest at the $4^{\circ}C$ treatment on the final storage day. The $4^{\circ}C$ treatment showed the highest visual quality and the lowest off-odor and aerobic plate count. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a low-temperature distribution system which is controlled under $4^{\circ}C$, because the baby leaf beet's storability and microbial growth are effected even during a short time of 5 hrs during the distribution process.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.27 no.1
• /
• pp.7-12
• /
• 2018

This study was conducted to determine effects of precooling and storage methods on asparagus spears' quality such as changes of fresh weight and color during simulated export distribution. Two types of precooling methods, air cooling and hydrocooling, were applied prior to packaging by comparing with no precooling as a control. Asparagus spears were packed with oxygen transmission rate (OTR) film for modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) and perforated (PF) film for a conventional packaging. All treatments were stored at $8^{\circ}C$ for 20 hours, and subsequently at $4^{\circ}C$ by final storage day, which is simulated distribution temperature condition from Yanggu, Korea to Shimonoseki, Japan. The half cooling time was 12 minutes for air cooling and 15 seconds for the hydrocooling, indicating precooling process of asparagus spears faster with the hydrocooling. Rates of respiration and ethylene production were lowest with hydrocooling. Fresh weight loss was higher, approximately 11%, at the control condition in conventional storage, compared with the MAP, less than 0.5%. Carbon dioxide and oxygen content in the MAP was in the permissible ranges for asparagus spears under recommended CA/MA conditions under both the air cooling and hydrocooling. Ethylene content in the film package was lower with the precooling treatment. Firmness of stems was lowest with the hydrocooling prior to the MAP. Visual quality, off-odor, and hue angle value were best with hydrocooling prior to the MAP. In conclusion, the combination of hydrocooling with the MAP is effective in preserving quality during the export distribution process.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
• /
• v.16 no.4
• /
• pp.379-388
• /
• 2014

A sewage was treated using a serially combined vertical(VFCW) and horizontal flow double media (sand and zeolite for VFCW and sand and waste oyster-shell for HFCW) reed constructed wetland(HFCW) with intermittent feeding (see Fig. 1). The sewage was fed into the reed constructed wetland for 10 minutes every 6 hours at the hydraulic load of $314L/m^2{\cdot}day$. The summarized results were as follows: pH values in the effluent depended very heavily on oyster-shell height filled in the HFCW. They were maintained at less than pH 6.24 when the height of the oyster-shell layer was 200 mm. Influent DO(oxygen demand) values(average 0.19 mg/L) were increased in the VFCW(average 7.65 mg/L) and decreased again in the HFCW(average 6.49 mg/L). They were higher in the winter than in the summer. The OTR(oxygen transfer rate) was $57.15g\;O_2/m^2{\cdot}day$ in the VFCW and $5.65g\;O_2/m^2{\cdot}day$ in the HFCW. The removal efficiency of $NH_4{^+}$-N was 80.17%(6.01 $NH_4{^+}$-N mg/L in the effluent). It was lower than that in the case where only zeolite was filled in the reed constructed wetland. But it was expected that treated sewage effluent using a double media reed constructed wetland with 300 mm zeolite layer could stably meet the Korean treated sewage effluent standard(20 mg T-N/L). Average removal efficiencies were SS 88.09%, BOD 88.12%, $COD_{Cr}$ 83.11%, $COD_{Mn}$ 85.58%, T-N 57.21%, $NH_4{^+}$-N 80.17%, T-P 86.73%. Nearly, The concentration of $NO_3{^-}$-N in the effluent of the VFCW was decreased in that of the HFCW. More than half of T-N in the effluent was $NO_3{^-}$-N(7.92 mg/L) but the concentration of $NO_2{^-}$-N in the effluent was average 0.90 mg/L. The removal efficiencies of T-P were 93.24%, 86.30% and 55.44% at the height of the oyster-shell-filled constructed wetland of 800 mm, 500 mm and 200 mm, respectively and therefore, they were proportional to oyster-shell height filled in the HFCW.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.77-84
• /
• 2021

This study attempted to find a way to maintain the quality of mixing baby wild leaf vegetables with existing baby leaf vegetables in various ratios. The crops for mixing baby leaf vegetables were Peucedanum japoincum Thunberg and Ligularia stenocephala, as wild vegetables, and red romaine, which is widely used in young leafy vegetables. The mixing ratio of red romaine and wild vegetables was red romaine 0: mantilla oil 5: L. stenocephala ratio 5 (R0: P5: L5), red romaine 3.3: P. japoincum 3.3: L. stenocephala ratio 3.3 (R3.3: P3.3: L3.3), red romaine 5: P. japoincum 2.5: L. stenocephala 2.5 (R5: P2.5: L2.5), red romaine 8: P. japoincum 1: L. stenocephala 1 (R8: P1: L1), red romaine 10: P. japoincum 0: L. stenocephala 0 (R10: P0: L0). All treatments were packaged in OTR (oxygen transmittance) 10,000 cc m-2·day-1·atm-1 film and stored for 27 days at 2℃/85% RH conditions. Fresh weight, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and ethylene concentrations of the baby leaf packages were examined approximately every 3 days, and visual quality, chlorophyll content, and chromaticity were examined on the 27th day of storage. The oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration in the packages were affected by the respiration rate of the crop. As the mixing ratio of lettuce, which had a low respiration rate, increased, the oxygen concentration in the packages was higher and the carbon dioxide concentration was lower. Oxygen concentration decreased significantly after 15 days, but was remained above 16%, and on the contrary, carbon dioxide concentration was kept at 1-4% until the 15th, and then gradually increased to 2-5% on the 27th day. The concentration of ethylene was maintained at 3-6 µL·L-1 until the end of storage (27th day). Visual quality score measured at the end of storage was slightly less than 3.0, which is the limit of marketability of all treatments. Although there was no significant difference, the chlorophyll content (SPAD) of red romaine and P. japoincum were most similar with an initial value in R8:P1:1 treatment, and L. stenocephala was higher value in R8:P1:L1 and R5:P2.5:L2.5 treatments at the end of storage. The leaf color (L∗, a∗, b∗, chroma) of the three crops at end of storage compared with the heat map showed the least change in the R5:P2.5:L2.5 and R8:P1:L1 treatments at the end of storage. Among them, R8:P1:L1 treatment maintained the highest chlorophyll content, the second lowest ethylene concentration, and adequate carbon dioxide concentration of 2-3%. Therefore, it is judged that the mixed ratio of red romaine 8: P. japoincum 1: L. stenocephala 1 (R8: P1: L1) is most suitable for the mixed package of baby leaf vegetables of these three crops.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.26 no.4
• /
• pp.310-316
• /
• 2017

This study was analyzed the effects of boron (B), calcium (Ca), silicon (Si) on quality and shelf life of 'Unicorn' cherry tomato at the light red maturity-stage. The storage conditions were modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) by oxygen transmission rate (OTR) packaging film at $5^{\circ}C$, $11^{\circ}C$, and $24^{\circ}C$. Respiration and ethylene production were the lowest in B + Ca + Si -treated tomato fruits. The lowest fresh weight loss and the longest shelf life resulted from the B + Ca + Si treatment. And the firmness was enhanced by B + Ca + Si treatment at harvest time, and it was retained after storage at $5^{\circ}C$, $11^{\circ}C$, and $24^{\circ}C$. Significantly lower soluble solids, lycopene, and color development were found at B + Ca + Si-treated tomato fruits compared with control after storage. Moreover, the highest titratable acidity and vitamin C content were observed in B + Ca + Si-treated tomato fruits after storage. From the above results, it was concluded that B + Ca + Si combined treatment can delay the maturity of cherry tomato after harvesting, and retained the firmness and prolong the shelf life.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.16 no.11
• /
• pp.7754-7760
• /
• 2015

The outer tie rod is one of the part of steering system, the optimization process was executed to find the lightweight design. The inner tie rod was considered in the optimum design of an outer tie rod. it could be closer to the test condition than in the case of considering outer tie rod only. The aluminum forging material was considered as a weight reduction proposal. The target of optimization was the shape of the minimum weight to resist at the load of buckling. RSM and Kriging interpolation method were applied as a optimization method to consider the nonlinear shape optimization problem. Then, 16.3%, 16.6% of weight reduction was obtained from the result comparing with that of the initial model. The results of meta model optimization was compared with that of finite element method. The error values of buckling load estimation were 2.6%, 2.04%. and those of weight estimation were 0.17%, 0.13%. Therefore, it seemed that the result of Kriging model could be obtained closer to optimum value than that of RSM model.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.212-218
• /
• 2011

Edible flowers are harvested at the full bloom stage and distributed without floral stems, which makes the flower quality deteriorated quickly. Thereby, this study was carried out for selection of effective storage film at room temperature during the distribution of edible flowers. Edible flowers, snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus), pot-marigold (Calendula officinalis), sweet violet (Viola odorata), clove pink (Dianthus caryophyllus), wild pansy (Viola tricolor), nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus) were used to select the effective storage film at room temperature during the distribution, polyethylene (PE) film (0.03 mm), polypropylene (PP) film (0.03 mm). PP (LF10) film packing was very effective for longer shelf life for sweet violet, clove pink, and wild pansy. But, there were little different for pot-marigold and nasturtium. Wilting at sweet violet, clove pink, and wild pansy, and petal-soft rot and color break at nasturtium were appeared. Browning and rot were appeared to snapdragon.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
• /
• 2019.04a
• /
• pp.109-109
• /
• 2019

2018년 5월 전라북도 남원군에서 재배하여 수확 후 $0^{\circ}C$ 저장고에서 예냉을 마친 산마늘을 사용하였으며 외 포장 상자는 골판지로 구성된 통기공이 없는 골판지상자 1kg용을 사용하였다. 골판지상자와 함께 내부 포장으로 사용하기 위한 내포장 필름은 $20{\mu}m$ 두께의 HDPE으로 된 필름 봉지, 흡습종이는 파라핀왁스 코팅 종이($32{\times}35cm$, 태영산업)를 이용하여 조합 처리하고 국내에서 개발한 기능성 필름2종으로 포장처리는 총 4가지로 (1) PE(관행) (2) PE+흡습지 (3) 기능성필름1($30{\times}58cm$, 기능성물질 1%+40,000OTR, 제조사: 신영산업사) (4) 기능성필름2($30{\times}58cm$, Key fresh, 제조사: 씨앤케이프로팩(주)) 각 처리당 1kg 씩의 산마늘 잎을 포장하였다. 실험은 포장 처리 후 상온상태로 전북 완주군 실험실까지 수송하였으며 실험실 도착 후 상온 실험실에 두고 2일과 6일 후 중량감소율, 색도, 엽록소, 손실률 및 종합선도 등 품질특성 변화를 조사하였고 각 포장방법별 온도와 상대습도 변화를 보기 위하여 산마늘 잎이 포장된 상자 내부 중앙 부분에 디지털온습도기록계(SP-2000-20R)를 고정한 후 측정하였다. 대조구로 사용한 PE필름 단용으로 포장한 산마늘 잎은 상온저장 6일 경과 후 중량 소율이 1.7%, PE필름+신선지 처리는 1.0%, 기능성필름1과 기능성필름2는 거의 중량감소가 없어 1% 미만의 변화를 보였다. 산마늘 잎의 SPAD 값에 의한 엽록소 수치와 색도를 측정한 명도($L^*$)와 Hue angle 값의 변화는 기능성필름1과 기능성필름2가 유사하게 높게 유지되었고 반면에 PE필름은 저장 2일 후 부터 값이 감소하기 시작하여 6일 후 크게 감소하였다. 저장 6일 후 기능성필름1과 기능성필름2가 외관품위에서 높은 평가를 받아 상품성을 유지하고 있었으나 PE필름 처리와 PE필름+흡습지 처리는 상품성을 상실한 상태였다. 이러한 경향은 건전율에 있어서도 유사하였으며 기능성필름1(다공성 나노 물질이 혼입되어 있으며 산소투과율을 $40,000cc/m2{\cdot}day{\cdot}atm$으로 조성한 필름)이 상온저장 6일 후 상품성을 유지하는 건전율이 83%로 가장 높았다.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.22 no.6
• /
• pp.610-616
• /
• 2011

A series of polyurethane acrylate/ZnO (PUA/ZnO) nanocomposite films with different ZnO contents were successfully prepared via a UV-curing system. The synthesis and physical properties including morphological structure, thermal properties, barrier properties and optical properties, and antimicrobial properties were investigated as a function of ZnO concentration. FTIR and SEM results showed that these PUA/ZnO nanocomposite films did not have a strong interaction between PUA and ZnO, which may lead to no increase in thermal stability. By incorporating ZnO nanoparticles, the UV blocking and antibacterial properties increased as the content of ZnO increased. Specially, the oxygen permeability in composite films changed from $2005cc/m^2/day$ to $150cc/m^2/day$ by adding the ZnO nanoparticle, which indicates that the PUA/ZnO nanocomposite films can be applied as good barrier packaging materials. Physical properties of the UV-cured PUA/ZnO nanocomposite film are strongly dependent upon the dispersion state of ZnO nanoparticles and their morphology in the films.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.31 no.5
• /
• pp.1308-1314
• /
• 1999

The effects of modified atmosphere(MA) packaging and coating on the quality of mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) were investigated. Whole mushrooms(100 g) were packed with polyvinyl chloride(PVC) film wrap, PD941 and PD961 film bags and were stored in a chamber at $12^{\circ}C$ and 80% RH for 6 days. Gas composition of packages, respiration rate, weight loss, color and maturity index of MA packaged mushrooms were examined. The wrap packaged mushrooms showed different level of internal $CO_2$ concentrations among water washed, chitosan coated and $CaCl_2$ coated subgroups significantly at 5% level. The maximum $CO_2$ concentration of PD941 and PD961 packages for all coated showed $4.1{\sim}4.7%$ and $10.4{\sim}11.7%$, respectively, for the first day. PD961 package showed the lowest $O_2$ concentration compared to other groups. There were no significant respiration rate differences between wrap packed and PD941 packaged. Respiration rate of water washed. chitosan coated and $CaCl_2$ coated in PD961 packaged was 192 mg, 226 mg and 245 mg, respectively. Maturity index of PD961 packaged were not significantly different among the water washed, chitosan and $CaCl_2$ coated packages. Chitosan coating showed a negative effect on color change of mushrooms. The weight loss of 961 packaged was lower $(7.0{\sim}8.0%)$ that those of wrap packaged and PD941 packaged.