• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.63 no.1
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• pp.61-68
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• 1984

The oak-mushroom is one of the special minor products utilizing hardwoods, such as oaks in the mountaineous villages, as a food for health and export in Korea. However, oak-mushroom farmers have been faced the problems such as small cultivation scale, unskilled technique of production, management of cultivation, and low productivity. It is now a turning point presenting the optimum and reasonable management techniques to increase the productivity with consideration of balanced income and expenditure. This report analyzed the investment effectiveness of cultivation. The financial rate of return (FRR) of oak-mushroom cultivation is as high as 10.3 percent compared with that of other farmings. Moreover, the FRR remarkably increased with increased cultivation scales. The FRR could be highly improved if the price of both mushroom-logs and dried mushroom products, is stable and the cultivation techniques for higher productivity are developed. The policy providing the constant price of raw materials and mushroom products, and new advanced cultivation techniques enable the enhancement of investment for the oak-mushroom cultivation.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.237-242
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• 2012

In order to determine the ecological characteristics of Quercus serrata and Q. aliena, which are potential natural vegetation of riverine in Korea, we cultivated the seedlings of two oak species under light, soil moisture and nutrient gradients from April to October in glasshouse. Then, we measured aboveground, belowground and total plant biomass and analyzed the differences in growth between two oak species. The two oak species showed decreasing growth with lower light intensity, but reduction in growth of Q. aliena was greater than that of Q. serrata. Q. serrata and Q. aliena had a constant growth state under soil moisture gradients, but Q. aliena grew well more than Q. serrata in lower soil moisture gradient. As soil nutrient availability decreased, the growth of Q. aliena was greater than Q. serrata. These results mean that the growth of two oak species is not affected by soil moisture, but the part of growth in Q. serrata may be positively affected in lower soil moisture condition. Also, Q. serrata has strong shade tolerance and the ability to adapt high nutrient condition relative to Q. aliena. Thus, Q. serrata and Q. aliena will be advantageous for the growth in stream ecosystem due to high light availability, but Q. serrata will be distributed near the lowlands by the water environment. Also, because the two oak species need high soil nutrient, it is important to preserve herbaceous vegetation to prevent nutrients that flowed in the streams.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.126-136
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• 2017

We describe characteristics of diversity and distribution of oak forests on the Daegok-cheon gorge of the Southeastern Korean Peninsula, the oldest prehistoric site, in view of a sort of food resources of acorns. The $Z{\ddot{u}}rich$-Montpellier School's method was adopted for field investigation on the oak dominant stands. A total of 20 phytosociological $relev\acute{e}s$ composed of 193 taxa were analyzed by syntaxonomy and ecological flora. The Daegok-cheon's oak forests occupied 36.9% ($513,374m^2$) of the surveyed area, and its 99% ($507,677m^2$) was Quercus variabilis and Q. serrata stands. Oak forests of the Daegok-cheon gorge are a kind of regional vegetation type characterizing by the high relative net contribution degree (r-NCD) of Platycarya strobilacea and Sapium japonicum, which are an edaphic type of the xerophilous and thermophilic oak forests. The region of the Daegok-cheon petroglyphs is defined as an ecoregion with rich acorn supply and abundant water resources, and the warmer environment, which attracts prehistoric man.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.337-341
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• 2000

Antimicrobial activities of oak smoke flavoring against saprogenous and food poisoning microbes were studied. When tested on a paper disc, antimicrobial activities were observed in all microbial species at a dose of as low as 20 ${\mu}{\ell}$, and microbial growth was completely suppressed with 70 ${\mu}{\ell}/5$ $m{\ell}$ during 3 days of incubation at $30^{\circ}C$ with 8 times diluted oak smoke flavoring. When 50 $m{\ell}s$ of distilled water and distilled water containing 500 ${\mu}{\ell}$ of oak smoke flavoring, which were added with small amount of dilute E. coli, were incubated for 10 days at $20^{\circ}C$, $3{\times}10^3$ CFU/$m{\ell}$ of E. coli and $1.9{\times}10^4$ CFU/$m{\ell}$ of total bacteria was counted in distilled water containing oak smoke flavoring.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.4
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• pp.401-407
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• 2007

This study analyzed an economic efficiency of oak mushroom cultivation in order to provide data needed for formulating related policies. 88 farmhouses in major producing areas were interviewed with. The average production cost per 100 bed-logs was 151,699 won. Among production costs, material costs accounted for 56.0% and labor costs 41.8%. Oak mushroom cultivation was labor-intensive and labor input was a significant factor determining the production costs. There was 3 7.2% gap in production costs between Chungbuk, the highest cost area and Gyeonggi, the lowest cost area of oak mushroom due to difference in labor input. Average revenue per 100 bed-logs was 178,627 won. Average income per 100 bed-logs, which is variable production costs of 116,613 won subtracted from the revenue, was 62,014 won and thus income rate was 34.7%. Income rate in Jeonbuk, the highest area, was higher than that in Gyeonggi, the lowest area, by 15.8% points due to difference in quantities produced, grade, and variable production costs, in particular, labor costs. The result of the economic analysis indicates that reduction in establishment and labor costs, accounting for the highest portion in production costs is priority issue for the enhancement of the competitiveness of the oak mushroom industry.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.833-837
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• 2005

Antioxidative activities of pine, oak, and lily pollen extracts were evaluated based on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging ability and inhibition of lipid peroxidation in animal tissues. Each pollen was extracted with 50% ethanol, 100% ethanol or water. DPPH radical-scavenging capacity of 50% ethanol extract ($EC_{50}$ 40.0 mg/mL) of pine pollen was higher than those of water (46.8 mg/mL) and 100% ethanol (131.2 mg/mL) extracts of pollen. Fifty percent ethanol (3,2 mg/mL) was also better than 100% ethanol (4.5 mg/mL) and water (8.3 mg/mL) for extraction of oak pollen. For preparation of lily pollen extracts, 100% ethanol was most effective (14.0 mg/mL), followed by water (18.8 mg/mL) and 50% ethanol (24.0 mg/mL). Oak pollen showed higher DPPH radical-scavenging activity than others. Lipid peroxidation in rat brain homogenate induced by ascorbate-Fe3+-EDTA and rat kidney homogenate were inhibited by water extracts of all pollens in dose-dependent manner. Extracts of oak and lily pollen showed higher lipid peroxidation inhibition than pine pollen extract. Polyphenol content was highest in oak pollen extract $(32.5{\pm}0.7\;{\mu}g/mg\;pollen)$, followed by lily extract $(25.9{\pm}1.4\;{\mu}g/mg\;pollen)$ and pine extract $(9.3{\pm}0.7\;{\mu}g/mg\;pollen)$.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.369-376
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• 2017

Maturation of distilled spirit can generate diverse flavors and tastes. Rice Soju was matured in oak casks (MSO) and stainless steel containers (MSS) for one year at ambient temperature. Ipguk (Aspergillus luchuensis) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y88-4 were used, and reduced pressure ($110{\pm}20Torr$) distillation was applied to brew Soju. Acidity and conductivity were increased in both MSO and MSS. MSO reduced alcohol content (from 43 to 40%) and volume (from 18,000 to 12,730 mL), and significantly altered yellowness (from 0.2 to 30.2). Furthermore, MSO increased the isoamyl alcohol (from 276.7 to $339.2{\mu}g/mL$) and isobutyl alcohol (from 122.3 to $144.2{\mu}g/mL$) content. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to detect volatile compounds in Soju, which included 20 esters, 7 alcohols, 2 acids, and 5 miscellaneous compounds. Oak lactone was detected only in MSO and was considered as a specific flavor component associated with oak maturation. Thus, maturation materials contribute to the physicochemical property of distilled spirits.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.107 no.4
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• pp.336-343
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• 2018

This study was carried out to provide the technology of silvicultural practices and management for regeneration by sprouts in the oak forests distributed on the slope. A total of 1,451 stumps were examined for the following factors relative to the occurrence and growth of the sprouts: stump height & diameter; location & quantity and root collar diameter & height of arisen sprouts. The amount of sprouts deceased or increased as the stump diameter increased. However, it tended to increase with stump height. The difference in the stump height between direction of the upwards (DUS) and downward slopes (DDS) was occurred, because oak trees were felled lower based on direction of the upward for convenience of regeneration works on the slope. The number of sprouts was higher relatively in the stumps of DDS. The rate of arisen side and root sprouts was higher in the stumps of DDS and DUS, respectively. The stump height difference was found to affect the arisen part of sprouts. As a result of comparing the sprouts growth according to the arisen part, there was no difference in the stump of DUS, but the growth of side sprouts in the stump of DDS was higher than that of the root. In order to improve the quality of oak sprouts considering the distribution characteristics of the oak forests in South Korea, it is necessary to apply the silvicultural technique, making the cutting surface parallel with the slope to reduce the stump height difference, to suppress arising side sprouts.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.427-435
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• 2020

The most important thing to successfully restore an oak forest is finding suitable climatic conditions and topographic factors for the oak species to be introduced. In this study, in order to find suitable environmental conditions for the five dominant oak trees on the Korean Peninsula, we carried out analysing the information on the location of forest vegetation on the Korean Peninsula. The range of annual mean temperature of the five oak trees was narrow in the order of Q. mongolica (7.7~14.3℃), Q. variabilis (9.2~13.8℃), Q. acutissima (10.5~14.3℃), Q. serrata (11.4~13.7℃), Q. aliena (11.0~12.9℃). The range of annual precipitation of oaks was narrow in order of Q. mongolica (1072.7~1780.9 mm), Q. variablis (1066.6~1554.9 mm), Q. acustissima (1036.5~1504.8 mm), Q. serrata (1062.6~1504.7 mm). The range of altitude was in order of Q. mongolica (147~1388m), Q. serrata (93~950m), Q. variabilis(90~913m), Q. acustissima (60~516m), Q. aliena (55~465 m). The range of slope was in the order of Q. mongolica (8~56°), Q. variabilis(5~52°), Q. serrata (11~45°), Q. aliena (15~38°), Q. acustissima (16~37°). These results are considered to be very useful in the case of ecological restoration using deciduous oak trees on the Korean Peninsula.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.07b
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• pp.968-971
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• 2005

Amorphous silicon photo diodes incorporated in a polyLED stack are applied in in pixel opticalfeedback to compensate for polyLED degradation. Large quantum efficiencies and perfect linearity are demonstrated. The photosensitivity is in agreement with optical modeling of the stack. A new scheme for ambient and cross talk light cancellation is given.