• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.145-155
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• 2002

Effect of density (30, 40, 65, 90 or 120/cage) of lantern and bottom cages on growth of the ark shell, Scapharca satowi was studied in the Korean west coast from April 2000 to October 2001, when the following range of environmental conditions prevailed : temperature : 4.2 -25.5 $^{\circ}C, salinity : 30.23-32.$15\textperthousand, dissolved oxygen : 5.12-7.16 $ml$/l, pH : 7.84-8.17, phosphate : 0.22-0.56 $\mu $M, dissolved inorganic nitrogen : 3.16-9.10 $\mu $M, suspended solid : 7.6-17.9 mg/l, chemical oxygen demand: 0.46-1.61 mg/l and chlorophyll-a : 0.92-5.93 $\mug/l. Daily growth rate of shell length ranged from 0.066 to 0.071 mm/day for the lantern net cages, and from 0.079 to 0.082 mm/day for the bottom cages. Total weight also ranged from 0.067 to 0.082 g/day in the lantern net cages, as against 0.099 to 0.114 g/day in the bottom cages. Hemoglobin content of S. satowi (55 mm shell length), which was about 3.9 g/dl during february, 2001, increased to 6.0 and 7.0 g/dl during October, 2001 in animals culture in the lantern and bottom cages, respectively. ANOVA test of the growth rate showed that the growth rate of S. satowi, was significantly dependent on rearing density and the tested culture methods (P < 0.0001). The daily growth rate of the shell length was more significantly correlated with water temperature; the growth rate of shell length and total weight showed a tendency decrease with decreasing temperature. In cages suspended at the bottom, not only the increase shell weight but also the meat obtainable from comparable sized S. satowi was greater. Survival decreased with increasing density and was optimal at the density of 30 individual/cage.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.281-288
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• 1997

We investigated the optimal concentratin of ethyl-p-aminobenzoate for the exfoliation and recovery of young abalone, Haliotis discus hannai in according to different water temperatures, for the purpose of preventing the damage of shell and muscle to ecfoliated from shelter. In the 14$^{\circ}C$ water temperature, young abalones were exfoliated after 16, 35, 35 and 35 minutes in 150, 100, 75 and 50ppm concentration of ethyl-p-aminobenzoate, and were recovered after 100, 60, 30 and 30 minutes, respectively. Exfoliation rate of abalone were 100% except for 50 ppm (80%) and recovery rate were 100% of all concentration. In the $18^{\circ}C$ water temperature, young abalones were exfoliated after 4, 4, 6, 8, 8 and 12 munutes in 300, 200, 150, 100, 75 and 50ppm concentration of ethyl-p-aminobenzoate, and were recovered after 210, 180, 90, 60, 30, 20 and 20 minutes, respectively. Exfoliation rate of abalone were 100%, and recovery rate were 100% except for 200 and 300ppm (90%). In the $24^{\circ}C$ water temperature, young abalones were exfoliated after 8, 10, 10 and 12 minutes in 150, 100, 75 and 50ppm concentration of ethyl-p-aminobenzoate, and were recovered after 70, 50, 30 and 20 minutes, respectively. Exfoliation and recovery rate of abalone were 100%. In the 18$^{\circ}C$water temperature, exfoliation rate that treated with freshwater during 20 minute were 80, 50, 30 and 5% in 100, 75, 50 and 25% of fresh water, and recovery after 60, 15, 10 and 2 minutes, respectively and recovery arate were 100% except of r 100% freshwater. In this study, we suggest the reslults that the exfoliation and recovery by ethly-p-aminobenzoate were more effected in $18^{\circ}C\;and\;24^{\circ}C$ of sea water temperature than those of $14^{\circ}C$. The optimal concentration of ethyl-p-aminobenzoate was 50ppm at those water temperature. We raised 20 individual of young abalones at water temperature of $16^{\circ}C$ in the 1$\ell$ o ftnk and checked the variatin of dissolved oxygen (DO) by respiration of abalones that treated with 75ppm of ethyl-p-aminobenzoate. Before anesthetizion, DO were 6.17~6.20mg/$\ell$ and slowly decreased. But after 60 minutes, DO decreasing were stopped in 5.42~5.46mg/$\ell$. On the other hand, the control was continuously decreased and 5.27mg/$\ell$ after 60 minutes. The heartbeats of abalones were 33~45/minute in the water temperature of $18^{\circ}C$, but that treated with 100 ppm concentration of ethyl-p-aminobenzoate during 60 minutes, was 0/minute. And heartbeats of recovered abalones from anesthetizion were 29~43/minute.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.8
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• pp.1183-1189
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• 2013

We investigated the effects of oyster shell extract (OSE) on papain-induced osteoarthritis in C57BL/6J mice. Osteoarthritis was induced in mice by a papain injection into the knee joint. The mice were divided into a total of five groups (n=8). The normal group was untreated, whereas the papain group (negative control) was induced with osteoarthritis and treated with water daily. The papain+DS group (positive control) was treated with diclofenac sodium. Papain+OSE groups were treated with OSE concentrations of 100 and 200 mg/kg/bw for 20 days. Proteoglycan content in articular cartilage was analyzed through safranine-O fast green staining and H&E staining. The histopathological changes in cartilage were measured by the Rudolphi score approach. The contents of tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$, and IL-6 in plasma were analyzed by the ELISA method. After experiments, body weights of the treated groups were not significantly different compared with the normal group. Cartilage loss and joint instability significantly improved in a dose-dependent manner in the OSE-treated group compared with the papain group (P<0.05). Proteoglycan content was significantly higher in the OSE-treated group than the papain group (P<0.05). Osteoarthritis scores of the OSE-treated group were significantly decreased compared with the papain group (P<0.05). TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, and IL-6 content in the plasma of the papain+OSE treated groups significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner compared with the papain group (P<0.05). These results suggest that OSE treatment might have anti-arthritic effects on papain-induced osteoarthritis in C57BL/6J mice.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.166-175
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to develop the optimization method for adjusting the film isocenter shift and to suggest the quantitative acceptable criteria for film dosimetry after optimization In the dynamic conformal arc radiation therapy (DCAR). The DCAR planning was peformed In 7 patients with brain metastasis. Both absolute dosimetry with ion chamber and relative film dosimetry were peformed throughout the DCAR using BrainLab's micro-multileaf collimator. An optimization method for obtaining the global minimum was used to adjust for the error in the film isocenter shift, which is the largest pan of systemic errors. The mean of point dose difference between measured value using ion chamber and calculated value acquired from planning system was $0.51{\pm}0.43\%$ and maximum was $1.14\%$ with absolute dosimetry These results were within the AAPM criteria of below $5\%$. The translation values of film isocenter shift with optimization were within ${\pm}$1 mm in all patients. The mean of average dose difference before and after optimization was $1.70{\pm}0.35\%$ and $1.34{\pm}0.20\%$, respectively, and the mean ratios over $5\%$ dose difference was $4.54{\pm}3.94\%$ and $0.11{\pm}0.12\%$, respectively. After optimization, the dose differences decreased dramatically and a ratio over $5\%$ dose difference and average dose difference was less than $2\%$. This optimization method is effective in adjusting the error of the film isocenter shift, which Is the largest part of systemic errors, and the results of this research suggested the quantitative acceptable criteria could be accurate and useful in clinical application of dosimetric verification using film dosimetry as follows; film isocenter shift with optimization should be within ${\pm}$1 mm, and a ratio over $5\%$ dose difference and average dose difference were less than $2\%$.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.4
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• pp.483-494
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• 2006

We conducted QTL mapping for 6-year growths of open-pollinated half-sib progenies from a selected clone 7-1037 in Pinus taeda. With an AFLP marker analysis on haploid DNA samples from the megagametophytes of the open-pollinated seeds, we constructed 20 framework maps spanning a total of 1,869 cM in total length and 18.5 cM in an average interval length between markers. Composite interval mapping reveals that one QTL explains 5.9% of the total phenotypic variation of height, and three QTLs account for 3.9~5.6% of the variation of diameter at breast height (DBH). There are no correlations between the QTLs. The genetic effects of the QTLs are 39.6 cm in height and 7.20~9.41 mm in DBH, respectively, The average effects of gene substitution of the markers closely linked with the QTLs are 44.3 cm in height and 8.38~11.81 m in DBH. Under an assumption that the within-family heritability for the growth traits of loblolly pine is less than 0.2, the QTLs account for 26.8% of the additive genetic variance of the progenies. In terms of relative selection efficiency, the individual selection based on QTL markers could be 5 times as high as phenotypic selection. The results in this study indicate that the QTL mapping method with open-pollinated half-sib family could be more practical and applicable to the conventional seed orchard-based selection work than other mapping methods with a single full-sib family, in particular from the viewpoint that it can provide crucial information for within-family individual selection such as breeding value.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.123-133
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• 2007

This study analyzed whether a transit network with hierarchy is efficient or not, and if transit network hierarchy has cost efficiency, then which condition guarantees the efficiency of the transit network hierarchy. The authors modeled the total cost of the transit network and suggested the conditions in which the transit network hierarchy has cost efficiency through comparing the cost of the transit network with and without hierarchy. The efficiency of transit network hierarchy is guaranteed when the travel cost savings induced by using a higher hierarchy transit network is larger than the increasing non-travel cost, which is the sum of access cost, waiting cost, and operating cost, induced by the introduction of a higher hierarchy transit network. This result is consistent with common sense and with the concept of cost and benefit analysis. If a passenger traveling within the area divided by a higher hierarchy transit network uses only a lower hierarchy transit network and the passenger traveling out of the area divided by the higher hierarchy transit network uses both lower and higher hierarchy transit networks, the travel demand using the higher hierarchy transit network is inversely proportional to the square of the line spacing. This means that the transit network becomes more efficient and small increases of travel demand guarantee the efficiency of the transit network hierarchy as the connectivity of the network becomes higher. This result shows that transit networks have economies of aggregation. This study is the first analytical research on transit network hierarchy and is expected to be a basis for numerical research. However, numerical research should complement this study, since analytical research has some limitations for considering a real network.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Organic Agriculture Conference
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• 2009.12a
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• pp.275-276
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• 2009

민간단체들에 의하여 자율적으로 시작된 국내 유기농업은 친환경농업육성법(1997. 12.13)이 제정되면서 국가기관의 친환경농업 활성화 노력과 더불어 2008년 유기농재배 농가(8,460호)와 면적(12,033호)이 급격히 증가되었다. 또한 유기농업의 확산과 더불어 화학비료 및 유기합성 농약대체 친환경농자재들의 유통이 증가되고 있으나 관리규정이 없어 검증되지 않은 다양한 농자재들이 유통되어 친환경실천 농가들의 혼란이 초래되어 국정감사 시 문제점으로 지적과 함께 각계에서 관리제도의 필요성이 대두되었다. 친환경농업육성법 시행령 개정(대통령령 제19964호, 2007.3.27.공포, 2007.3.28.시행)으로 농촌진흥청에 친환경농자재심의회가 설치되어 효과와 효능을 검증하지 아니하고 친환경농산물 중 유기농산물 생을 해 사용가능한 자재인지 여부를 검토하여 그 결과를 공개하는 목록공시제가 마련되었다. 친환경유기농자재 목록공시는 1년에 4회 매분기말에 농촌진흥청 농자재관리과에서 접수를 받아 친환경농자재 분야별 전문위원회 검토 후 심의위원회 심의를 거쳐 접수일로부터 90일 이내에 농촌진흥청장이 공시(농진청 홈페이지, 관보게재)하고 친환경농업 관련기관 및 검토 신청자에게 통보함으로서 마무리된다. 목록 공시된 친환경유기농자재의 유효기간은 2년이다. 친환경농자재심의위원회는 토양개량 및 작물생육분야 전문위원회 위원 11명, 병 해충 관리분야 전문위원회 위원 11명 및 심의위원회 의원 20명으로 구성되어 있다. 2007년 3월부터 2009년 11월 30일 현재 목록 공시된 친환경유기농자재 제품은 (1) 양개량용 자재 25 개, (2) 작물생육용 자재 282개, (3) 토양개량 및 작물생육용 자재 308개, (4) 작물병해 관리용 자재 110개, (5) 작물충해 관리용 자재 : 224개, (6) 작물병해충 관리용 자재 5개 및 (7) 기타 자재 1개 제품으로 총 955개 제품에 이르고 있다. 한편, 공시연장 미신청, 현재 검토기준안에 필요로 하는 추가요청 자료 미제출 및 공시이외의 물질 사용으로 국내유통 중 단속되어 부적합한 판정을 받아 20여 제품이 목록공시가 취소되었다. 앞으로 목록 공시되는 친환경유기농자재는 제품의 주성분 함량 표기, 시용효과 검정방법 선, 제조방법 현장점검, 안전성 검정 등 여러가지 제도보완 및 사후관리 방안이 시급히 마련되어야 할 것으로 사려된다.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.16-27
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• 1989

The six barnyardgrass [Echinochloa oryzicola (vasing.) Vasing.] and seventeen barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-gadli (L.) Beauv.] accessions, which were collected national widely in 1986 and selected two times through 1987. To study different growth response due to herbicide, pyrazolate, bifenox, quinclorac, the experiment was conducted with herbicide agar culture without nutrients, 1. Albinistic discoloration due to pyrazolate was more sensitive in E, crus-galli than E. oryzicola and among barnyardgrass accessions, Kumi, Ichon-A, Ichon-B, Boun-B and Kwangju-B were rather susceptible than Gyongju, Ansong, Boun-A, Jongju-A and Kwangju-A. 2. Twisting and growth retardation due to bifenox was less sensitive in E. oryzicola with less intra-specific variations than in E. crus-galli. Among E. crus-galli accessions, Boun-B, Ansong, Ichon-A, Ichon-B, Wonju and Kwangju-B were particulary susceptible, and Jinyang, Jongju-B, Jongju-A, Daejon, Kurye and Kwangju-A were tolerant as much as E. oryzicola. 3. Growth retardation and withering to dead due to quinclorac was more sensitive in E. oryzicola with less intra-specific variations than in E. crus-galli. Among accessions of E. curs-galli, Boun-A, Iri, Jongju-A, Jongju-B, Kwangju-A and Kwangju-B were rather similar suseptible to E, oryzicola than kimhae, Gyongju, Kumi, Wonju, Ichon-A, Ichon-B and Ansong. 4. Most accession of E. oryzicola was tolerant to both pyrazolate and bifenox, while susceptible to quinclorac. Among other accessions of E. crus-galli, Kurye, Kimhae, and Daejon were tolerant to all experimented herbicides, and Iri, Jongju-A, Jongju-B, and Kwangju-A were only tolerant to both pyrazolate and bifenox, while Kumi, Wonju, Ichon-A, Ichon-B, Boun-B and Kwangju-B were only tolerant to quinclorac.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.96-103
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• 1993

The experiments on the ecological characteristics of the suspensible green algae and the algae causing soil-flakes and shier chemical control were conducted in 1992. The unicellular green algae which were dominated by Chlamydomonas sp. largely occurred when phosphorus was applied, but which were reduced by nitrogen application. The filamentous green algae which were dominated by Klebsormidium sp. largely occurred when phosphorus was applied, and which much more increased when nitrogen or potassium was combined with phosphorus. The suspensible green algae which were dominated by Klebsormidium sp. were controlled by 60-70% when simazine 10g ai/10a and propanil 105g ai/10a were applied. The dark blue soil-flakes largely occurred at nitrogen application, and which much more increased when nitrogen was combined with phosphorus. The dark brown soil-flakes largely occurred at phosphorus application, but no more increased even if nitrogen or potassium was combined with phosphorus. The dark blue soil-flakes which were dominated by Oscillatoria sp. much more increased at the temperature conditions of $18^{\circ}C$ compared with $24^{\circ}C$ and $29^{\circ}C$. The applications of bensulfuron/mefenacet/dymron, piperophos/dimethametryn and bensulfuron/dimepiperate controlled 70-90% of the dark blue soil-flakes.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.481-487
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• 2010

The nutritional components, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects of water and a 50% methanol extract from litchi fruit pericarp were investigated. The most abundant mineral, amino acid, and fatty acid were K, proline, and palmitic acid, respectively. In addition, the total water phenolics and 50% methanol extracts were 8.02 and 12.28 mg/g, respectively. The DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging activities and ferric reducing antioxidant power of the water and 50% methanol extracts showed dose-dependent antioxidant activity. In a cell viability assay using MTT, almost all extracts showed a protective effect against $H_2O_2$-induced neurotoxicity, and lactate dehydrogenase leakage was also inhibited by the pericarp extracts. In particular, the 50% methanol extract showed a higher cell membrane protective effect than the water extract at the highest concentration. Consequently, these data suggest that litchi fruit pericarp can be utilized as an effective and safe functional food substances for natural antioxidants and may reduce the risk of neurodegenerative disorders.