• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.19-26
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• 1975

The role of fat is important from nutritional standpoint. The physiological functions of fat are energy yielding as well as the carrier of fat soluble vitamins, with special activities of essential fatty acids. It is fortunate that Korean families prefer to use vegetable oils rather than those from animal origin. But the problems are focused on better qaulity of food oils with attempt to exploit the available resources. This study was undertaken to inevestigate the fatty acid compositions of Korean origin both from conventional and unconventional resources of gas-liquid chromatography. The results obtained are as follows. 1. The total lipid contents of seeds of red pepper, Korean squash, sesame, perilla (var Japonica), and Korean pine nuts and walnuts were 24.3%, 56.6%, 56.4%, 46.9%, 69.8%, and 67.2%, respectively. 2. The saponification numbers of samples ranged from 190 to 200. It showed that the mean molecular weights of fatty acids composing the lipids were very much closed each other. 3. Iodine numbers of varing seed oils ranged from 96.5 of Korean squash seed oil to 124.6 of walnut oil. Oils obtained from squash seeds and sesame seeds showed significantly lower value, while others ranged from 122 to 125. 4. In the fatty acid compositions, squash seed oil was composed mainly of unsaturated fatty acids, 74.9% of which was oleic acid, whereas red pepper seed oil, pine nut oil, and sesame oil contained linoleic acid as a major component showing 64.4%, 56%, 48.8%, and 47.8%, respectively. In perilla seed oil, the amounts of linoleic and linolenic acids were 14.1% and 58%, respectively which meant nearly three-fourths of the total fatty acidsbeing the unsaturated essential fatty acids. This study will encourage the use of these conventional and unconventional vegetable oils which have highr ratios of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.654-658
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to establish methods for enhancing the survival and growth of cold-water fish and crustacean larvae based on the nutritional components of zoo and phyto live foods. Rotifers, Brachionus rotundiformis, were cultured with a supplement of freshwater condensed Chlorella vulgaris at $28^{\circ}C$ and enriched with Algamac $2000^{(R)}$ at 16, 20 and $26^{\circ}C$, respectively. Isochrysis galbana, Chaetoceros calcitrans and Chlorella ellipsoidea were centrifuged for component analysis after being cultured for approximately one week with conway medium at $20^{\circ}C$. The crude protein and lipid contents of the rotifers were 58.4% and 10.9%, respectively, before enrichment. After enrichment at each temperature, total protein and essential amino acid contents were increased by reducing the enrichment temperature. However, unsaturated fatty acids and multiple fatty acid index (UI) showed their highest values at $20^{\circ}C$. Mono-unsaturated fatty acid content was highest (72.6%) at $16^{\circ}C$. The total protein contents of C. calcitrans and C. ellipsoidea were higher, 33.0% and 35.2%, respectively, than that of I. galbana, 27.8%. Methionin, leusine and histidine, essential amino acids of C. ellipsoidea, had considerably higher values, 50.2, 287.2 and 68.1 mg/g dry matter, respectively, compared to other microalgae. Total lipids, UI, DHA and n-3 PUFA of I. galbana had higher values, 23.6, 272.0, 12.9% and 45.2%, respectively, than other microalgae. Therefore, for cold-water fish and crustacean larvae that require high n-3 PUFA and DHA contents, enrichment of rotifers is desirable at $20^{\circ}C$. Fish larvae would also need more I. galbana than other microalgae.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.401-408
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• 2012

Initial subcellular responses in susceptible (PI 274420) and resistant (cv. Hartwig) soybeans infected with the soybean cyst nematode (SCN) were examined 2 and 4 days after inoculation (DAI). Subcellular features common to both soybeans at 2 DAI included hypertrophied initial syncytial cells (ISCs) and syncytium-component cells (SCs) with a dense cytoplasm containing proliferated rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (RER and SER), a hypertrophied nucleolus, and reduced vacuoles, suggesting that the nematode-infected cells were dedifferentiated. In the resistant soybean, a striking initial subcellular difference from the susceptible soybean was the dilation of the RER, indicating ER dysfunction and leading to cell death. This disturbed nematode feeding, as evidenced by disrupted feeding tubes. In PI 274420, the ISC cytoplasm was depleted, with the exception of ER membranes, at 4 DAI, while the SC cytoplasm was dense with proliferation of starch-containing plastids around multiple nuclei that might be derived from the congregation of nuclei in the neighboring SCs and in part by nuclear division without cytokinesis. In cv. Hartwig, syncytia were necrotized with secondary cell wall thickening outside the plasma membrane and an extremely dense cytoplasm containing a nucleus with an electron-lucent nucleolus, accompanied by the proliferation of closely stacked parallel RER and ribosomes. These results suggest that syncytia develop continuously in PI 274420 to produce and store nutritional substances in SCs, providing for the nematode through ISC until maturation, but in cv. Hartwig, syncytia degenerate early due to excessive metabolism, blocking nematode feeding and cytoplasmic connections with adjacent intact cells.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.62 no.3
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• pp.313-320
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• 2020

This research was performed to investigate the hypothesis that dietary mono-component protease (PRO) might improve growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs. A total of eighty-four pigs [Duroc × (Landrace × Yorkshire), 25.3 ± 2.16 kg initial body weight] were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments (7 replicates/treatment; 2 barrows and 2 gilts/replicate) in a randomized complete block design (block = sex). The dietary treatments were prepared as follows; (1) a positive control (PC) as a typical growing-finishing diet based on corn and soybean meal, (2) PC added with 0.015% of PRO (PCPRO), and (3) a negative control (NC) added with 0.015% of PRO (NCPRO). The NC had a lower concentration of crude protein (CP) compared with PC. The PRO was a commercial product that contained 75,000 protease units/g and derived from Nocardiopsis prasina produced in Bacillus licheniformis. Dietary treatments were offered to pigs during growing and finishing periods. Measurements were growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, and carcass characteristics. The PCPRO and/or NCPRO increased average daily gain (ADG) and gain to feed ratio (G:F) during growing (p < 0.10), finishing (p < 0.05), and growing-finishing periods (p < 0.10) compared with PC. Furthermore, pigs fed PCPRO and NCPRO had higher (p < 0.05) ATTD of CP and energy during growing and/or finishing periods than those fed PC. In conclusion, the supplementation of PRO in diets improved growth performance and protein digestibility of growing-finishing pigs.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.512-520
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• 2012

This study investigated the sensory characteristics of adlay tea favorably consumed by Korean consumers and analyzed the drivers behind for liking or disliking adlay tea. Six adlay tea products showing the highest market share in South Korea were selected. Sensory properties of the six products were analyzed using generic descriptive analysis. Among these, four products were further selected for consumer taste acceptance test. Sensory lexicons of adlay tea were developed by trained panelists, and the sensory characteristics of each adlay tea product were measured based on the perceived intensities of these attributes elicited from the samples. In the consumer taste acceptance test, frequent tea and coffee drinkers participated. Consumers rated the acceptance of each tea product on a 9-point hedonic scale and evaluated the reasons for liking or disliking each product based on the check-all-that-apply method. Analysis of Variance, principal component analysis, frequency analysis, and correspondence analysis were utilized for statistical analysis. Twenty sensory attributes were developed in order to characterize the six adlay tea products. The results of the descriptive analysis showed that attributes such as viscosity, black soybean flavor, goso flavor, peanut flavor, seaweed flavor, green, and presence of chunks were key factors differentiating the adlay tea products. In the consumer taste test, roasted flavor, goso flavor, peanut flavor, and presence of chunks were positive drivers for liking the adlay tea products, whereas seaweed and green flavors were negative attributes that drove consumers away.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.928-934
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• 2007

Physiochemical properties, such as yield and molecular weight distribution of polysaccharide fractions, of polysaccharides in the enzymatic hydrolysates of purslane were investigated and characterized. A higher amount of micro nutrients, such as potassium (9,413 mg/100 g), phosphorus acid (539 mg/100 g), leucine, alanine, lysine, valine, glycine, and isoleucine, was present in whole purslane. The yield of water soluble polysaccharides (WSP) was 0.29, 7.01, and 7.94% when extracted using room temperature water (RTW), hot-water (HW), and hot temperature/high pressure-water (HTPW), respectively, indicating that HW or HTPW extraction may be effective to obtain WSP from purslane. The average ratio of L-arabinose:D-galactose in the WSP was 37:49, 34:37, and 27:29, when extracted using RTW, HW, and HTPW, respectively. These results indicate that water was a suitable extraction solvent for preparation of the arabinogalactan component of whole purslane. A higher yield and total carbohydrate content was obtained by using Viscozyme L instead of Pectinex 5XL during extraction of the WSP, which indicates that enzymatic treatment of purslane may be an effective method to control the Mw of polysaccharides. Finally, it was confirmed that Viscozyme L is a suitable enzyme for the hydrolysis and separation of polysaccharides obtained from purslane.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.329-333
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• 2006

Soybean quality is determined based on protein content, lipid content and fatty acid composition, and several functional components including isoflavones, anthocyanins and functional activity. Because the level of each component changes during seed development, it is necessary to know the concentration of quality-related components in developing seeds. Little is known of the pattern of changes in quality-related components. Seeds from field-grown soybean was harvest from the $R_6$ stage to the $R_8$ stage in 2004. Seed characteristics and the level of nutritional components were examined. Seed moisture content was dropped rapidly after the $R_7$ stage in the tested varieties. Seed growth rate was the highest from the beginning of the $R_6$ stage to the mid-$R_6$ stage. Chlorophyll content was decreased rapidly in pods and seeds. However, seed growth period from the $R_6\;to\;R_8$ was 35 days. The crude protein content was. increased dramatically between 63 DAF and 70 DAF and then increased slightly. The pattern of isoflavone accumulation was nearly similar to that of seed weight increase. From the late $R_6$ stage to the $R_7$, the accumulation rate was higher as compared to other stages. The angiotensin inhibitory activity was increased according to seed development from 63 ($R_6$) to 84 DAF ($R_8$). The difference of inhibitory activity in heated soybean powder, however, was not great among stages. The inhibitory activity was affected by heating treatment. The most effective heating time was 10 min. Excessive heating longer than 30 min resulted in a lowered inhibitory activity of soybean on ACE.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.311-322
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• 2017

This study examined the traditional edible basis and ingredients of Song-gi used for Pyeon of Jong-ga ancestral ritual food. Through an investigation of references, a case study, and ingredient analysis for traditional edible basis of Song-gi, the nutritional value and availability as food material were reviewed. Among the 4 kinds of pine trees from 4,705 types of edible materials usable as food listed in the ${\ll}$Korea Food Standards Codex${\gg}$, 'Pinus radiata D. Don', in which the husk is acknowledged as an edible food, was applied in this study. This study processed the Song-gi following the method of jong-ga and divided into pine inner bark (PIB) and pine inner bark powder (PIBP) to analyze the general composition and dietary fiber. The main composition of PIB was carbohydrate, in which the content was 88.7% per 100 g. The content of dietary fiber was 73.7% per 100 g and the insoluble dietary fiber reached 92.3% in total dietary fiber. In conclusion, the edibility of Song-gi, which has a considerable amount of insoluble dietary fiber caused constipation because it absorbed the moisture in the intestine due to the lack of nutrients but may be developed as a functional food that helps the digestive activation of the intestine and improve the health of the intestine if taken with balanced nutrition.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.15-24
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• 2012

This study aims to investigate characteristics of water quality factors by using survey results of national marine environmental monitoring system from 2004 to 2010 at coastal area of the East Sea of Korea. In this study, we chose statistical methods to analyze the correlation among water quality parameters and principal component analysis for characteristics of each water environment. In addition to this, we evaluated each water's pollution level based on eutrophication standard of OECD, Eutrophication Index(EI), and Organic Pollution Index(OPI). Major factors were chlorophyll a and salt according to the analysis at coastal area of the East Sea. The sea was divided into the south and the central part by Jukbyeon. Also, Jukbyeon in the central part of the East Sea and Gampo in the southern sea coastal waters have been classified separately. The nutritional status of coastal area of East Sea presented Mesotrophic to Oligotrophic level and EI showed less than 1. OPI in all of the coastal area at the East Sea represented that the water quality condition was favorable.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.316-324
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• 2014

Milk fat is an important food component, and plays a significant role in the economics, functional nutrition, and chemical properties of dairy products. Dairy products also contain nutritional resources and essential fatty acids (FAs). Because of the increasing demand for dairy products, milk fat is a common target in economic fraud. Specifically, milk fat is often replaced with cheaper or readily available vegetable oils or animal fats. In this study, a method for the discrimination of milk fat was developed, using FAs profiles, and triacylglycerols (TGs) profiles. A total of 11 samples were evaluated: four milk fats (MK), four vegetable oils (VG), two pork lards (PL), and one beef tallow (BT). Gas chromathgraphy analysis were performed, to monitor the FAs content and TGs composition in MK, VG, PL, and BT. The result showed that qualitative determination of the MK of samples adulterated with different vegetable oils and animal fats was possible by a visual comparision of FAs, using C14:0, C16:0, C18:1n9c, C18:0, and C18:2n6c, and of TGs, using C36, C38, C40, C50, C52, and C54 profiles. Overall, the objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of the use of FAs and TGs in the detection of adulterated milk fat, and accordingly characterize the samples by the adulterant oil source, and level of adulteration. Also, based on this preliminary investigation, the usefulness of this approach could be tested for other oils in the future.