• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.415-423
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to estimate the consumption prevalence of vitamin and mineral supplements as health functional foods (VM-HFF) and to examine the factors associated with VM-HFF consumption behaviors in adolescents. A total of 1,407 adolescents attending middle or high schools from various cities and rural communities in Korea participated in this study. The prevalence of VM-HFF consumption was 41.7%, with boys showing a higher consumption than girls (p<0.01). VM-HFF consumption was higher in families with higher socioeconomic status and for families with parents that exhibited higher concerns about their child's health, growth, and nutritional intake (p<0.001). Most consumers of VM-HFF consumed HFFs 'when healthy' (50.1%), and acquired nutritional information from 'their families & relatives' (50.9%). Most consumers responded that VM-HFF was 'a little effective' (54.3%), followed by 'no obvious effects' (37.1%), and 'very effective' (7.4%). The effectiveness of consuming VM-HFF was mainly for 'fatigue recovery' (39.0%) and 'health improvement' (28.2%). Most consumers purchased HFFs at 'pharmacies & oriental medicine clinics' (53.8%) and at 'health functional food stores' (18.8%). Most consumers 'occasionally' (51.1%) or 'seldom' (27.3%) checked nutrition facts when purchasing, with 58.9% of consumers understanding the nutritional label for 'the most part', but only 8.7% of them understanding it 'very well'. Among the VM-HFF, consumers preferred calcium- and vitamin C-supplements. Consumers' mini-dietary assessment scores were higher than those of non-consumers. The results above showed that VM-HFF consumption was widely spread among adolescents, but few consumers checked and understood the nutrition label when they purchased VM-HFF, and were highly dependent on the advice and information from non-professional nutritionists, such as families & relatives. Therefore, it is necessary to educate adolescents to help them read nutrition labels and select the proper VM-HFF.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.946-956
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• 1999

The iron nutritional status of 328(20-70 years old) women in Seoul and Puyo areas was evaluated using a dietary information and a measurement of hematological indices. The serum iron was measured by Red Blood Cell(RBC), Hemoglobin(Hb), Hematocrit(Hct), Serum Iron(S-Fe), Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC), Transferrin Saturation(TS) and Serum Ferritin(SF) and was analyzed with the information obtained by interviews which included socio-demographic variables and the dietary pattern of the subjects. The mean Hb was 12.6 $\pm$ 1.21g/dl(Seoul : 12.4 $\pm$ 1.14g/dl, Puyo : 13.2 $\pm$ 1.28g/dl), Hct was 38.7 $\pm$ 3.84%(Seoul: 37.5 $\pm$ 3.28%, Puyo: 4.19 $\pm$ 3.48%), S-Fe was 76.8 $\pm$ 31.49ug/dl(Seoul: 68.8 $\pm$ 27.3ug/dl, Puyo: 78.8 $\pm$ 32.3ug/dl) and TIBC was 277.7 $\pm$ 86.15ug/dl(Seoul: 354.1 $\pm$ 129.8ug/dl, Puyo: 259.0 $\pm$ 59.55ug/dl). The mean Ts(%) was 30.9 $\pm$ 17.9% (Seoul: 21.7 $\pm$ 10.52%, Puyo: 33.2 $\pm$ 18.68%) and the level was significantly higher in Puyo women(p<0.05). The mean SF was 45.4 $\pm$ 46.21ng/ml(Seoul: 53.6 $\pm$ 50.21ng/ml, Puyo: 36.1 $\pm$ 39.83ng/ml). The Red Blood Cell(RBC) showed a negative correlation with age and Hb, Hct showed a negative correlation with education and income level. However TIBC showed a and total energy expenditure per day. Energy, protein, carbohydrate, iron and vit.C intake showed a positive correlation with Hb and Hct. In particular, heme iron showed a positive correlation with RBC and nonheme iron of Hb, income level and iron intake affected on the level of Hct. In Seoul women, the age of menarche affected on the level of TIBC, total energy expenditure affected on the level of Hct. In Seoul women, the age of menarche affected on the level of TIBC, total energy expenditure affected on the level of S-Fe.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.463-474
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• 2014

Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the food environment, particularly focusing on restaurants in three areas (Suwon city, Hwaseong Byeongieom-dong, and Bibong-myun). Methods: A total of 662 persons were surveyed on customers' perceptions of the food environment in restaurants. A structured questionnaire composed of 30 questions on 7 factors, sanitation (4 items), displaying information (5), food quality (12), information on nutritional and healthy food choice (6), restaurant's accessibility (1), availability (1), and affordability (1) was used. In addition, an expert assessment of restaurant sanitation, and information on nutritional healthy food choice was conducted through visiting 126 restaurants. Results: Scores (range of score : 1~7) for each factors assessing the restaurant food environment were 5.06 for sanitation factors, 5.05 for displaying information factors, 5.13 for taste appearance factors, and 4.35 for healthy menu factors. Informations on nutritional healthy food choice showed a low rate: only 16.24% of the subjects answered that there is a message encouraging choice of healthy foods and 27.4% answered that menus contain nutritional information. Significant differences in food environment were observed by region (city, town, rural). The restaurants food environment in the rural area turned out to be poorer than that of the other two areas. In comparison of customer perception and expert assessment, significant differences were observed for 'Employee appearances and uniforms are clean and tidy' (p < .05), and 'There is a message encouraging the choice of healthy foods' (p < .05). Conclusion: This study provided evidence for differences of restaurant food environment by regions. In the rural area, there is a problem in restaurant's accessibility, availability, and affordability because of a lack of variety in menu items and restaurants. This results suggest that there is a need for more healthy food restaurants in the rural area.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.333-342
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• 1998

To assess the nutrient intake and diet quality of Korean adults living in rural area, dietary survey with one day 24 -hour recall method was given to 2037 subjects over 30 years of age living in Yeoncho-gun, Kyungki province of Korea, together with health survey. The mean daily energy intake was 1583 kcal, with 65.4% of energy intake being supplied by carbohydrate, 15.9% by protein and 18.7% by fat. Eighty percents of total food intake were supplied by vegetable food and the rest in the form of animal food . As well as insufficiencies in calcium and iron intake, the bioabailability of calcium and iron is considered to have been low because most of those intakes came form plant origins. For most nutrients except phosporous, proportions of subjects with intake levels less than 75% of RDA was over 40% and highest in the elderly. Those proportion of low intake among female were higher than those among male. The mean adequacy ration(MAR) , an index of overall dietary quality was 0.62 for females and 0.68 for males and decreased with increase of age. The indexes of nutritional quality (INQ) were over 1 for most nutrients except 0.06 of vitamin A, 0.73 of calcium and 0.85 of vitamin C, Nutrient intake levels less than 75% of RDA may be appropriate as a criteria for insufficiency of nutrient intake. Based on these results, it is evident that some of adults in rural areas did not consume enough nutrients, especially vitamin A, calcium and vitamin B$_2$, and that the dietary intake of female and the elderly was not adequate .

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.172-180
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• 2003

This study was performed to document the weight loss diet practice and dietary habit related to weight control in child-bearing Korean women. The subjects were 1,434 women aged 17-39 years. The subjects were classified into 3 groups based on BMI: low weight(LW) BMI < 18.5; normal weight(NW), 18.5 BMI 22.9; and overweight(OW), 23.0 BMI. Anthropometric, general characteristics, weight control practice, and the quality of diet were assessed by a questionnaire. LW group had higher rate of smoking and drinking. They also complained more subjective symptom of anemia and used less nutritional supplementation. Weight loss diet had been practiced by about 40% of subjects and the percent was increased with increasing BMI. The reason of weight loss diet were significantly different by BMI groups(p<0.05); LW to keep body in shape, OW for health. Low BMI group had experienced more side effects after weight loss diet(p<0.05). LW group usually used inappropriate method to control weight such as skipping meals and some of OW group reported using drug to lose weight. All subjects have been skipped their meals of 3.9 times per week, especially 4.3 times in LW group. By mini dietary assessment, most of the subjects did not have regular meals. LW group tended to eat what they like and OW group preferred fried food. This study showed that child-bearing aged women make a ceaseless effort apart from their weight, and LW group have a matter of grave concern because of their dietary habit and weight control practice. Additional research should be necessary to assess the relation of health and weight loss diet in young women.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.725-733
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• 2004

It was well received that well grounded behavioral theories were important in the development of effective nutrition education programs, but there are only a few programs available for Korean women. The objective of this study was to develop nutrition education programs for childbearing-aged women in Korea. Based on the findings of the needs assessment for the program and theoretical backgrounds, we developed behaviorally oriented tailored nutrition education program including motivation (MT), modifying (MD) and maintenance (MA) stages. The key concepts of the stages were motivation promotion for MT, increasing behavioral capabilities for MD, and strengthening self-management and building favorable environmental condition for MA. The education program was intended to be need in individual nutrition counseling, but it could be well used for group education by developing materials using the relevant contents. The primary users of the program were nutrition educators, however it could be also used by clients as needed. The introductory chapter provided dietary assessment tools and nutrition education tips. MT chapter included subjects such as nutritional status screening, costs of inappropriate nutrition and weight management, benefits of eating right, and activities for motivation promotion. MD stage chapter dealt with topics of healthy weight, knowledges and skills for better eating habits and physical activity status, and activities related to setting tailored behavioral objectives. MA stage focused on facilitating self management skills and building helping relationships. Each stage underlined activities using various educational tools in order to promote active participation of the client (s). For better use of this program, it was recommended to conduct program validation study.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.699-707
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• 2003

This study examined the effectiveness of two commonly used dietary assessment methods (the 24-hour recall and the food frequency questionnaire) in the epidemiological investigations of health-related habits and degenerative diseases. This cross sectional project in the Seoul area was conducted for the purpose of establishing cohort subjects and collecting reliable nutrient intake data for a further large-scale cross sectional study. The subjects were 91 volunteers from the Seoul area with a mean age of 53.5 \pm 9.6 for the males and 52.2 \pm 8.9 for the females. The subjects had a relatively high educational background, were from high socioeconomic levels, and were greatly concerned about healthrelated life styles. There was a significantly negative correlation between their smoking and their nutrient intake. Their drinking habits, their self-estimated health status and their concern or stress about being healthy did not have any influence on their nutrient intakes. Skipping meals was the most undesirable dietary habit influencing their nutrient intakes, and the next was their irregularity of eating meals. The subjects who liked legumes and fish had higher intakes of iron and niacin and those who liked milk and dairy products had higher intakes of calcium, vitamin \B_2 and fat. The subjects who considered themselves not to be healthy consumed higher amounts of fish and shell-fish, and those who considered themselves to be healthy consumed higher amounts of vegetables. The smokers consumed less fruits than non-smokers, but there was no correlation between their drinking and consumption of the food groups. There was no correlation between their food consumption frequency and their skipping meals or meal irregularity. There were positive correlations between their food likes and food consumption frequency for foods such as meat, milk and dairy products, seaweeds and fruits. Therefore, their smoking, skipping meals and meal irregularity appeared to greatly influence their nutrient intakes. Significant correlations were found between their health-related habits and their food group preferences and food frequencies. This implies that simple surveying methods using criteria such as smoking, skipping meals and meal irregularity, food group preferences and eating frequencies can be used as useful tools in the assessment of nutritional statuses.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.385-397
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• 2017

This study assessed the nutrient intake for Korean adolescents using the estimated usual intake. The usual intake of 1,763 adolescents aged 12-17 years old was estimated from one-day 24-hour recall data in the 2010-2012 Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey. The nutrient intakes of four groups according to sex (male and female) and age (12-14 and 15-17 years old) were then assessed in reference to the 2015 Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans. For macronutrients, the proportions of subjects below and above the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR) were calculated. The Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) cut-point method was used to assess insufficient intakes of protein, vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, calcium, phosphorus, and iron; the full probability approach was used to assess the insufficient intake for iron among females. The proportions of subjects over the Tolerable Upper Intake Levels for vitamin C, niacin, calcium, phosphorus, and iron and the proportions over the Intake Goal for sodium were calculated to assess excessive intake. The proportions of subjects above AMDR for carbohydrates ranged from 22.5% to 38.0% by group. The proportions of subjects by group with insufficient intake for vitamin C, riboflavin, calcium, phosphorus, and iron ranged 29.1-39.7%, 22.5-34.3%, 73.1-89.3%, 14.3-43.6%, and 23.2-55.5%, respectively. The proportions of subjects by group with excessive intake for sodium ranged from 91.5% to 99.3%. The results of this study represent important basic information to establish nutritional standards for school lunches as well as to decide on relevant nutrition policies for adolescents.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.272-291
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate health-related habits, dietary habits, depression, stress, satisfaction of body weight, mini-dietary assessment (MDA) and dietary behaviors according to self-rated health among 255 university students in Kyungnam province. Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS software package (version 19.0). The average ages of the subjects were 21.1 years. Participants were asked their self-rated health and 109, 105 and 41 students answered themselves as "healthy", "normal" and "unhealthy", respectively. The pocket money (P<0.05) was related with self-rated health, and meal frequency (P<0.01) of healthy group was higher than that of the unhealthy group. The self-reported depression level (P<0.01) and the score of depression (P<0.05) of the healthy group were lower than those of the unhealthy group. The self-reported stress level of the healthy group (P<0.05) was higher than that of the unhealthy group. The scores of nutritional behavior (P<0.05) and MDA (P<0.01) of the healthy group were higher than those of the unhealthy group. The scores for intakes of meat, fish, egg or beans, cereals and vegetables except kimchi, fruits, balanced diet and various foods were higher in the healthy group than in the unhealthy group. Our results suggest that pocket money, high meal frequency, low depression, satisfaction of present body weight, and good dietary behavior might influence good perception of self-rated health.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.10-25
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to update the previously developed nursing practice guideline for enteral nutrition (EN). Methods: The guideline update was done in 22 steps using standardized methodology for nursing practice guidelines. Results: The updated EN guideline consisted of 16 domains and 228 recommendations. The domains and number of recommendations in each domain were for IDSA (Infectious Diseases Society of America): 8 on general instruction, 9 on general instruction for special nutrition, 9 on general instruction for EN, 3 on assessment of EN, 10 on access to EN, 18 on EN device insertion, 16 on selection and preparation of nutritional supplements, 46 on administration and stopping EN, 22 on maintenance and management of EN, 9 on monitoring EN, 16 on prevention and management of complications of EN, 18 on medication administration, 20 on EN in various situations, 20 on prevention of errors, 1 on nursing education, and 3 on nursing documentation. For the levels of evidence, there were 9.7% for level I, 13.1% for level II, 62.5% for level III and 1.1% for GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation): 3.3% for low, 0.8% for moderate, 9.3% for very low. A total of 133 recommendations were newly developed and 10 previous recommendations were modified. Conclusion: This updated EN nursing practice guideline can be used to enhance evidence-based practice in fundamentals of nursing practice and it should be disseminated to nurses nationwide in order to improve the efficiency of EN practice.