• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.371-379
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• 2001

The present study was conducted to determine whether the food shortage situation in North Korea has affected its people differentially according to social class. We performed a literature search on North Korean books and documents on food and nutrition. We also conducted a mail survey on North Korean defectors to estimate the energy and nutrient intake and the practice of foraging for wild foods at the time of food crisis in North Korea. The subjects were 150 adults, 104 men and 46 women, aged 20 years and older, who resettled in the South Korea after the food crisis. The mean energy intakes for men and women were estimated to be 1,260 kcal and 980.6 kcal, respectively, which were far less than 2,900 kcal and 2,600 kcal, the intake levels recommended for North Korean men and women, respectively. Thirty seven percent of the subjects reported a lack of foods adequate enough for work and other daily activities, and fifty seven percent reported a routine use of wild foods such as roots, grass, stalks, and tree bark with an average of 4 items per day. Food consumption patterns on a typical day were different by social classes with the high class people consuming an affluent diet in the midst of a severe food shortage.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.212-221
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• 1995

This survey of 180 6th-grade students was focused owl the differences of nutritional and anthropometric status according to calorie Intakes. The results were summarized as followed : 1) All nutrient intakes of boys were higher than those of girls, and both groups had lower calcium and iron intakes compared with RDA. But all the nutrient Intakes were showed significantly different among three groups divided by percentile of calorie intake(lower 25%, 25∼75% and upper 25%), therefore it suggested that subjects had a large individual variance. 2) Mean height, weight, TSK, and blood pressure of boys were 145.5cm, 40.6kg, 19.3mm, and 114.5/68.4mmHg respectively, and girls were 148.4cm, 38.9kg, 16.7mm, 112.3/67.0mmHg. The differences in anthropometric status according calorie and calcium intake were not found. This study showed protein intake had influence on height and weight of boys.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.220-230
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to develop and validate the Food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for dietary studies of Koreans. One hundred and five food items for the Food frequency questionnaire were selected based on information of frequently consumed foods from National Nutrition Survey Reports and on raw data from a dietary survey on diabetic patients. Frequency of consumption was determined through nine categories ranging from more than three times a day to almost never to indicate how often the specified amount of each food item was consumed during the past month. Three portion sizes were given for each food item(small, medium or large) with respect to a stated medium portion. Seventy-three healthy women served for the validation study. They completed both the FFQ and a 3-day diet record. The FFQ estimate of mean nutrient intake was higher by 10-20% than that of the 3-days diet record and the Spearman correlation coefficients between the two methods ranged from 0.26 to 0.59 . The degree of agreement was from 36% to 38% when nutrients intake assessed by the FFQ and 3day diet record were classified within the same quintile. On the whole , the result of this study seemed to be in good agreement with other studies. Therefore the FFQ developed in this study is considered to be a reliable tool in assessing the dietary habits of Korean.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.97-102
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• 2004

A cross-sectional epidemiologic study was conducted to evaluate vitamin C nutritional status by assessing dietary intake and blood vitamin C level and to identify the relationships between dietary vitamin C intake, serum vitamin C level and blood lead level in Korean lead workers. The study population was 118 lead workers from two battery manufacturing factories and 63 non-lead-exposed controls. A food consumption survey was conducted by the 24-hr recall method to determine the dietary vitamin C intake level. The anthropometric measurements, blood collection, and survey were performed between September and November, 2000. Blood lead levels and serum vitamin C levels were measured using an atomic absorption spectrometer and high performance liquid chromatography, respectively. Vitamin C nutritional status of Korean lead workers was lower than that of the control group, in terms of both dietary intake and the biochemical index: the mean daily dietary intake level of vitamin C of lead workers was 65.9mg (94% RDA), while that of controls was 132.6mg(189% RDA) ; and the serum vitamin C status of lead workers (0.10mg/dl) was significantly lower than that of controls (1.08mg/dl ; p<0.001). Both dietary vitamin C intake and serum vitamin C levels showed a significant negative correlation with blood lead level (p<0.001), which indicates that strategies of dietary management to promote the health of Korean lead workers should focus on promoting the vitamin C intakes of individuals.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.411-419
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study analyzed factors affecting consumption frequencies of vegetables and fruits in Korean adolescents. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Consumption frequencies of vegetables and fruits, general characteristics, meal, health, and other variables were analyzed for a total of 147,047 adolescents who participated in the KYRBWS (Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey) conducted in 2006 and 2011 by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. RESULTS: Consumption frequencies of vegetables and fruits more than once a day significantly decreased in 2011 compared to 2006 based on Chi-square test conducted for every factor employed in the study. Analysis of factors showed that consumption frequencies of vegetables and fruits were reduced in both study years as subjective income decreased, whereas intake frequencies increased with mother's education level and reduction of adolescent stress level. CONCLUSIONS: In general, consumption frequencies of vegetables and fruits decreased in 2011 compared to those in 2006. Thus, future research needs to improve dietary guidelines for nutrition education in order for students to recognize the importance of food consumption and necessity of increasing daily serving sizes of vegetables and fruits for their balanced consumption.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.143-152
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• 2004

A dietary survey was conducted using 24-hour recall method in 80 male elementary school children, 83 high school students, 87 adults and 98 elderly people over 65 years of age to discuss food and nutrient intakes among different age groups. In observing food intake by age groups, the percentage of plant foods to total food intake was significantly higher in the elderly than other groups and that of animal foods was the highest in the children. The children consumed significantly higher amounts of milk and dairy products. Carbohydrate energy percent in the elderly people was 68.0%, significantly higher than other age groups. All age groups consumed Ca below Korean RDA and especially, 65.1% of the adolescents and 68.4% of the elderly consumed below 75% of RDA. Nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) of most nutrients was lowest in the elderly. Mean adequacy ratio (MAR), an index of overall dietary quality, was 0.94 for the children, 0.84 for the adolescents, 0.84 for the adults, and 0.73 for the elderly. The above results suggest that food and nutrient intakes have been differently affected with advancing age, and overall dietary quality of the elderly people is lower than that of other age groups. (Korean J Nutrition 37(2): 143-152, 2004)

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.23 no.8
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• pp.54-66
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate the nutrient intake status and factors affecting the consumption of commercial staple food for Korean adults using the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data from 2010 to 2014. As a result of analyzing the frequency of consumption of commercial staple food, in 27.578 subjects, 75.5% of them did not eat it once a day, 21.7% of the subjects consumed once a day, and more than two times showed 2.8%. According to the results of age, the higher the age, the higher the rate of not consuming commercial staple food, and the lower the age, the higher the rate of consumption of commercial staple food(p<0.0001). In addition, the rate of consumption of commercial staple food was higher in cities than in rural areas. The higher the education level, the higher the proportion of commercial staple food. The intake of rice, noodles, and bread increased significantly as the frequency of consumption of commercial staple foods increased. Protein, fat, riboflavin, and niacin showed significant differences with increasing frequency of commercial staple food in nutrient intakes(p<0.0001). As the number of commercial staple food increased, the intake of grains, egg products, milk and dairy products, beverages and other food groups increased and the consumption of vegetables decreased significantly.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.1144-1150
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• 1999

A nutrition survey regarding daily kimchi consumption and its hypolipidemic effect were carried out with 102 of healthy Korean adult men aged between 40 to 64 years old who visited hospital for physical examination. The physical and biochemical parameters of blood were examined as well as food record, preferences for taste, personal life habit, and family history of disease. Data were expressed as quartile according to kimchi consumption. The average daily kimchi consumption for 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th per centile group were 68, 118, 208, and 383g, respectively. The intakes of dietary fiber and Ca were found to be increased as kimchi intake increased(p<0.05). The kimchi consumption level was selected as the determining factor for HDL C level analyzed by stepwise multiple regression(p=0.09). When correlation coefficient between kimchi consumption and other parameters were analyzed, kimchi consumption was positively correlated with HDL C and negatively correlated with LDL C(p<0.05). The preference for hot taste was negatively correlated with systolic blood presure. It seems that kimchi consumption is beneficial to elevate HDL C and lower LDL C level.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.501-508
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• 2007

With the goal of searching for the ways to help market traditional beverages as take-out products, this study conducted a survey over men and women over 20 years of age in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province. Their perceptions of importance in choosing traditional beverages and conventional drinks were examined for difference. As a result, taste, reliability, health, flavor, and price were important at general beverage, while taste, health, flavor, reliability, price, and color were in choosing traditional beverages. The participants mentioned recovery from fatigue as the most favorable added feature of traditional beverages, which was followed by beneficial for adult diseases and facilitating digestion. Their preferences toward using them to satisfying a sense of hunger was relatively low. The participants preferred price range was $3,000{\sim}3,500$ won, their favorite ingredients were functional ones, and their favorite shop design was a traditional style. It seems that the marketability of traditional beverages as take-out products is high. The promotion and development efforts should involve marketing to women, differentiation strategies from other drinks, a graceful image, reliable drinks, and additional functions such as recovery from fatigue and can benefit adult diseases.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.579-589
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• 2012

This study was performed to investigate the eating habit, body image, and weight control behavior by BMI in Korean female high school students. Data on the 16,574 subjects was obtained from the sixth Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (2010). Only 52.2% of the subjects had regular breakfast. The rate of skipping breakfast was higher in the underweight group than in the obese group, but the rate of skipping dinner was on the contrary to this. Underweight students had a higher intake frequency of fruits, fast food, instant noodle, and snacks than the obese groups. 3.5% of underweight students considered themselves to be overweight or obese. 53.4% of obese students considered themselves to be overweight. The experience of weight control increased according to BMI, but underweight students considered weight control as an effort to be slimmer. Meal restriction was used more frequently to control weight. The perceived stress level was higher in obese student, especially due to appearance. Therefore, an appropriate, integrated and personalized high school nutrition program should be established for proper body image perception and to develop the self-esteem of female high school students.