• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.420-426
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• 1986

This survey was carried out to investigate the effect of taking a nutrition course on the nutrition knowledge and food habits of college students who do not major nutrition. Questionnaires were completed by 444 students who have taken nutrition course and by 555 students who did not take nutrition course. Nutrition knowledge score of the students taken nutrition course was significantly higher than that of students did not take nutrition course(p<0.001). Especially male student obtained lower nutrition knowledge score than female students in graups who did not take nutrition course (p<0.001), but there was no difference in nutrition knowledge score between male and female students who have taken nutrition course. The students taken nutrition course showed higher food habits score than those who did not take nutrition course (p<0.001). The former had a lower response rate than that of the latter, for what are regarded as poor food habits. There was a significant and positive correlation between nutrition knowledge score and food habits score in students who have taken nutrition course but not significant correlation in those who did not take nutrition course.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.365-371
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• 2013

High intakes of sodium may increase the risk of hypertension or cardiovascular diseases. According to the 2010 Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey, the average intake of sodium was 4,878 mg/day with salt, kimchi, soy sauce, fermented soybean paste and Ramyeon being the five main sources of sodium. In order to identify solutions to reduce the intake of sodium, we investigated the intake patterns and eating behaviors of Ramyeon among 347 college students (male 146, female 201) using survey questionnaires. The average age of study subjects was 23.7 years for males and 20.5 years for females. The average Body Mass Index ($kg/m^2$) was 21.9 for males and 20.1 for females. The average frequency of Ramyeon intake was 2.0 times/week. The main reason for eating Ramyeon was convenience (56%), followed by good taste (27%), low price (11%) and other reasons (9%). The criteria for choosing Ramyeon were taste (72%), convenience (14%), price (7%), nutrition (1%), and the other factors (2%). Males' average intake of Ramyeon soup (61%) was higher than that of the females (36%). The estimated intake of Ramyeon soup by survey showed a positive correlation with the measured intake of Ramyeon soup. Sodium contents of Ramyeon were measured separately for the noodles and the soup, which were 1,185 mg/serving and 1,148 mg/serving each. Therefore, the amount of sodium intake can be reduced if students eat less Ramyeon soup. Also, we observed that dietary behaviors and soup intakes of Ramyeon between the sexes were different. Appropriate nutritional education for proper eating habits may help decrease the intake of sodium.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.9
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• pp.960-965
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• 2003

For the purpose of developing 'internet nutritional education program', this study analyzed the actual states of internet nutritional information of middle/high school students. Survey questionnaires were distributed from October 21, 2002 to October 26,2002 to a total of 564 students at three junior high schools and five senior high schools located in Seoul. The total number of questionnaires collected and used in our study was 479, which is 84.9% of the total questionnaires distributed. According to the survey results, we found significant difference in the nutritional information source between middle and high school students (p < 0.05) , and two groups responded that effective nutrition information material is 'electronic materials'. Most of the respondents connected with internet more than 1 times per day, but a large number of students were not experienced in using nutrition information of the internet. All groups were using nutrition information of the internet for homework, and satisfaction level of using nutrition information of the internet were an average. Effective methods for acquiring nutrition information of internet were 'educational game' for middle school students and 'bulletin board (Q & A)'for high school students. Moreover the factor analysis for internet nutritional information program's characteristics showed that 'instructing plans','contents of study & technical support','availability'and'interaction'were important considerations for developing internet nutritional information program. We found out through our analysis that was a strong need for a more practical and effective internet nutritional education program for middle and high school students.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.61-66
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• 2004

This study was performed to investigate the nutritional status associated with alcohol consumption in Korean adults men and women. The data was derived from the 2001 Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey. The number of subjects included were 6090 (Men: 2789, Women: 3031) aged 20 (equation omitted) < 65y. Men consuming moderate alcohol ((equation omitted) 24 g/day but < 48g/day) had higher intakes of energy and vitamin B groups than the ones consuming less than 24g/day. Heavy drinking men reporting more than 48g alcohol/day were observed as having 3207.2kcal of energy intake (130% of Korean RDA) and significantly elevated levels in most of the nutrients. For women drinkers, when the alcohol consumption was moderate ((equation omitted) 12g/day but 24g/day) or heavy((equation omitted) 36g/day) the energy intake was 2188.9kcal(100% of RDA) or 2627.5kcal (130% of RDA). The other nutrients protein, fat, calcium, iron and vitamin B group were also higher in women with heavy alcohol consumption. Heavy drinking women showed significantly higher weight, BMI and HDL-C. In contrast, heavy drinking men did not show any significant difference in BMI but showed significantly elevated blood pressure, HDL-C and lower serum cholesterol.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.23-25
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• 1972

Following the previous reports (Part I : For Sea-Divers and Hwa-Jeon-Min; Part II : For male and female Buddhists) Authors have conducted another nutrition survey for the island inhabitants living in Sa Hoo Ri, Goon Oi Myun, Wan Do Goon, Jon Nam Province. The following results were obtained. 1. Cereals, green vegetables and fishes and shell-fishes were major food for the inhabitants, and the amounts of the intakes of these foods were 54%, 28.5%, 5.3% of total intake, respectively. The Calorie derived from carbohydrate occupied approximately 80% of total calorie intaken. 2. The calorie intakes of the inhibitant, were generally lower compared with the Korean Recommended Dietary Allowances. 3. Protein intake was generally good, but animal protein occupied only 19.4% of total protein intake. 4. Fat intake was very low and the calorie from fat occupied only 6.1% of total calorie intaken. 5. Vitamin A intake was low, and 99.4% of the total Vitamin A intaken consisted of carotene. 6. Vitamin $B_1\;and\;B_2$ intakes were low, especially Vitamin $B_2$ intake was very low.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.149-155
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• 2005

This exploratory study investigated the software programs utilized by clinical dietitians and their perceptions on the use of information technology. The study focused on the use of specialized software for dietetics, general software for any office use and the Internet. A self-administered survey was used to collect data from clinical dietitians identified in the Kentucky Dietetic Association Directory 2003-2004. The survey was conducted in March through April, 2004. A total of 22 responses were collected, which yielded a response rate of $68\%$. Findings suggest that computer use has become a routine for optimal clinical practice ; major specialized software programs are used for nutrition assessment, nutrition analysis and menu development. Use of specialized software appears to be unassociated with dietitians' age and years of experience ; however, the associations are indicated between use of specialized software and education level as well as their specialty ; word processing and spreadsheet are the major general software used. Internet is used mainly for information search and communication. Respondents perceived that overall work efficiency and productivity significantly increased with computer use. The complexity of software is the major barrier encountered so training is the most needed support by the department. Strategic promotion on the use of specialized software should be targeted to the management team of the hospitals/facilities.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.15-26
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• 1980

The main purposes of the nutrition and clinical surveys were to provide baseline information on the nutritional status of pre-school children in rural health demonstration project areas of the Korea Health Development Institute (KHDI) for nutrition guidance services for the MCH target group. The survey covered a total of 222 pre-school children and 135 mothers in Okgu Gun, Cholla Pukto Province from August 10 to August 17, 1979. The survey results are summarized as follows: 1) Family Environment Seventy percent of the households had more than three children, and the mean family sire was 6. Sixty-nine percent of the mothers and 47% of the fathers of the surveyed households were educated at or below the primary school level. The majority, 70% of the mothers, were aged between 20 years and 35 years. 2) Anthropometric Measurements and Hemoglobin Value 4.5% of the children were lower than 80% weight for age of the Korean standard, and 5.4% were lower than 85% arm circumference for age of the Jelliffe's standard resectively, and those were suffering from protein-energy malnutrition. Angular stomatitis were observed on 66.2% of the subjects. Mean hemoglobin value was 11.1g/100m1, and 44.2% of the subjects were categorized as anaemia. 3) Food and Nutrient Intake of animal foods was very low, ranging from 2.9 to 17%. Consumption of eggs was less than 2% of total food intake, and intake of legumes was also very scanty, between 0.8 to 3.7%. These data present evidence of very poor protein intake, quality as well as quantity. Energy intake of children was 60.0 to 64.4% of the recommended allowance, and mean protein intake only met 47.4% of the recommendation. Low intake of vitamins except thiamin were also found. 4) Mother's Nutrition Knowledge Eighty-five percent of the mothers were entirely ignorant regarding the 'five basic food group' which is most important fact on food and nutrition guidance. Mean knowledge score from 14 basic questions about food and nutrition was as low as 5.1. There was a significant positive correlation between mother's educational level and nutrition knowledge score. 5) Family Planning Variable There were significant correlation among maternal, family planning variables, and some of the nutritional and physical measurements. The study revealed that the mother's educational level and nutrition knowledge score are more crucial factors than the family planning variables on effecting food intakes on children. Recommendation : According to the results of the surveys, there were high incident rates of nutritional anaemia and angular stomatitis among pre-school children, and most of rural women had very limited knowledge about food and nutrition. As a main part of the health education activities, the community health workers should provide nutrition education to the village mothers to improve the nutrional status of young children in rural areas. Nutrional promotion at the primary health care level should be mainly based on appropriate nutrition education.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.679-690
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• 2020

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Concerns about regional disparities in heathy eating and nutritional status among South Korean adults are increasing. This study aims to identify the magnitude of regional disparities in diet and nutritional status among Korean adults who completed the 2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). SUBJECTS/METHODS: The participants were a nationally representative sample of Korean adults aged 19 years and older from the 2017 KNHANES (n = 6,126). We employed the svy commands in STATA to accommodate the complex survey design. The relative concentration index (RCI), absolute concentration index (ACI) and index of disparity were used to measure regional nutritional inequalities. RESULTS: Overweight and obese adults were more prevalent among the poor than among the rich in urban areas (RCI = -0.041; P < 0.05), while overweight and obese adults were more prevalent among the rich than among the poor in rural areas of South Korea (RCI = 0.084; P < 0.05). Economic inequality in fruit and vegetable intake ≥ 500 g per day was greater in rural areas than in urban areas in both relative size (RCI = 0.228 vs. 0.091, difference in equality = 0.137; P < 0.05) and absolute size (ACI = 0.055 vs. 0.023, difference in equality = 0.032; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides useful information identifying opposite directions in the relative concentration curves between urban and rural areas. Adult overweight/obesity was more prevalent among the poor in urban areas, while adult overweight/obesity was more prevalent among the rich in rural areas. Public health nutrition systems should be implemented to identify nutritional inequalities that should be targeted across regions in South Korea.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.219-225
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• 2005

The objective of the study was to define dietary patterns in the representative Korean adult population and to explore their associations with other factors. The Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey was conducted on a stratified random sample (n = 9,968) of the Korean population in 2001. This study analyzed data of 5,721 adult population aged 30 and over. Demographic and lifestyle factors were assessed by questionnaires and food consumption by a 24-h recall method. Cluster analysis identified two dietary patterns with 22 food groups: the larger group that included $85\%$ of total subjects was named as the 'traditional' pattern due to greater intakes of white rice, kimchi, and vegetables, and the smaller group was named as the 'modified' pattern which had greater intakes of noodles, bread, snack, and fast foods. The modified pattern had significantly higher proportion in younger age, higher educational level, residing in metropolitan area, and higher household income. The modified group showed significantly higher intake of all nutrients except carbohydrate. Percent of energy from fat intake, $22\%$ was significantly higher in the modified group than $14\%$ in the traditional group. There were no differences in prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its 5 components among patterns. In conclusion, there were two distinctive patterns that were associated with socio-demographic, nutrient intake, and health risk factors in Korea. It should be considered when designing nutrition policy and intervention program.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.150-158
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• 2020

Objectives: This study was conducted to estimate usual meat intake distribution, which may have been over/underestimated when estimations were made using only the third food codes of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Methods: For this purpose, 24-hour recall data from the 2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, which conducted a partial 2-day survey of food intake, were used. The Multiple Source Method (MSM) was used to estimate the distribution of the usual intake of red and processed meats. Results: The results of this study show that the mean intake of red meat was 45.07 g while that of processed meat was 4.33 g. These results are slightly higher than the consumption calculated using only tertiary food code, and the difference was statistically significant. Furthermore, characteristics of the estimated usual intake distribution were a smaller standard deviation, increased lower percentiles, and decreased upper percentiles compared to the 2-day mean intake distribution for both red and processed meats. The proportion of individuals not consuming red meat decreased substantially from approximately 37% to 0.7%. The proportion of consumption that exceeded 90 g, which is the upper limit of red meat intake recommended by the National Health Service (NHS), was only approximately 10% in the distribution of usual intake. Conclusions: As the consumption of processed foods is expected to continuously increase, caution is needed regarding the processes used to calculate food (group) intake to avoid over/underestimation. Moreover, use of KNHANES data to calculate the proportion of the population at risk of insufficiency or excess intake of certain nutrients or food (group), based on one day intake that does not address within-individual variation, may lead to biased estimates.