• Title/Summary/Keyword: Nutrient use efficiency

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Fertilizer demand estimated in aspect of crop nutrition (작물영양면(作物營養面)에서 본 비료(肥料)의 수요전망(需要展望))

  • Park, Hoon;Park, Young Sun
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.9 no.3
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    • pp.165-181
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    • 1976
  • Fertilizer(N,P,K) demand for crop production in 1980, 1990 and 2000 was estimated according to the two proposed models, one of which is fertilizer use efficiency model expressed in $Fn=(Y/E){\cdot}(1-Cs)Eu$, where Fn:fertilizer demand, Y:Crop production estimated, E:nutrient efficiency, Cs:fraction of natural resource nutrient in plant, Eu:fertilizer use efficiency and the other fertilization efficiency model expressed in Fn=Y(1-Cys)/Fe, where Cys:fraction of yield without fertilizer, Fe:fertilization efficiency. Total crop uptake of nutrient and its noncycling portion were estimated as criteria for fertilizer demand and nutrient maintenance. Total crop uptake of N,P,K was 600,000 M/T in 1965 700,000 M/T in 1974 and estimated to 880,000 M/T in 1980, 1,170,000 M/T in 1990 and 1,410,000 M/T in 2000. Fertilizer demand appeares to be about 90% of total crop uptake according to fertilizer use efficiency model and about 87% according to fertilization efficiency model. The noncycling nutrient was about 29% of total crop uptake. Fertilizer demand was almost same to the uptake amount in nitrogen, 1.5 times of uptake in phosphorus and half of uptake in potassium. Varietal development, improvement of soil fertility and cultivation method and development of fertilizer forms appears to decrease fertilizer demand by increasing efficiency term in two models while environmental stress such as low temperature appears to give reverse effect resulting in higher fertilizer demand. Fertilizer consumption in 1974 seemed to be unreasonably high especially in nitrogen and phosphorus and thus the effective use of fertilizer appeared as an urgent problem considering that large fields are still remained in lower fertility.

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The Effects of Organic Materials on Yield and N Use Efficiency of Organic Rice Grown under Frequent Heavy Rains (잦은 강우 조건에서 유기질자재에 따른 유기재배 벼의 수량과 질소이용효율)

  • Cho, Jung-Lai;Lee, Youn;Choi, Hyun-Sug;Kim, Wol-Soo
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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    • v.30 no.2
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    • pp.138-143
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    • 2011
  • BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to investigate growth and yield of organically grown rice under a typhoon during a fall. The treatments included NPK chemical fertilizer, compost, oilcake, oilcake 2X, hairyvetch, and vetch+rye. METHODS AND RESULTS: Nutrient applications were made at rates equivalent to approximately 0.9 kg of actual N per acre. Oilcake and hairyvetch treatments had the lowest C:N ratio, but compost had the highest C:N ratio of 34:1. Rice treated by organic nutrient sources had great growth and development at the beginning of the growing season but had depressed growth and yield at the harvest. Oilcake 2X-treated rice in early growing season, especially, showed better growth and development than rice treated by other nutrient sources but was severely lodged at the harvest season due to the typhoon. Compost treatment with high C:N ratio slowly released inorganic N and produced poor rice growth and yield; however, it recued rice lodging. N uptake was the greatest for the oilcake 2X and vetch+rye treatments but the lowest for the compost, which was the similar pattern to the N use efficiency; the greatest and lowest N use efficiency was observed for the oilcake 2X (55%) and compost (5%), respectively. CONCLUSION(s): Rice lodging should be prevented by reducing the excessive nitrogen supplement, resulting from the lower C:N ratio of the organic materials as well as prevented by the radical midsummer drainage. Vetch+rye treatment with 25:1 of C:N had optimum vegetative growth and reduced rice lodging, which increased N use efficiency and yield.

A Study on the Reducing Pollutants in Non-Ruminant Manure by Increasing Feed Utilization (사료이용율 증가에 따른 비반추가축의 분뇨에 의한 공해발생 감소에 관한 연구)

  • Nahm, K.H.
    • Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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    • v.28 no.3
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    • pp.245-257
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    • 2001
  • Localization of livestock facilities leads to concentration of livestock wastes and subsequent leakage of pollutants into the environment, resulting in public concern about their effects. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are the most harmful components of animal manure, but odor from the manure itself and the livestock facilities is also a problem. Improving the nutrient efficiency of the livestock helps to decrease excretion of these environmental contaminants. Pigs and chickens are the main experimental models used in studies to improve nutrient efficiency. Addition of feed supplements and modifying feeding systems to improve nutrient efficiency can result in significant decrease in the N, P, odor and dry matter (DM) weight of manure. Examples of these methods include the following. 1) Addition of synthetic amino acids and reducing protein contents resulted N reductions of 10∼27% in broilers, 18∼35% in chicks and layers, 19∼62% in pigs, and a 9∼43% reduction in odor in pigs. 2) Enzyme supplementation resulted in a 12∼15% reduction in DM weight in broiler manure. 3) Phvtase supplementation resulted in P reductions of 25∼35% in chickens and 20∼60% in pigs. 4) Use of growth promoting substances resulted in a 5∼30% reduction in N and a 53∼56% reduction in odor of pigs. 5) Formulating diets closer to requirements (diet modification) reduced N and P by 10∼15% each in chickens and pigs, and odor by 28∼ 79% in pigs. 6) Phase feeding reduced N and P excretion by chicken and pigs from 10∼33% and 10∼13% each, as well as odor in growing and finishing pigs by 49∼79%. 7) Use of highly digestible raw materials in feed reduced N and P excretion by 5% in chickens and pigs.

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Influence of Nutrient Supply on Growth, Mineral Nutrients and Carbohydrates in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) (무기영양액 농도 차이가 오이 생육, 무기성분 흡수 및 탄수화물 합성에 미치는 영향)

  • Sung, Jwa-Kyung;Park, Sung-Yong;Lee, Su-Yeon;Lee, Ye-Jin;Lee, Ju-Young;Jang, Byong-Choon;Goh, Hyun-Gwan;Ok, Yong-Sik;Kim, Tae-Wan;Song, Beom-Heon
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.43 no.1
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    • pp.83-89
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    • 2010
  • We investigated the growth of cucumber plants, the uptake and use of mineral nutrients, such as $NO_3$-N, $NH_4$-N, $K^+$, $Ca^{+}^{+}$, $Mg^{+}^{+}$ and $Na^+$, absorbed from media solution, and the synthesis and distribution of soluble sugars under nutrient-deficient condition. Difference in plant growth revealed after 20 days of treatment. Nitrate uptake in nutrient-deficient condition was significantly reduced compared with nutrient-normal treatment, and its distribution was primarily in petioles, stem, roots and less in leaves. In contrast, ammonium content was markedly predominated in fast growing organs, and it was significantly different in growing leaves, expanded leaves, and roots under similar growth conditions. $K^+$, lack by deficient nutrient condition, was found in growing leaves. The $Ca^{+}^{+}$ content did not show significant difference between treatments and a substantial portion of $Ca^{+}^{+}$ remained in petioles. The $Mg^{+}^{+}$ content was significantly higher in the leaves of nutrient-normal condition compared with nutrient-deficient condition while significantly lower in stem and roots. The behavior of $Na^+$ in plant was similar to $K^+$ although its content was relatively little. The highest $CO_2$ assimilation was observed in fully expanded leaves of nutrient-normal condition, which was 1.7 times higher compared with nutrient-deficient condition. The instantaneous water use efficiency (A/E) and the A/gsratio, which is an index of leaf intrinsic water use efficiency for individual leaves, was 1.2 and 1.1 times higher, respectively. The total soluble sugar (TSS) contents were highest in leaves followed by petioles, stems and roots, and in younger leaves. The growing leaves contained about 7,200 mg $kg^{-1}$ of TSS in nutrient-normal condition whereas the TSS contents in nutrient-deficient condition were not significantly different between leaves. The $Mg^{+}^{+}$ and $NH_4$- N were positively correlated with the TSS whereas $NO_3$ - N was negatively correlated.

Study on Nutrient Balance in Paddy Field of Fluvio-Marine Deposit (하해혼성(河海混成) 논토양(土壤)의 양분수지(養分收支)에 관한 연구)

  • Yoo, Chul-Hyun;Yang, Chang-Hyu;Kang, Seung-Weon;Han, Sang-Soo
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.35 no.5
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    • pp.253-263
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    • 2002
  • To test for the effect of applied fertilizer and nutrients on uptake and transport for paddy rice, two paddy field trials were conducted with Dongjinbyeo in degenerated salt paddy field of Jeonbuk series from 1999 to 2000. After experiment, soil acidity, content of organic matter phosphate, silicate, potassium, calcium, and total nitrogen was increased by application of fresh cattle manure(FCM). Content of Nitrogen in soil layer leached inorganic nitrogen $NO_3$ was higher that that of $NH_4$ and was high in treatment of FCM. Content of $PO_4$ was higher in FCM than other treatments. But content of potassium was in high control. During the growth of rice plant, the amount of water consumption was 477mm. The amount of supplied nitrogen was high in treatment of no nitrogen(NN), 20% reduced application of LCU(LCU-20%), and no fertilizer. In case of phosphate, the supplied amount was more than the consumed amount with the exception of treatment "no phosphate(NP) and no fertilizer(NF)". In case of potassium, the consumed amount was more than the supplied amount in all treatments. The amount of applied nitrogen in the nutrient infiltrated water was high in treatment soil test(ST), C+FCM+Si(Silicate) and the ratio of recovered nitrogen was high in 20% reduced application of LCU. The amount of applied phosphate in the nutrient infiltrated water was high in FCM and that of applied potassium was high in 20% reduced application of LCU. Nitrogen use efficiency of paddy rice was high in 20% reduced application of LCU and use efficiency of phosphate and potassium was high in C+Si(Silicate). Grain yield of rice was high in order of 20% reduced application of LCU>C+Si=C+FCM+Si>C+FCM.

Development of Optimal Septic Tank in the Countries of Water Shortages (물 부족국가에서 활용가능한 정화조의 최적모형 개발)

  • Lim, Bong-Su;Jing, Hai-Long
    • Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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    • v.31 no.4
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    • pp.418-427
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    • 2015
  • This study was carried out to evaluate the performance of a lab-scale novel septic tank system for improving the conventional septic tank in the developing countries of water shortages. The lab-scale novel septic tank system consists of sepetic tank, aeration tank with HBC-ring, and sand filter. Optimum HRT was reguired about 1.5days to get a total COD removal efficiency of 90%, COD, BOD and SS removal efficiency was about 70%, 60%, and 85% in sepetic tank only. The structure of sepetic tank with two stages results in the high removal efficiency of organic matter. When sepetic tank, aeration tank, and sand filter were more than HRT 1.5days, 18hrs, and 12hrs, respectively, final effluent was less than 20 mg/L of BOD, 14 mg/L of SS, so that there is a high potential of its use for reusing water in flush toilet. There is no significant effect of HRT change on nutrient removal. Total nitrogen removal efficiency was about 40%, final effluent was 30~40 mg/L of TN, total phosphorus removal efficiency was about 11~25%, final effluent was 9~12 mg/L of TP. Because there is very small amounts of organic nitrogen and phosphorus in effluent, it was possible to reuse water for agricultural use.

Influence of Fertilization Treatment using Organic Amendment based on Soil Testing on Plant Growth and Nutrient use Efficiency in Cabbage (토양검정에 의한 유기자원 시비처방이 양배추의 생육 및 양분이용효율에 미치는 영향)

  • Lim, Jin-Soo;Lee, Bang-Hyun;Kang, Seung-Hee;Lee, Tae-Guen
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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    • v.39 no.2
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    • pp.95-105
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    • 2020
  • BACKGROUND: In this study, in order to verify the effects of supplemented organic amendment fertilizers recommended by the soil testing on cabbages, we used various amounts of organic amendment fertilizers. The amount of organic amendment fertilizers was decided by calculating each ratio of inorganic nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium based on the recommended fertilizer composition. METHODS AND RESULTS: The cabbages subjected to treatments 1 and 2 showed similar or greater leaf colors (SPAD values), head heights, head widths, head weight, soil organic matter content, nitrate-nitrogen level, and conductivity after harvest, when compared with cabbages treated with chemical fertilizers. The phosphorus and potassium fixation in the soil were higher in the plot where cabbages were treated with chemical fertilizers, and the nutrient use efficiency was greater in the plots with organic amendments and mineral addition. CONCLUSION: The treatments 1 and 2 that were supplemented with 180-200% of nitrogen, 100-130% of phosphorus, and 185-250% of potassium in comparison to chemical fertilizers, applied by the inorganic ratios of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium can be used as organic amendment fertilizers for cabbages.

Studies on the Water Purification Using Water Parsley (미나리 (Oenanthe javanica(Blume) DC)를 이용한 수질정화에 관한 연구)

  • 권성환;나규환;류재근;김종택
    • Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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    • v.22 no.3
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    • pp.56-63
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    • 1996
  • The results of the water purification studies using water parsley (Oenanthe javanica) were obtained as follows. The removal rate of nutrient salts increased with longer plant growth periods. The results of this study use the assumption, log(T+1) = $K(C_0-C)^A$, based on Prakish's Theory. The initial concentration was calculated from experimental data. A and K are closely related to the initial concentration. It is possible to model the concentration of residual salts, as time goes by, if concentration is constant. It was observed that water parsley neutralizes acid and alkali substances promptly. The maximum suitable neutralization period is 48 hours. But water parsley withered up in strong acid and alkali solutions within a week. The removal efficiency of Cd progresses in 2 steps, which are unrelated to the initial concentration of Cd. The first part of the curve shows the concentration rapid rate of Cd removal, followed by a levelling off. The removal rate of $NO_x-N$ in the sample water tank containing 0.5 ppm Cd was between 50~80% but the removal rate was less than 20% for the higher concentration. On the other hand, increased amounts of $PO_4-P$ in the sample water tank from the third day on suspected that $PO_4-P$ was desorbed from the water parsley. The accumulation efficiency of Cd in plant was increased in proportion to the initial concentration of Cd. The accumulation phenomenon was observed in the tanks more than 50~100 times.

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Effects of Dietary Nutrient Content, Feeding Period, and Feed Allowance on Juvenile Olive Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus at Different Feeding Period and Ration

  • Kim, Byeng-Hak;Cho, Sung Hwoan
    • Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.17 no.4
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    • pp.441-448
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    • 2014
  • We examined the effects of dietary nutrient content, feeding period, and feed allowance on compensatory growth, food use, chemical composition, and serum chemistry of juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. We placed 720 juvenile fish into 24 400-L flow-through round tanks (30 fish per tank).A $2{\time}2{\time}2$ factorial design (diet: control (C) and high protein and lipid (HPL) ${\time}$ feeding period: 8 and 6 weeks ${\time}$ feed allowance: 100% and 90% of satiation) was applied. Fish were hand-fed twice daily, based on the designated feeding schedule. Weight gain and food consumption were affected by both the feeding period and feed allowance, but not by diet. The food efficiency ratio was not affected by diet, feeding period, or feed allowance, but the protein efficiency ratio and protein retention were affected by diet and feeding period, respectively. We found that the full compensatory growth of fish was not achieved at a restricted feeding allowance.