• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.129-136
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• 2022

The nutrient composition of the muscle of the hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus×E. lanceolatus, HG) and the hybrid longtooth grouper (E. moara×E. lanceolatus, HLG) was measured as a function of body weight in this study. The crude protein and lipid levels in HG were 21.0-21.2 g/100 g and 1.9-3.4 g/100 g, respectively. HLG contained 20.6-20.7 g/100 g protein, and 3.9-5.5 g/100 g crude lipid. The total amino acid contents of HG were 18,829.7-18,980.2 mg/100 g and that of HLG was 17,793.7-19,293.7 mg/100 g. The mean saturated fatty acid content was 0.61-1.09 g/100 g for HG and 1.27-1.77 g/100 g for HLG. Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid levels were 0.59-1.02 g/100 g (Monoene), 0.67-1.11 g/100 g (Polyene) in HG, which were lower than the 1.21-1.78 (Monoene), 1.22-1.69 g/100 g (Polyene) found in HLG. The highest mineral content (K and P) of HG was 510.13-517.05 mg/100g and 231.59-247.67 mg/100 g, while that of HLG was 518.81-523.59 mg/100 g and 257.51-248.84 mg/100 g, respectively. In conclusion, there is potential for expanding the commercial utilization of HG and HLG as food resources as they are both nutrient-rich.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.46 no.spc
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• pp.31-38
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• 2023

In this study, in order to develop a method to efficiently inject essential nutrients necessary for plant growth into wood chips, which are simply used as soil covering materials in the agriculture, landscaping and horticultural industries, the atmospheric pressure dipping method and the vacuum pressure impregnating method are used to improve the plant nutrients injectability and impregnation amount were comparatively analyzed. Nutrient ingredients and 8 major heavy metal contents of wood chips injected with nutrients were analyzed, and soil covering effects were examined by covering wood chips injected with nutrients on soil. Comparing the dipping method and the vacuum pressure impregnation method, it took about 48 hours or more to inject 1,500 g or more of the nutrient aqueous solution into 1 kg of wood chips in the dipping method, but the vacuum pressure impregnation method could be impregnated in about 5 minutes. Components of the impregnated nutrients were detected in proportion to the diluted concentration. As a result of covering the wood chips developed in this study on soil, they showed weakly acidic pH, and the heat insulation and moisturizing effects during the winter season were evaluated to be superior to those of uncovered soil. In the future, wood chips impregnated with nutrients are expected to contribute to the more efficient use of waste wood resources and the long-term supply of nutrients essential for plant growth, reducing excessive use of chemical fertilizers and reducing costs.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.37 no.7
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• pp.1255-1262
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• 2024

Objective: The present study evaluated the effect of flaxseed meal degraded by a protease, Lactobacillus plantarum, or both on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and health status of broilers. Methods: There were four diets containing flaxseed meals in its non-degraded form (control, CON), degraded with 3,000 U/kg of protease (enzymatic, ELM), 1.0×10⁹ CFU/kg of Lactobacillus plantarum (fermented, FLM), or both (dual-degraded, DLM). Each form of flaxseed meals was added at 15% of diet. A total of 480 yellow-feathered broilers at 22 d of age were distributed into 4 groups with 6 replicates of 20 chickens each. The feeding trial lasted for 42 d. Growth performance, apparent fecal digestibility (dry matter, energy, crude protein, and ash), and serum immunoglobins and antioxidases were determined at 42 and 63 d of age. Results: Results showed that ELM, FLM, and DLM increased (p<0.001) the contents of peptides and decreased (p<0.001) cyanogenic glycosides, compared to CON. The diets with degraded flaxseed meals increased (p<0.05) feed intake and body weight gain throughout the feeding trial, and the digestibility of energy, crude protein, and ash at the end of feeding trial. Furthermore, all degraded groups enhanced (p<0.05) broiler health status by increasing serum immunoglobulins A and G. Additinally, DLM showed more pronounced effects (p<0.05) on these parameters than ELM or FLM. Conclusion: Flaxseed meals degraded by enzymolysis, fermentation, or both had improved nutrition and application in broilers.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.18-30
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• 1973

The flag and lower leaves (4th or 5th) of rice plant from the field of NPK simple trial and from three low productive area were analyzed in order to find out certain diagnostic criteria of nutritional status at harvest. 1. Nutrient contents in the leaves from no fertilizer, minus nutrient and fertilizer plots revealed each criterion for induced deficiency (severe deficient case induced by other nutrients), deficiency (below the critical concentration), insufficiency (hidden hunger region), sufficiency (luxuary consumption stage) and excess (harmful or toxic level). 2. Nitrogen contents for the above five status was less than 1.0%, 1.0 to 1.2, 1.2 to 1.6, 1.6 to 1.9 and greater than 1.9, respectively. 3. It was less than 0.3%, 0.3 to 0.4, 0.4 to 0.55 and greater than 0.55 for phosphorus $(P_2O_5)$ but excess level was not clear. 4. It was below 0.5%, 0.5 to 0.9, 0.9 to 1.2, 1.2 to 1.4 and above 1.4 for potassium. 5. It was below 4%, 4 to 6, 6 to 11 and above 11 for silicate $(SiO_2)$ and no excess was appeared. 6. Potassium in flag leaf seemed to crow out nitrogen to ear resulting better growth of ear by the inhibition of overgrowth of flag leaf. 7. Phosphorus accelerated the transport of Mg, Si, Mn and K in this order from lower leaf to flag, and retarded that of Ca and N in this order at flowering while potassium accelerated in the order of Mn, and Ca, and retarded in the order of Mg, Si, P and N at milky stage. 8. Transport acceleration index (TAI) expressed as (F_2L_1-F_1L_2)\;100/F_1L_1$ where F and L stand for other nutrient cotents in flag and lower leaf and subscripts indicate the rate of a nutrient applied, appears to be suitable for the effect of the nutrient on the translocation of others. 9. The content of silicate $(SiO_2)$ in the flag was lower than that of lower leaf in the early season cultivation indicating hinderance in translocation or absorption. It was reverse in the normal season cultivation. 10. The infection rate of Helminthosporium frequently occurred in the potassium deficient field seemed to be related more to silicate and nitrogen content than potassium in the flag leaf. 11. Deficiency of a nutrient occured simultaniously with deficiency of a few other ones. 12. Nutritional disorder under the field condition seems mainly to be attributed to macronutrients and the role of micronutrient appears to be none or secondary.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.153-158
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• 2013

This research was carried out to investigate silicon (Si) uptake levels by six potted plant species from a nutrient solution supplemented with $K_2SiO_3$. Uniform rooted plants of Dendranthema grandiflorum Ramat., Spathiphyllum patinii N.E. BR., Kalanchoe blossfeldiana, Hedera helix L., Dianthus caryophyllus L., and Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. were grown in 350 mL boxes, one plant per box, containing a nutrient solution supplemented with either 0, 2.7, or 5.4 mM Si as $K_2SiO_3$. The nutrient solution in each container was adjusted to EC $1.5mS{\cdot}cm^{-1}$ and pH 5.6. The solution in each container was aerated by an 1 m-long polyethylene tube, all connected to a vacuum pump. After 15 days of cultivation in a glasshouse Si contents in the roots and shoots were measured using the colorimetric molybdate method and amount of remaining Si in the nutrient solution was measured using the ICP-AES to calculate the amount of absorption. A simple regression analysis was performed to observe the changes in Si contents in the roots and shoots as affected by concentration of Si supplied to the solution. Among the six species tested, carnation had the greatest and poinsettia the lowest tissue levels of Si concentration in the root, whereas carnation had the greatest and kalanchoe the lowest tissue levels of Si concentration in the shoot. Based on the Si content in the whole plant, Si uptake levels by poinsettia, kalanchoe, and chrysanthemum were low, whereas those by spathiphyllum were intermediate, and those of English ivy and carnation were high. These results indicated that the uptake level of Si by the plant vary depending on plant species.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.175-184
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• 2002

Soil chemical parameters of peach orchards and the concentration of nutrients in peach leaves were investigated. Results of soil analysis showed that pH value and content of exchangeable calcium was quite low, required to adjust soil acidity in many investigated soils. Nitrogen and phosphorous contents in leaves were founded to be excessive comparing to RDA's optimal levels(N $29.3{\sim}35.9g\;kg^{-1}$, P $1.7{\sim}2.2g\;kg^{-1}$), while calcium contents were lower than optimal levels($11.2{\sim}21.0g\;kg^{-1}$) in many sites and Potassium content was higher in peach cultivars than nectarine cultivars. Correlation analysis revealed that organic matter contents in subsoils and exchangeable calcium content in soils(top and subsoil) were increased with cultivation year, but available phosphate contents in subsoils were decreased. Organic matter and exchangeable magnesium contents in top soils were positively correlated with potassium and magnesium contents in leaves, whereas were negatively correlated with calcium contents in leaves, impling antagonistic absorption of calcium against potassium and magnesium. The findings indicated that most of soils ought to managed to adjust soil acidity and application amount of nitrogen, phosphorous fertilizer and compost should be controlled properly.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.245-252
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• 1992

The purpose of the study was to develop computer-based menu planning program for day-care centers maximizing food preference score among children and satisfying such constraints as expense, nutrients, and season. Children's preference about 142 menu items was surveyed among 382 children of day-care centers. A 16-bit personal computer compatible with IBM-PC/AT was used. The data base files were created by dBASE III Plus, and processing programs were created by using FORTRAN language. Children preferred bread or a la carte menu items to cooked rice in main dish category. Deep fat fried or stir-fried menu items were more preferred than kimchi or cooked vegetables in side dish category. Preference scores for menu items were influenced by cooking methods or main ingredients. The contents of the computerized system show that when the program runs, the user should type inputs of cycle, season, and menu pattern, then the computer lists a series of menu satisfying the criteria of constraints. The user can examine and select a set of menu from the menu lists. Menus are generated seasonally. Menu lists are generated weekly and monthly basis with the contents of menu items, preference scores and price. Nutrient reports are also generated on a weekly and monthly basis with the contents of calories, 12 nutrients and price. Recipes for each menu items are also generated.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.186-191
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• 1987

Relationship between the contents of ginsenosides in root and minerals (N,P,K,Ca,Mg) in leaf and root of and year Panax ginseng grown with solutions of various N,P,K levels was investigated by simple, multiple and partial regressions. In root K, N, and P in decreasing order showed significant negative correlation with each ginsenosides. In leaf K,N, and P in decreasing order showed significant positive, negative and both correlation with root ginsenosides, respectively. Relationship between K and root ginsenosides in the minus K plot did not follow that in other plots. The ratios of K,N, and P, in leaf to root in decreasing order showed positive correlations that were greater than in leaf or root. Mg was negatively while Ca was positively correlated in root but these were reverse in leaf and always nonisgnificant in both parts. Ginsenoside Rd, Re and $Rb_1$ were most affected by mineral contents. The effect of minerals on PT/PD was least.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.37-49
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• 2001

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of application levels of nightsoil sludge compost(NSC) in 3 and 4 cuttings per annum on the dry matter yields and nutritive value of orchardgrass(Dactylis glomerata L.). Annual nightsoil sludge compost(NSC) were applied at levels of 0, 10, 20, 40 and 80 ton $㏊^{respectively}$ . Relative yields of each cut to annual dry matter yield were 29.9%, 46.% and 23.2% for 1st cut, 2nd cut and 3rd cut in 3 cutting system, 23.7%, 29.3%, 34.0% and 13.0% for 1st cut, 2nd cut, 3rd cut and 4th cut in 4 cutting system, respectively. Significantly higher dry matter yield of orchardgrass obtained were 8.11 ton $㏊^{-1}$ at level of 40 ton ㏊$^{-1}$ $yr^{-1}$ in 3 cutting systems, ranges of 7.50~10.71 ton $㏊^{-1}$ at level of 10~80 ton ㏊$^{-1}$ $yr^{-1}$ in 4 cutting systems than those of non application level of NSC, respectively(p〈0.05). The mean efficiency of dry matter production to application of NSC(kg DM/ton NSC) were 46 and 102 kg in 3 and 4 cutting systems, respectively. Although th contents of crude protein(CP, %) of orchardgrass were significantly higher at the application levels of 10~80 ton $㏊^{-1}$ $yr^{-1}$ -1/ by NSC than those of the application levels at the 0 ton $㏊^{-1}$ $yr^{-1}$ in 3 and 4 cutting systems(p〈0.05), the contents of neutral detergent fiber(NDF, %) and acid detergent fiber(ADF, %) were lower in NSC plots than those at the non-application plots of NSC. The contents of total digestible nutrient(TDN, %) and relative feed value(RFV) of orchardgrass were significantly increased with increase the applicaton levels of NSC(p〈0.05).

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.403-409
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• 2007

This study was carried out to recommend the systematic improving practice for the effective operation of septic tank, and the evaluation of its BOD and nutrient removal efficiency depending on process, the survey of characteristics of FRP material, and the suggestion of optimum septic tank model within sewage treatment area. The average BOD concentration and BOD removal efficiency of septic tank which was carried out the cleaning periodically in 63.9 mg/L and 77.8%, shows good quality better than the septic tank which was not carried out the cleaning regularly. Maximum load of tensile, flexural and compressive strength increased in proportion to its thickness, and the contents standard 25% of glass fiber required upgrade over than 30%. Configuration and performance for the optimum of the septic tank suggests that over $0.75m^3$ of the effective total volume, adding to over $0.25m^3$ a man for more than 5 men of the treated person, retention time should be within one day. Improving plans about facility and materials quality of the septic tank have an obligation that protective wall ought to install on the concrete bottom and side faces to prevent crumble or transform from loading of the ground or upper part of the structure on the tank setting. And it is eliminated the uneffective resisting pressure and it keeps off circulate imperfect products by strengthening of the test methods such as stretching strength, pressing strength, glass fiber contents and thickness.