• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.58-68
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• 2007

The associations between dietary, body composition and sexual maturation were investigated among Korean girls of pubertal age in this study. Dietary intakes were collected by 3 day food records, body compositions were measured by bio-impedence analyzer and sexual maturation stages were determined with a self-administrated questionnaire using Tanner stages in 1,114 girls 9-13 years of age. Girls were divided into early maturation (EM) and late maturation (LM), based on the comparative maturation stages of breast and pubic hair among the same age groups by months. Subjects were excluded if their stage of maturation could not be divided into early and late groups. EM and LM groups consisted of 42.8% and 38.9% of subjects by breast stage and 67.4% and 22.8% by pubic hair stage. Girls in LM group had significantly lower in height, weight and bone mineral contents (p < 0.05). When nutrient densities of average daily intake of the two groups were compared, folate density was significantly higher among the LM group of breast stages (p < 0.01), and Ca, P, K, Vit. $B_1$, Vit. $B_2$ and folate densities were significantly higher among the LM group of pubic hair stages (p < 0.05). These results show that intakes of some micronutrients differ between children with faster and slower sexual maturation velocities at early pubertal stages. More longitudinal studies are needed to confirm whether such differences are consistent throughout the pubertal period.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.69-77
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• 2007

The study was conducted to investigate the factors associated with bone mineral content (BMC) changes among early pubertal aged girls. Two hundred and thirty girls between 9 to 11 years of age participated in (our surveys over 2 year period. During each survey, dietary intakes were collected with 3-day food records, BMC of left leg's calcaneus were measured by PIXI (Lunar Ltd.) and body composition was measured by bioimpedance method (Inbody 3.0 Biospace Co. Ltd, Seoul, Korea). Mean values of BMC increased in consecutive measurements -1.48 g, 1.54 g, 1.61 g and 1.66 g. The change of BMC between the first and last measurements was significantly positively correlated with % body fat, negatively correlated with BMC at the baseline (p < 0.05). Change of BMC was also significantly positively correlated with % change of lean mass and mineral mass between the first and last measurements. Nutrient intakes during the study period were calculated as mean daily intakes from all surveys. Mean daily intakes of Vit. C and Vit. $B_6$ were positively and isoflavone intake was negatively correlated with changes of BMC (p < 0.05). In stepwise regression of BMC change with body composition and nutrient intakes, baseline values of BMC, weight, BMI and age, % change of mineral mass during the study period, mean intakes of isoflavone, Vit. $B_6$, protein, carotene and zinc were significant explanatory variables ($R^2=0.38$, p <.001, F = 32.39). The results imply that the change of BMC among early pubertal aged girls are associated with some body composition and intakes of certain nutrients.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.42 no.8
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• pp.759-769
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• 2009

This study investigated the effects of the nutrition education and exercise program on body composition, dietary intakes and physical fitness in obese women. The subjects were 44 obese women (BMI${\geq}$ 25 kg/$m^2$) who had been participating in nutrition education (1 time/week) and exercise program (3 time/week) for 12 weeks. Nutrition education was focused on low energy, high protein and low carbohydrate diet to reduce the body weight and improve the diet quality. To evaluate the effectiveness of the program, daily nutrient intakes were assessed by 24-hour recall method. Body composition, blood lipid profiles and physical fitness test were assessed before and after the intervention. After the intervention, body weight, BMI, percent body fat, soft lean mass and waist/hip ratio were significantly decreased (p < 0.001). Fasting blood sucrose, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and atherogenic index (AI) were significantly decreased (p < 0.001), while HDLcholesterol was significantly increased (p < 0.001). Energy adjusted protein, fiber, vitamin A, vitamin $B_2$, vitamin $B_6$, vitamin C, vitamin E, niacin and folate were significantly increased. After the intervention, the muscle endurance, muscle strength, agility, balance were significantly increased. The changes in obesity indices (body weight, BMI, percent body fat, waist-hip ratio) were correlated with the changes of the nutrient intakes, serum lipid profiles, physical fitness. These results show that nutrition education and exercise program was effective not only for weight reduction but also for the improvement of physical strength and cardiovascular disease risk factors in obese women.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.63 no.2
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• pp.211-247
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• 2021

Livestock species experience several stresses, particularly weaning, transportation, overproduction, crowding, temperature, and diseases in their life. Heat stress (HS) is one of the most stressors, which is encountered in livestock production systems throughout the world, especially in the tropical regions and is likely to be intensified due to global rise in environmental temperature. The gut has emerged as one of the major target organs affected by HS. The alpha- and beta-diversity of gut microbiota composition are altered due to heat exposure to animals with greater colonization of pathogenic microbiota groups. HS also induces several changes in the gut including damages of microstructures of the mucosal epithelia, increased oxidative insults, reduced immunity, and increased permeability of the gut to toxins and pathogens. Vulnerability of the intestinal barrier integrity leads to invasion of pathogenic microbes and translocation of antigens to the blood circulations, which ultimately may cause systematic inflammations and immune responses. Moreover, digestion of nutrients in the guts may be impaired due to reduced enzymatic activity in the digesta, reduced surface areas for absorption and injury to the mucosal structure and altered expressions of the nutrient transport proteins and genes. The systematic hormonal changes due to HS along with alterations in immune and inflammatory responses often cause reduced feed intake and production performance in livestock and poultry. The altered microbiome likely orchestrates to the hosts for various relevant biological phenomena occurring in the body, but the exact mechanisms how functional communications occur between the microbiota and HS responses are yet to be elucidated. This review aims to discuss the effects of HS on microbiota composition, mucosal structure, oxidant-antioxidant balance mechanism, immunity, and barrier integrity in the gut, and production performance of farm animals along with the dietary ameliorations of HS. Also, this review attempts to explain the mechanisms how these biological responses are affected by HS.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.8
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• pp.870-881
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• 2003

We examined the effects of 5 g red pepper powder in soup preload given at breakfast on food intake, blood pressure, body core temperature, hunger, fullness and thirst scores in 29 female collage students. All subjects received two kind of soup preloads in random order. After ingesting a soup, subjects ate other food items as a breakfast ad libitum. Two soups were of the same composition and volume but differed only in 5 g red pepper. So one soup designated as "beef-vegetable" and the other soup designated as "red pepper". Red pepper soup consumption significantly enhanced energy and macronutrient intake by 17%. The hunger scores after test meals were inversely correlated with energy and nutrient intake in beef-vegetable meal. However, the postprandial hunger scores were not correlated with energy and nutrient intakes in red pepper meal. The fullness scores at 90 min after the red pepper meal were inversely correlated with energy and nutrient intake whereas the fullness scores after beef-vegetable meal were not correlated with energy and nutrient intake. These results suggest that hot red pepper ingestion may desensitize some gastrointestinal vagal afferents and disturb feeling of hunger and fullness. The postprandial changes of body temperatures in red pepper meal were higher for a longer time in comparison with those in beef-vegetable meal. For the red pepper meal there frequently were higher correlations between blood pressures and anthropometric measurements, compared to those in beef-vegetable meal. These results might be explained partly by the enhancing effects of capsaicin on thermogenesis and sympathetic nervous system activity. It is concluded that the ingestion of spicy soup with red pepper can increase appetite, energy and nutrient intakes in Korean females, and this effect might be related to disturbed feeling of hunger and fullness.hunger and fullness.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.348-351
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• 2007

This study was conducted to find out the change of infernal quality, such as vitamin C and nitrate contents in some leaf vegetables grown hydropoincally in different nutrient conditions. Pak-choi (Brassica camperistis L. spp. chinesis Jusl.), chungchima (Lactuca sativa L. var. crispa cv. Chungchima) and romaine (Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia Lam.) lettuces were cultivated for 2 weeks in 4 different nutrient solutions, such as tap water; no-nutrient, added $NH_4$, discarded $NO_3$, and supplied Yamazaki' solution for lettuce as a control. The growth of leaf vegetables was not different among nutrient solution treatments except tap water. The nitrate content showed the highest in control, and followed by $+NH_4$ treatment, $-NO_3$ and tap water treatment, regardless of kind of vegetables. The vitamin C content in 3 different vegetables showed the opposite result against nitrate content so that the treatment that showing the highest vitamin C content was tap water in romaine and chungchima lettuces, and $-NO_3$ treatment in pak-choi. The vitamin C and the nitrate content showed high correlations; $r=-0.614^*$ in pak-choi, $-0.651^*$ in romaine lettuce, and $-0.804^{**}$ in chungchima lettuce.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.704-715
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• 2012

To examine temporal and spatial variation in salinity and nutrients in the shallow pore water of intertidal sandflats, we measured salinity and nutrient concentrations (dissolved inorganic nitrogen [DIN], phosphorus [DIP], and silicate [DSi]) in pore water of the intertidal zone along the coastline of Jeju Island at two and/or three month intervals from May 2009 to December 2010. Geochemical parameters (grain size, ignition loss [IL], chemical oxygen demand [COD], and acid volatile sulfur [AVS]) in sediment were also investigated. The surface sediments in intertidal sandflats of Jeju Island were mainly composed of sand, slightly gravelly sand and gravelly sand, with a range of mean grain size from 0.5 to 2.5 ${\O}$. Concentrations of IL and COD in sediment were higher along the eastern coast, as compared to the western coast, due to differences in biogenic sediment composition. Salinity and nutrient concentrations in pore water were markedly different across time and space during rainy seasons, whereas concentrations were temporally and spatially more stable during dry seasons. These results suggest that salinity and nutrient concentrations in pore water depend on the advective flow of fresh groundwater. We also observed an imbalance of the DIN/DIP ratio in pore water due to the influence of contaminated sources of DIN. In particular, nutrient concentrations during rainy and dry seasons were characterized by high DIN/DIP ratios (mean-127) and low DIN/DIP ratios (mean-10), respectively, relative to the Redfield ratio (16) in offshore seawater. Such an imbalance of DIN/DIP ratios in pore water can affect the coastal ecosystem and appears to cause outbreaks of benthic seaweed along the coastline of Jeju Island.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.65-76
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• 2006

This is an analysis of the dietary behavior, nutrient intake status and INQ(Index of nutritional quality) of 129 college women according to their residences in the Daegu area. The average height and weight were 160.0 cm and 54.5 kg respectively. Diet intake data were obtained by using the 24-hour recall method to evaluate the usual diet of the subjects. The energy intake of the group, living alone was higher than that of living a roommate and living at home. Ca, Fe, Zn and folate intakes were low in all the groups. The composition rate of carbohydrate, protein and fat for energy intake was 58.9 : 15.5 : 25.6 in living alone, 59.9 : 15.1 : 25.0 in living with a roommate and 61.2 : 15.5 : 23.3 in living at home, compared with the preferred of 65 : 15 : 20. The group living alone showed significantly better mean adequacy ratio(MAR, 0.7) than the other groups (p<0.05). The group living with a roommate showed significantly better INQ in vitamin $B_6$ (p<0.01) and Fe (p<0.05) than the other groups did In conclusion, this study indicates that nutrient intake in college women in Daegu is considerably lower than the RDA values. Furthermore the group living alone showed better dietary behavior and nutrient intake status than the other groups. A nutrition education program for college women is necessary.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.469-478
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• 2006

The composition changes of litters were investigated to figure out the effects of the decomposition of Humulus japonicus on nutrient circulation and decomposition process in the riverine wetlands: Tan stream and Amsa-dong. Litterbags (mesh size 1 mm and 5 mm) were installed to monitor mass and nutrient changes of 5 types of litters: H. japanicus only, Miscanthus sacchariflarus only, Phragmites communis only, mixed litters including H. japonicus, and mixed litters without H. japonicus for 7 months. It was shown that k (decay rate) of the H. japanicus ($2.68{\sim}3.12$) was higher than that of M. sacchariflorus ($1.83{\sim}2.16$) and P. communis ($0.02{\sim}1.18$). The mass and organic remainings of the mixed litters including H. japonicus at Tan stream were $47.0{\sim}55.1%\;and\;47.0{\sim}54.9%$ and those of the litterbags without H. japanicus were $49.2{\sim}65.4%\;and\;47.1{\sim}57.5%$, respectively. This result indicated that the nutrient circulation was faster at H. japanicus community than others. Ca, Na, Mg, K, P, C, N and H contents reduced to around $40{\sim}80%$ of original. However, Na concentration increased up to $407{\sim}584%$ at 100 days and decreased to $248{\sim}498%$ at the end of the experiment. Decomposition rates were similar between 1 mm and 5mm mesh size litterbags and this implies that plant litters in studied areas decomposed mainly by microbes rather than small animals. This study revealed that the fast growth of H. japonicus was resulted from fast decomposition in part: positive feedback of nutrient cycling.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.751-760
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• 2015

Management of renewable organic resources is important in attaining the sustainability of agricultural production. However, nutrient management with organic resources is more complex than fertilization with chemical fertilizer because the composition of the organic input or the environmental condition will influence organic matter decomposition and nutrient release. One of the most effective methods for estimating nutrient release from organic amendment is the use of N mineralization models. The present study aimed at parameterizing N mineralization models for a number of organic amendments being used as a nutrient source for crop production. Laboratory incubation experiment was conducted in aerobic condition. N mineralization was investigated for nineteen organic amendments in sandy soil and clay soil at $20^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$, and $30^{\circ}C$. N mineralization was facilitated at higher temperature condition. Negative correlation was observed between mineralized N and C:N ratio of organic amendments. N mineralization process was slower in clay soil than in sandy soil and this was mainly due to the delayed nitrification. The single and the double exponential models were used to estimate N mineralization of the organic amendments. N mineralization potential $N_p$ and mineralization rate k were estimated in different temperature and soil conditions. Estimated $N_p$ ranged from 28.8 to 228.1 and k from 0.0066 to 0.6932. The double exponential model showed better prediction of N mineralization compared with the single exponential model, particularly for organic amendments with high C:N ratio. It is expected that the model parameters estimated based on the incubation experiment could be used to design nutrient management planning in environment-friendly agriculture.