• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.1525-1531
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• 2012

Cigarette smoking is one of the most important public health concerns in Korea and worldwide. A number of studies have been conducted to measure the health and economic burden of smoking, but these did not reflect recent changes such as the decrease in smoking rate and the increase in the incidence of cancer. The purpose of this study was to provide up-to-date estimates of the health and economic burden of cancer caused by smoking and to compare the results with those of previous studies. Cancer-related burden was assessed with nationally representative data such as claims data from the National Health Insurance Corporation, and cause of death records from the National Statistical Office and the Korea Health Panel. We determined the smoking-attributable burden by multiplying the smoking-attributable fraction by the total burden. As a result, the burden of major cancers due to smoking was found to be substantial despite a recent sharp decrease in smoking by the Korean population. The total economic cost reaches $2,234.0 million in males and $870.0 million in females. Also, the health burden of cancers due to smoking is 2,038.9 disability adjusted life years (DALYs) per 100,000 individuals in men and 732.2 DALYs per 100,000 individuals in women. Among all cancers, cancers of the trachea, lungs and bronchus are the leading causes of health and economic burden. The huge burden caused by cancers linked to smoking makes it imperative that adequate policies to decrease the prevalence of smoking be developed, particularly considering the recent increase in smoking rate among women.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.14-24
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• 2014

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of food allergies and find out food allergens. Methods: Questionnaires were completed by 2,415 subjects in D city, among whom 452 subjects believed that they had food allergy. Skin prick tests were performed on these subjects. The data were analyzed using SAS Version 9.0 and ${\chi}^2$-test. In addition, several recent studies were reviewed. Results: The prevalence rate of food allergic symptoms was 25.6% in males and 25.8% in females, respectively. The positive rate of skin prick tests among those who were allergic to any of 14 food items was 21.4% in males and 14.7% in females(p=0.018). Therefore, it was estimated that the prevalence rate of food allergy was 5.0% in males and 3.6% in females. It was shown that the major food allergens were hop, shrimp, lobster, oyster and egg(whole) in males, and egg(whole), hop, oyster, and pork in females, respectively. The prevalence in recent studies ranged from 1 to 35%. Major food allergens were milk, egg, nuts, fish, shellfish crustacean and fruits/vegetables. Conclusions: In order to provide effective care for food allergy, it is essential to find out the prevalence of food allergies and food allergens.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.136-147
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• 2015

Purpose: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of integrated palliative care intervention on quality of life in terminally ill patients. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was performed via PubMed, Cochrane Library CENTRAL, LWW (Ovid), CINAHL and several Korean databases. The main search strategy was to combine terms indicating palliative care intervention, presence of terminal illness and study design. Methodological quality was assessed using Cochrane's Risk of Bias for randomized studies and Risk of Bias Assessment tool for non-randomized studies. Data were analyzed by the Stata 10 program. Results: Eight clinical trials met the inclusion criteria with a total of 356 participants. Integrated palliative care interventions were administered for a mean of 6.5 weeks, 5.6 sessions and an average of 47.8 minutes per session. Effect sizes were heterogeneous, and subgroup analysis was done. Integrated palliative care interventions had a significant effect on quality of life (ES=1.83, P=0.018, $l^2=92%$), spiritual well-being (ES=0.78, P=0.040, $l^2=0$), depression (ES=0.86, P<0.001, $l^2=32$) and anxiety (ES=0.69, P=0.041, $l^2=71.1$). But integrated palliative care interventions had no significant effect on pain (ES=0.365, P=0.230, $l^2=69.8$). Conclusion: Results support findings that integrated palliative care interventions were helpful in lessening depression and anxiety and improving quality of life and spiritual well-being, however, the interventions did not assist pain management in terminal cancer patients. These findings suggest that various integrated palliative care interventions can assist terminal cancer patients with better quality of life in the socio-psycho-spiritual dimension.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.1610-1615
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• 2001

Three studies were conducted to determine the effect of sex on pre- and post-weaning performance of pigs. These studies were conducted in response to observations that female pigs appear to grow faster than male pigs after weaning. In addition, female pigs have been found to grow faster than male pigs when supplied with supplemental milk before weaning. The aims of the present work were to further characterise the ontogeny of sex differences growth of nursing and growing pigs. In the first study, piglets sucking 32 sows were crossfostered to produce litters of 10 boars (n=9), 10 gilts (n=l 1) or 5 boars and 5 gilts (n=12). Liveweight of the sucking pigs was then measured weekly until weaning at 4 weeks of age. In the second study, 80 boars and 80 gilts were weaned at 26 days of age and growth performance measured until 21 days post-weaning. In the third experiment, 40 boars and 40 gilts were weaned into groups of 5 pigs at either 17 or 25 days of age and pigs were weighed until they were approximately 90 kg liveweight. All-boar litters grew more slowly than the all-gilt and mixed litters such that by 14 days of age the all-boar litters were 10% lighter than the all-gilt or mixed litters (39 vs. 43.8 kg, p=0.050). The proportional difference in litter weight appeared to be maintained at 21 days of age (53.9 vs. 59.4 kg, p=0.063) but was diminished by 28 days of age (66.5 vs. 70.8 kg, p=0.28). In the second study, gilts grew more quickly than boars over the first 7 and 21 days post-weaning and as a consequence were 10% heavier than boars at 21 days after weaning (13.7 vs 12.48 kg, p=0.001). In the third study, gilts grew more quickly than boars in the immediate 7 days post-weaning (40 vs. 5 g/day, p=0.014) whereas from 7 until 35 days post-weaning there was no significant difference in growth rate (381 vs. 360 g/day, p=0.19). Gilts also grew more quickly than boars over the 14 days after being moved into the grower (631 vs. 570 g/day, p=0.013) and finisher (749 vs. 688 g/day, p=0.038) sheds. However, these differences were not maintained over the entire period in each shed. These data support the hypotheses that gilts handle the stresses of weaning and other transitions better than boars.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.14
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• pp.5551-5556
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• 2014

Background: The prognostic value of human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2/neu) for survival of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) is still ambiguous. We therefore performed a meta-analysis to evaluate its prognostic significance. Materials and Methods: We searched the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases for published literature investigating associations between HER-2/neu status and overall survival of patients with CRC. A meta-analysis was performed using a DerSimonian-Laird model and publication bias was investigated by Begg's and Egger's tests. Subgroup analysis was also conducted according to the study design type, study quality score, cut-off value for HER-2/neu overexpression, publication region, patient number and publication year. Results: A total of 17 eligible studies involving 2,347 patients were identified for this meta-analysis. The combined hazard ratio (HR) was 1.31 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.96-1.79), suggesting that HER-2/neu overexpression was not significantly associated with overall survival of patients with CRC. However, subgroup analysis revealed that HER-2/neu overexpression had an unfavorable impact on survival when the analysis was restricted to subgroups of study quality score ${\leq}5 $(HR=1.56, 95%CI: 1.17-2.10), Asian patients (HR=1.74, 95%CI: 1.22-2.49), patient number ${\leq}106$ (HR=1.57, 95%CI: 1.01-2.44), publication year before 2003 (HR=1.59, 95%CI: 1.02-2.49), and prospectively designed study (HR=3.62, 95%CI: 1.42-9.24). The effect disappeared in subgroups of study quality scores > 5 (HR=0.69, 95%CI: 0.33-1.44), non Asian patients (HR=1.14, 95%CI: 0.77-1.70), patients' number > 106 (HR=1.07, 95%CI: 0.67-1.72), publication year after 2003 (HR=1.13, 95%CI: 0.76-1.69), and retrospectively designed study (HR=1.22, 95%CI: 0.89-1.67). Conclusions: Our meta-analysis suggests that HER-2/neu overexpression might not be a significantly prognostic indicator for patients with CRC. Further studies are required to confirm these results.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.182-188
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• 2017

This study analyzes several factors of good instruction that have been studied by precedent studies as well as the dominated perspective of teaching that validates the value of good instruction. For this purpose, the authors explore an understanding of the perspective that lessons ought to pursue. The authors examine the difference in the dominated perspective of good instruction of pre-service teacher and teachers through the study methodology of chi-square, one-way analyses of variance, and post-hoc test. The research subjects were enrolled students and graduates of the Department of Early Childhood Education at colleges in Seoul and the Capital area. The TPI that had been objectively indexed with comprehensive understandings and viewpoints of good instruction was also applied. The study result shows that high schools' dominated perspective is "nursing" and colleges' is "apprenticing", regardless of the kind of school. The article discusses the perspective of good instruction by comparing the results of domestic and foreign studies and this study. Some ideas were suggested for further research.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2012

Purpose: The aim of this study was to discuss challenges for hope seeking intervention based on individual experience (HSIBIE) in palliative care, assuming that hope is an individualized unique, subjective, and dynamic experience. Methods: Literature, including analysis and discussion, was reviewed to identify limitations and ways to develop HSIBIE. Results: This study identified following challenges: 1. Hope was often described and utilized as a standardized unified structure with varying attributes or mono-structure emphasizing a realistic hope, or both of them (relativism vs. monism) in one literature. This challenge is represented as a problem in conceptualization. 2. Few studies discussed various patterns of hope or individuals' unique experiences in palliative care. 3. The HSIBIE and the method for the HSIBIE have been rarely discussed. Conclusion: A problem in conceptualization is often related to fixed ideas formed over a long period and used in a closed circle of scholars and professionals. Therefore, such fixed ideas should be openly challenged with fresh perspectives. The second issue requires a cross-cultural studies of various hope experiences in palliative care, which can be used for effective and appropriate HSIBIE.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.2117-2124
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• 2012

This is the study of actual condition and improvement on emergency medical treatment by 119 emergency medical service personnel. The subjects in this study were 299 emergency medical service personnel. Data were collected from May 1 to August 31 of 2010, and analyzed by SPSS 12.0 program. The major area of study of them were study of emergency medical services 41.5%, study of nursing 10.0%, fire fighting related studies 15.4%, health related studies 1.0%, and others 32.1%. The certificate of them were 1st class emergency medical technician(EMT) 38.1%, 2nd class EMT 33.8%, nurse 9.4%, first aid education 14.0%, and others 4.7%. Frequency of Prehospital emergency care, oxygen supply(274), splint apply(229), spinal immobilization(229), external bleeding control(223), medication(7), intravenous(4). Professionally trained EMT makes possible to secure high quality emergency medical treatment in the prehospital phase. Therefore, it is essential for the quality improvement of prehospital emergency care that well trained EMT ride on the ambulance together and take the responsibility for the treatment and transferring of emergency patients. In order to improve the proficiency of 119 emergency medical services personnel, it is also necessary to provide continuous job training programs for the prehospital emergency medical treatment.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.63-71
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• 2015

Objectives: This study was carried out to analyze the single-dose toxicity of Eun-Bi San pharmacopuncture injected into the muscle of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Methods: All experiments were performed at Biotoxtech, an institution certified to conduct non-clinical studies under the Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) regulations. Six week old SD rats reared by ORIENTBIO were chosen for this pilot study. The reason SD rats were chosen is that they have been widely used in safety tests in the field of medicine, so the results can be easily compared with many other databases. The Eun-Bi San pharmacopuncture was made in a clean room at the Korean Pharmacopuncture Institute (KPI, K-GMP). The constituents of the Eun-Bi San pharmacopuncture are Angelicae gigantis radix, Strychni semen and Glycyrrhizae radix. These were extracted at low temperature and low pressure in an aseptic room at the KPI. Doses of Eun-Bi San pharmacopuncture, 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mL, were administered to the experimental groups, and a dose of normal saline solution, 1.0 mL, was administered to the control group. This study was performed under the approval of the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee of Biotoxtech Co., Ltd. Results: No deaths or abnormalities occurred in any of the four groups. No significant changes in weight, hematological parameters or clinical chemistry between the control group and the experimental groups were observed. To determine if abnormalities existed in any organs and tissues, we used microscopy to examine representative histological sections of each specified organ; the results showed no significant differences in any of the organs or tissues. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that treatment with Eun-Bi San pharmacopuncture is relatively safe and that its clinical use may be beneficial. Further evaluations and studies on this subject will be needed to provide more concrete evidence in support of these conclusions.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.196-207
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• 2015

Purpose: We comprehensively analyzed domestic studies on the effects of death preparation education in order to present objective data. Methods: Meta-analysis was conducted with a total of 22 master's and doctoral theses published between 2004 and 2014. Results: According to our analysis, the death preparation education had a mid-size effect. The effect size of a moderator variable was the greatest in infants and children, and the effect size was bigger in younger ages. The effect size was the greatest when education was given through a total of 10~15 sessions, twice a week, and less than 60 minutes per session. The effect variable and death-related variable showed a significant effect size, and sub-variables were equivalent to the death-related variable with a biggest effect size. Non-death related variables had a mid-level effect size and sub-variables were found to have the highest ego integrity. Conclusion: The significance of this study lies its systematic integration of advanced research on the effects of death preparation education through meta-analysis. By suggesting guidelines for the design of a death preparation education program, evidence-based basic data were proposed which will more likely strengthen intervention effects. Based on these results, more studies are needed to develop and extensively carry out a death preparation program which can meet needs of specific age groups from children to seniors.