• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.30-44
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• 1995

This study aimed at analyzing the trend of re-search on pain in Korea, suggesting direction future pain research, and contributing to the use of pain interventions in nursing practice. Research studies on pain were selected from journals of medical and nursing schools, the Korean Nurse, the Korean Nurses' Academic Society Journal, the Central Journal of Medicine, the New Medical Journal, and from theses and dissertations, which were conducted between 1970 and 1994. The total number of the studies was 93. These studies were analyzed for 1) time of publication or presentation, 2) thesis for a degree or nondegree, 3) research design, 4) characteristics of subjects used in each study, 5) measurement tool, 6) types of correlated variables, 7) Korean terms for pain 8) types of nursing interventions, and 9) results of studies. The findings of the analysis can be summerized as follows : 1) The number of studies related to pain has increased rapidly since the early 1980's. The number of experimental research studies related to pain has increased chronologically, but the number of survey research studies related to pain was highest from 1981 to 1985, after that it decreased slowly. 2) The subjects in 19 studies were healthy people and, in 73 studies, patients with various illnesses. Thirty two studies were conducted with surgical patients. 3) Sixty one pain research studies were done for a thesis for a degree and 32 were nondegree research studies. 4) As measurement tools for pain, self- report pain scales were used in 54 studies and more than two tools were used in 28 studies. In the experimental studies, the trend was to use more than two tools. And in the nonexperirnental studies, the trend was to use self-report pain scales only. 5) There were 11 correlational studies. In these studies, the trend was to study anxiety, depression and variables such as intravenous infusion as related to pain.6) In the thirty six experimental studies, the effects of 16 types of nursing interventions weretested. Teaching and information, and relaxation technique were the most popular interventions for pain. 7) In eighteen methodological studies, the majority were studies testing the validity and re-liability of Dr. Lee's Korean Pain Rating Questionnaire. The following suggestions are made based on the above findings : 1) The patterns of these studies related to pain in Korea need to be compared with trends in other countries. 2) Meta - analysis should be done to analyze and integrate the results of various studies. 3) This analysis of pain research is needed to identify the present trend of pain research and to suggest the direction of future pain research, so these patterns of studies should be done in 5 to 10 year intervals. 4) More replicated pain research is needed to prove the effect of nursing interventions and more qualitative research on pain is needed to identify indepth the meaning of pain. 5) Pain researchers should make an effort to apply research result in various clinical settings and try to carry out team research with clinical nurses or with other multidiscipinary researchers.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.180-188
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• 2011

Purpose: This study was to identify nursing diagnosis-outcome-intervention (NANDA- NOC-NIC: NNN) linkages applied to inpatients in general surgical nursing units. Methods: We developed the NNN linkage computerized nursing process program, which consisted of the 107 nursing outcomes and the 190 nursing interventions linked to the 39 nursing diagnoses. This program was applied to 324 patients who admitted to those nursing units from July, 2004 to February, 2005. Results: First, nursing outcomes of each nursing diagnosis were identified as follows: for 'acute pain', pain control, pain level, and comfort level; for 'risk for infection', wound healing: primary intention, wound healing: secondary intention, and infection status; for 'nausea', nutritional status: food & fluid intake, comfort level, symptom severity and hydration. Second, major nursing interventions for each nursing outcome were analyzed as follows: for pain control or comfort level, pain management and medication management; for pain level, pain management and analgesic administration; for wound healing: primary intention, incision site care and wound care; for Wound healing: secondary intention or infection status, infection control; for nutritional status: food & fluid intake, fluid monitoring; for comfort level, nausea management; for symptom severity, nausea management and vomiting management; for hydration, fluid/electrolyte management. Conclusion: This identified NNN linkages will facilitate the use of nursing process in surgical nursing practice and documentation systems.

• Journal of Korean Academic Society of Home Health Care Nursing
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.298-310
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• 2023

Purpose: This study synthesized the literature on non-pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in older adults in long-term care facilities. Methods: Scoping review and thematic analysis methods were combined. On June 1, 2023, searches of primary electronic databases, including PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL DBpia, KMbase, NDSL, and RISS, were performed, restricting the publication date from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2022. Guidelines from the Joanna Briggs Institute were used as a framework to set and conduct the scoping review. Results: The review identified 1,095 abstracts, from which 14 studies were included in the review. Consequent to the study, there were 10 randomized controlled experimental study designs, and 6 out of 14 studies were conducted in China. The numeric rating scale was widely used for pain assessment. Exercise intervention was provided in 7 studies and physiotherapy was provided in three studies. The outcome variables measured were pain self-efficacy, physical functions, and depression. Conclusion: This comprehensive overview guided nursing staff in long-term care facilities for planning and intervention of effective non-pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in the elderly.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.107-122
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify nursing interventions frequently used with cancer patients. Nursing records from 5 general hospitals for patients with stomach, liver, lung or colon cancer were analyzed. Method: A descriptive study methodology was used and nursing records for 15 patients in each disease category at each hospital, who were admitted and discharged during June 2007 were analyzed. Results: Five domains of NIC were found and the physiological(basic) domain was most frequent (31.52%). Twenty two classes of NIC were identified with risk management for safety being most frequent (22.49%). For the 119 nursing interventions identified, the most frequent was pain management with 7,827 (12.31%), followed by prevention of falls (11.76%), surveillance (6.79%) and wound care (5.12%). Nursing activities of pain management and prevention of falls were comparable to activities listed in literature on guidelines for evidence based and best practices in nursing care. Eight of the 17 nursing activities for pain management, and 9 of 14 for fall prevention were consistent with these guidelines. Conclusion: In this study, nursing interventions were found to be focused on physical care, monitoring patients' condition and education. We have to develop diverse nursing interventions and a convenient recording process.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.365-376
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to construct, develop, and apply a nursing information system (NIS) using NANDA-NOC-NIC linkage in medical-surgical nursing units. Methods: This study consisted of three phases which were the construction of the database, development of the NIS, and application of the NIS. To construct the database, a questionnaire and nursing record review by an expert group were used. Collected data were analyzed by the SPSS/WIN 13.0 program. Results: In first phase, the database was made up of 50 nursing diagnoses, 127 nursing outcomes and 300 nursing interventions. In the second phase, NIS was developed according to its flow diagram and then tested. In the third phase, the developed NIS was applied to 130 inpatients. Nursing diagnoses frequently used were acute pain, delayed surgical recovery, and deficient knowledge (specify). Nursing outcomes for a nursing diagnosis of 'acute pain' were identified as pain control, pain level and comfort level. Nursing interventions for the nursing outcome 'pain control' were pain management, patient controlled analgesia assistance and medication management. Conclusion: The results of this study will facilitate the use of the newly proposed NIS in nursing practice and provide a guideline for evidence-based nursing.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.979-990
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop and to apply the NANDA, NOC, and NIC (NNN) linkages into a computerized nursing process program using the classification systems of nursing diagnoses, nursing outcomes and nursing interventions. Method: The program was developed with planning, analysis, design and performance stages. The program was applied to 117 patients who were admitted to orthopedic surgery nursing units from January to February, 2004. Results: Thirty-five of fifty-three nursing diagnoses were identified. Five nursing diagnoses in order of frequency were: Acute pain $(28.4\%)$, Impaired physical mobility $(15.6\%)$, Impaired walking $(8.7\%)$, Chronic pain $(5.5\%)$ and Risk for disuse syndrome $(5.0\%)$. The nursing outcomes of the 'Acute pain' nursing diagnosis tended to have higher frequencies (cumulative) in order of Pain management $(95.2\%)$, Comfort level $(35.5\%)$ and Pain level $(17.7\%)$. The nursing interventions of the 'Acute pain' nursing diagnosis tended to have higher frequencies (cumulative) in order of Pain management $(71.0\%)$, Splinting $(24.2\%)$ and Analgesic administration $(17.7\%)$. In comparison of outcome indicator scores between before and after the intervention according to the 61 nursing outcomes, the mean scores of 52 outcome indicators after the intervention were significantly higher than before the intervention. Conclusion: It is expected that this program will help nurses perform their nursing processes more efficiently.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.260-273
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• 2007

Purpose: This study was performed to understand the perceived importance and performance frequencies of nursing interventions and identify the core and major interventions in oncology units. Methods: Questionnaires using 151 nursing interventions were given to 45 nurses. The performance frequency was measured through the database of the nursing process recording system for 1 year. Results: The perceived importance of the nursing interventions averaged out to be 3.5 among 4 and on average 36.5 times of nursing interventions were performed on each patient. Fifteen core nursing interventions including 'pain management' were identified and they made up 82.7% of the entire performance frequency rate. And 26 interventions including 'drug administration: Amphotericin-B' were identified as major nursing interventions and occupied 10.6% of the entire performance frequency rate. Conclusion: Since the core and the major nursing interventions were identified and these occupied 93.3% of the all nursing interventions, these results can be utilized as baseline data for establishing the guidelines and standards of nursing interventions and providing systematic education for oncology nurses in Korea.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.658-668
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of psychosocial interventions on pain in cancer patients. Methods: Eight studies published between 1980 and 2012 in Korean and ten studies published between 2002 and 2012 in English met the inclusion criteria with a total of 1539 participants. Methodological quality assessed by Cochrane's Risk of Bias for randomized studies and Risk of Bias Assessment tool for non randomized studies. The data were analyzed by the RevMan 5.2 program of Cochrane library. Results: Overall, study quality was moderate to high. Effect sizes were heterogeneous and subgroup analysis was done. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) were effective for pain (ES= -0.35; 95% CI= -0.56, -0.13). Pain education studies measured with NRS and VAS were effective for pain (ES= -0.77; 95% CI= -1.01, -0.52). Publication bias was not detected. Conclusion: This study support the use of psychosocial interventions administered to cancer patients for their pain management. However, more well-designed studies are needed.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.6-13
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• 2003

Purpose: A survey was done on knowledge of pain and pain interventions by clinical nurses in Deagu city and Kyoungbuk province. Method: The participants in this study were 209 nurses who worked in Daegu city, and 190 nurses who worked in Kyoungbuk province. The data were collected from August 5, to September 15, 2002. The data were analyzed with SPSS WIN 10.0 program using numbers, percentages, averages and standard deviation with t-test and ANOVA. Result: Out of a total of 30 points on general knowledge of pain, the clinical nurses had a high score of 28, and a low of 10. The average was 18.6 (SD=3.14). Of the participants, 57.9% reported not having had any pain education and 67.9% agreed that education is a necessity. Of pharmacological interventions, Tylenol had the highest score at 3.44 out of a possible 4 points. The most frequent route for giving medication was intramuscular injection (42.6%) and for 62.7%, there was a decision by the physician for routine medication or prn. On reactions after medication, moderate relief had the highest frequency (41.9%), and for side effects after the medication, feeling of nausea was most frequent (70.4%). Of the nonpharmacological approaches to pain relief, ice bag had the highest score with 2.95 out of a possible 4. Judgement to give medication was made by the nurse for 50.1% of the participants and 647% reported a little relief from pain. Conclusion: Based upon the results, continuing education and developing a better education programs (including pain mechanism, pain assessment, pharmacological interventions and nonpharmacological interventions) are needed for systematic pain management. Nurses need a high level of knowledge of pain, to be active in pharmacological interventions and nonpharmacological interventions.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.632-641
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• 2006

Purpose: The purposes of this study were to analyze the core nursing interventions that are used in the medical and surgical units, and to present the basic data that can be applied in clinical fields. Method: The data was collected from 353 nurses of the medical and surgical units from Jan. 2005 to Dec. 2005, using the database of nursing process record system used at a tertiary hospital. Results: 190 interventions were performed in the medical units, with 21 core nursing interventions. 198 interventions were performed in the surgical units, with 16 core nursing interventions. There were 11 common core nursing interventions. Conclusion: The results revealed that the ratio of physiological interventions and the interventions related to safety were high. The interventions were classified according to one's field of specialization, together with the common interventions were also being performed. According to the changes in the demands of consumers, there was also increases in the performance of 'pain management' and 'fall prevention.' We expect that this study will allow for the performance of standardized interventions, and that it will be helpful in the role of the experienced nurse, and in the approach to the nursing specialty.