• Health Policy and Management
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.97-117
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• 2005

This study was designed to compare the differences m results of supervisor and subordinate rating. Data was collected from personnel evaluation and subordinate rating results for middle managers(n=68) in hospital from 3rd January to 20th March in 2004. Supervisor rating consisted of performance, ability and attitude evaluation. Subordinate rating consisted of leadership, ability and attitude evaluation. Collected data included sociodemographic characteristics, work department, work level, years of work, years at present level and whether working in a patient serving department. The difference of standardized supervisor and subordinate rating score was used to define groups as 'higher in supervisor rating group'. Groups were defined in total score, ability score and attitude score. Main results were as follows: 1. In total score, sectional chiefs were apt to be 'higher in subordinate rating group' while chief clerks were apt to be 'similar group' or 'higher in supervisor rating group'. Staffs in patient serving department were likely to be 'higher in supervisor rating group' and staffs in non-patient serving department were likely to be 'higher in subordinate rating group'. All these results were statistically significant. 2. In ability score, there were no statistically significant differences in age, sex, years of education, work department, work level, years of work and whether working in a patient serving department among 'higher in supervisor rating group', 'similar group' and 'higher in subordinate rating group'. 3. In attitude score, staffs in the department of medical affairs and the department of administration were apt to be 'higher in subordinate rating group'. Staffs in the department of nursing were apt to be 'higher in supervisor rating group'. Staffs in a patient serving department were likely to be 'higher in supervisor rating group' and staffs in a non-patient serving department were likely to be 'higher in subordinate rating group'. All these results were statistically significant. 4. Logistic analysis about total score showed that sectional chiefs had higher Odds Ratio(OR) to be in 'higher in subordinate rating group'. Staffs in a non-patient serving department had higher OR to be in 'higher in subordinate rating group'. Both these results were statistically significant. 5. Logistic analysis about ability score showed that sectional chiefs had higher OR to be in 'higher in subordinate rating group'. Staffs in a non-patient serving department had higher OR to be in 'higher in subordinate rating group'. These results were not statistically significant. 6. Logistic analysis about total score showed that sectional chiefs had higher OR to be in 'higher in subordinate rating group', but the difference was not statistically significant. Staffs in a non-patient serving department had significantly higher OR to be in 'higher in subordinate rating group'. In conclusion, there is no clear superiority between supervisor and subordinate rating in personnel evaluation. It would be better to use a mixed model. It's also suggested to use an intervening rate of application or scores considering work levels and work department in personnel evaluation. These results would be helpful for hospitals planning a supervisor and subordinate rating system for personnel evaluation.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.8-17
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• 2005

Purpose: This study was performed to investigate burden, job satisfaction and quality of life of nurses who take care of cancer patients. Methods: The subjects were 237 nurses working at the oncology unit of hospitals with over 500 beds in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do. Data were collected using questionnaire from the February to March, 2005. Data were analyzed through t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient and stepwise multiple regression using SAS. Results: 1. The item that showed the highest level of burden was 'I feel limited even if I make efforts to reduce patients' pain. 'Burden was high in those group both who were younger than 35 years old and who had clinical experiences caring cancer patients for $3{\sim}4$ years. 2. The item that showed the lowest level of job satisfaction was 'the possibility of promotion'. Job satisfaction was high in those group both who had a spouse and were head nurses or incharge nurses. 3. The item that showed the lowest level of quality of life was 'I am physically exhausted'. Over 35 years old who had a spouse, and over 2,000,000 won monthly income made a high score in the quality of life. 4. There were negative correlations among burden, iob satisfaction and the quality of life. 5. The major factor affecting the quality of life was burden. Conclusion: The results of this study are expected to be utilized as basic data for developing support system to improve nurses' work conditions and quality of life.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.42-50
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• 2008

Purpose: Undertreatment of canter pain, especially due to the differences in the perception of pain between the patients and caregivers, is a well recognized problem. The purpose of this study were to determine if there exist differences in communication about pain intensity scores between patients and their family caregivers in Korea. Methods: A total of 127 patient-family caregiver dyads who have experienced canter pain participated in this study at a hospital in Seoul for six months. The data were obtained by fare to face interview with a structured questionnaire based on Brief Pain Inventory-Korean version and other previous researches. The clinical information for all patients was compiled by reviewing their medical records. Results: Patients' 'worst-pain for 24-hour' and 'right-now-pain' scores estimated by family caregivers were significantly higher than those by patient themselves. The degree of agreement between patients and family caregivers in the estimate of patients' 'worst-pain for 24-hour' intensity categories was 78.7% for 'severe pain', 40% for 'no pain', 27.5% for 'mild pain' and 22.9% for 'moderate pain'. In case of 'right-now-pain' intensity categories, the agreement was 50% for 'severe pain', 47.2% for mild pain, 46.3% for 'no pain', and 26.3% for 'moderate pain'. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the degree of agreement between patients and family caregivers in the estimate of patients 'pain intensity categories was less than 50% except for 'severe pain'. The results indicate that Korean family caregivers tend to overestimate the canter pain intensity of their caring patients, especially, when a lancer patient has 'moderate' or 'mild pain'. Health Providers are advised to educate patient-family caregiver dyads to use a pain measurement scale to promote their agreement in pain Intensity stores. Further analyses and studies are needed to identify the factors and differences that influence their communication about pain intensity scores between patients and their family caregivers.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2018

The purposes of this study were to examine the depression level of sales workers at a cosmetics company in South Korea and investigate the effects of emotional labor, job stress, and resilience on their depression symptoms. A structured questionnaire was distributed to 189 workers at the cosmetics company to assess their general characteristics, diseases diagnosed by the doctor, depression, emotional labor, job stress, and resilience. Univariate analysis and multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine connections among depression symptoms, emotional labor, job stress, and resilience. The findings show that the depression symptom rate of the cosmetics sales workers was 32.3%. The multiple logistic regression analysis results of the high risk group in depression symptoms show that depression had significant relations with resilience(OR : 3.84, CI : 1.68-8.77), diseases diagnosed by the doctor(OR : 3.82, CI : 1.73-8.47), emotional disharmony(OR : 2.51, CI : 1.06-5.96), and job demand(OR : 2.12, CI : 0.93-4.85). The low risk group of emotional labor was corrected in age, doctor's diagnosis, and job stress with the reference value to analyze connections with depression symptoms according to the degree of resilience. The analysis results show that depression symptoms increased by 2.35 times(CI : 0.73-7.53) when they had high emotional labor and good resilience, by 3.74 times(CI : 1.17-11.97) when they had low emotional labor and bad resilience, and by 10.39 times(CI : 3.34-32.28) when they had high emotional labor and bad resilience. These findings raise a need to run a program to increase resilience, reduce emotional disharmony through emotional labor management, and take health management measures to control physical illness and lower job stress so that cosmetics sales workers can manage their depression symptoms.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.173-181
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• 1989

The effect of interpregnancy interval on birthweight of the subsequent child was investigated for the 1,347 womens of 25 to 40 years old age who visited OBGY and Pediatric department of the general hospital in Taegu city. Questions in designed questionnaire were asked by student interviewers who were trained in nursing school. Mean birth weight by interpregnancy intervals were compared by the intervals of 6 months. Mean birth weight increased from 3,250 grams for intervals of 6 months to 3,357 grams for intervals of 25-30 months, hut the difference was not statistically significant(=0.47). Correlations between the continuous variables which were suspected as con founders and interpregnancy interval and birth weight were investigated. The coefficient of correlation between maternal age and interpregnancy interval was 0.39, between gestational period and birth weight 0.30 and between prepregnant weight and birth weight 0.16 and between birth weight of first baby and birth weight(of second baby) 0.44. But maternal age, gestational period and prepregnant weight were not considered as confounder, because they were not correlated simultaneously with birth interval and birth weight. Associations between the discrete variables which were suspected as confounders, and interpregnancy interval were investigated by Chi-square test. Associations between interpregnancy interval and educational level of mothers, types of husband's occupation, types of medical security, sex were not significant(P-values were 0.59, 0.75, 0.75, 0.82 respectively), so we did not considered these variables as confounding variables. In multiple regression analysis of birth weight, significant variables were birth weight of first baby, gestational period, sex of neonate and prepregnancy body weight of mother. Of the 1,347 births, the rate of low birth weight was 2% (27 birth). The rate for interpregnancy interval 7-12 months was highest as 3.6% and that for 13-18 months was lowest as 0.6%, but there was no regular tendency related with interpregnancy interval.

• The Korean Nurse
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.62-85
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• 1994

The data were analyzed by using an S. P. S. S. computerized program for mean, standard deviation, percentage and paired t-test. The results of this study were as follows: 1. The increase in $PaO_2$ after hyperoxygenation and hyperinflation was highly statistically significant(p=0.041), and the increase in $PaO_2$ immediately after suctioning was not significant (p=0.752). The time of lowest $PaO_2$ was 30 seconds after the endotracheal suction. 2. The occurrance of cardiac arrhythmia after the endotracheal suction included sinus tachycardia, sinus arrhythmia, sinus bradycardia, premature atrial contraction (PAC), and premature ventricular contraction (PVC). The most frequent cardiac arrhythmia was sinus tachycardia (a subjects). Sinus arrhythmia was observed in 5 subjects and continued till 10 minutes after suctioning in two of these. Sinus bradycardia occurred in only 3 subjects and among them, 1 subjects shows sinus arrythmia till 10 minutes after suctioning along. PAC was observed in only one subject and continued till five minutes after suctining along with sinus arrhythmia. PVC was observed in three subjects: it lasted for only 30 seconds after suctioning in two subjects. but continued for 10 minutes after suctioning in the third. 6 subjects manifested two kinds of Cardiac arrhythmia Three of them showed sinus tachycardia with PVC, another 2 showed sinus bradycardia with sinus arrhythmia, and the other subject showed sinus arrhythmia with PAC. 3. The increases in heart rate during the endotracheal suction immediately after and at 30 seconds after suctioning were statistically significant (p=0.005). The increase in heart rate at one minute after suctioning was also significant (p=0.023). The increase in heart rate continued until 10 minutes after the endotracheal suction, but was not statistically significant In this study, endotracheal suctioning with hyperoxygenation and hyperinflation was effective in preventing a decrease in $PaO_2$ after suctioning, but not in preventing cardiac arrhythmias. Nurses should be aware of the complications of endotracheal suctioning and do effective hyperoxygenation and hyperinflation before and after suctioning. Further research is needed to develop a efficient endotracheal suction method which will minimize complications. This study needs to be replicated with different population of patients intubatted or having a tracheostomy, specifically, patients who cardiac or pulmonary desease. The data were analyzed by using an S. P. S. S. computerized program for mean, standard deviation, percentage and paired t-test. The results of this study were as follows: 1. The increase in $PaO_2$ after hyperoxygenation and hyperinflation was highly statistically significant(p=0.041), and the increase in $PaO_2$ immediately after suctioning was not significant (p=0.752). The time of lowest $PaO_2$ was 30 seconds after the endotracheal suction. 2. The occurrance of cardiac arrhythmia after the endotracheal suction included sinus tachycardia, sinus arrhythmia, sinus bradycardia, premature atrial contraction (PAC), and premature ventricular contraction (PVC). The most frequent cardiac arrhythmia was sinus tachycardia (a subjects). Sinus arrhythmia was observed in 5 subjects and continued till 10 minutes after suctioning in two of these. Sinus bradycardia occurred in only 3 subjects and among them, 1 subjects shows sinus arrythmia till 10 minutes after suctioning along. PAC was observed in only one subject and continued till five minutes after suctining along with sinus arrhythmia. PVC was observed in three subjects: it lasted for only 30 seconds after suctioning in two subjects. but continued for 10 minutes after suctioning in the third. 6 subjects manifested two kinds of Cardiac arrhythmia Three of them showed sinus tachycardia with PVC, another 2 showed sinus bradycardia with sinus arrhythmia, and the other subject showed sinus arrhythmia with PAC. 3. The increases in heart rate during the endotracheal suction immediately after and at 30 seconds after suctioning were statistically significant (p=0.005). The increase in heart rate at one minute after suctioning was also significant (p=0.023). The increase in heart rate continued until 10 minutes after the endotracheal suction, but was not statistically significant In this study, endotracheal suctioning with hyperoxygenation and hyperinflation was effective in preventing a decrease in $PaO_2$ after suctioning, but not in preventing cardiac arrhythmias. Nurses should be aware of the complications of endotracheal suctioning and do effective hyperoxygenation and hyperinflation before and after suctioning. Further research is needed to develop a efficient endotracheal suction method which will minimize complications. This study needs to be replicated with different population of patients intubatted or having a tracheostomy, specifically, patients who cardiac or pulmonary desease.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.147-159
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• 2001

A questionnaire survey of 568 women over the age of 30 in 11 dongs of Goryeong- gun was performed to identify the practice rate of breast self- examination and its related factors. It was found that the practice rate of breast self- examination was 28.2%, with 9.7% of those surveyed performing breast self- examinations more than once a month. The practice rate of breast self- examination showed significant differences according to factors, such as age, presence of spouse, educational level, occupation, economic status, smoking, regular exercise and chronic disease. According to age, the highest practice rate of breast self-examination was between the ages of 40-49 and the lowest over the age of 60. The practice rate increased with higher the educational level and presence of spouse. According to occupation, administrative and managerial occupations presented the highest practice rate of breast self- examination. Higher economic status, regular exercise and positive family history of breast cancer each presented high practice rates of breast self- examination. The practice rate revealed higher in those who did not smoke and who had no chronic diseases than others. The greatest reason for performing breast self- examination was decided by myself for health reasons, followed by effect of mass media and promotion by health center. The most common reasons for not performing breast self- examination were don't feel the need, followed by don't know how to perform the exam and don't know about the exam itself. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that factors, such as over the age of 60, less education, and no experience with mammography all lowered the practice rate of self-breast examination. Inconclusion, the rates of breast self- examination and regular check-ups of people in rural areas, who are characteristically older and have low educational backgrounds, were 28.2% and 9.7%. These results show the immediate need for the education of the methods for breast self- examination to be carried out by health centers in these areas. Such efforts and programs could increase the practice rate of breast self- examination and thereby improve health and enhance the quality of life of women in rural areas.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.234-243
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• 2017

Objective: This study was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the diabetes education program implemented in a community hypertension and diabetes education center. Methods: Participants were thirty nine diabetic patients who received the education program in the center from May 2014 through May 2015. The education program consisted of two sessions for 2 days (45 minutes per session) regarding clinical information, nutrition and exercise for type 2 diabetes patients. Initially, they were assessed for general characteristics, knowledge on diabetes, self-efficacy and self-care behaviors. Reassessment was performed on their knowledge and self-efficacy directly after the program, and on self-care behaviors at 12 weeks after the program. Results: The mean score of diabetes knowledge was significantly increased from $5.27{\pm}2.10$ to $8.21{\pm}1.20$ (p<0.001) between before and after the program. The self-efficacy score was also significantly increased from $6.88{\pm}1.72$ to $8.16{\pm}1.47$ (p<0.001). The self-care behavior score was significantly increased from $3.59{\pm}1.89$ before the program to $4.35{\pm}1.29$ (p<0.001) at 12 weeks after the program. Conclusion: The diabetes education program may be effective on the improvement of knowledge, self-efficacy and self-care behaviors in type 2 diabetic patients.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.17-26
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• 2002

Reducing the level of stress and insomnia by aromatherapy is proposed as a method of self-care and health promotion in the future. Of the people who received aromatherapy from July, 1999 to February, 2000 at the Complementary and Alternative Medicine Center at the Gyeongu City Health Center, 48 people agreed to participate in a questionnaire survey, presented before and after their aromatherapy, and the data were analyzed. When the people received aromatherapy at the Complementary and Alternative Medicine Center, they inhaled the aroma from a vaporizer and when at home, they inhaled from a tissue, gauze or washbowl. Two sessions per week (2 hrs./session) were provided at the Center in the total 1-month duration of the therapy. The oil made from a blend of clarysage, geranium, rose at a ratio of 3:2:1 was used for relieving stress, and the oil made from a blend of clarysage, lavender, and lemon at 2:2:1 ratio was used for relieving insomnia. The scores of stress of 92.5 17.5 points before aromatherapy significantly reduced to $87.4{\pm}4.2$ points after therapy(p<0.01), and the scores of insomnia of $2.5{\pm}1.2$ points before aromatherapy significantly reduced to $1.0{\pm}1.1$ points after therapy(p<0.01). The reduction in stress and insomnia from aromatherapy was more significant in those who were experiencing high levels of stress and insomnia. Therefore, stress and its related insomnia can be effectively relieved with proper application of aromatherapy. With benefits such as little side-effects, convenient and simple education, low cost, and the do-it-yourself feature. aromatherapy can be expanded into a self-management program for promoting health of the community people.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.143-151
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• 2004

Objectives : Child and adolescent onset obsessive compulsive disorder(C-OCD) is known to be associated with poor drug response, high comorbid rate and strong genetic tendencies. Till now studies for C-OCD have been very rare in Korea. We conducted this study to investigate the informations about clinical features, familial psychiatric loading, treatment profiles and course of server C-OCD from the retrospective analysis of inpatient data of Seoul National University Children's Hospital. Method : Retrospective chart review and data analysis was performed. Twenty(male 16 : female 4) patients with final C-OCD diagnosis by DSM-IV at discharge from 1994 to 2002 were found and their medical chart, psychological data, family interview data and nursing reports were collected and analyzed. Results : 1) The sex ratio of C-OCD was male dominant(4:1). 2) Phenomenological, most common obsession was pathologic doubt, contamination fear, followed by aggressive obsession, need for symmetry, sexual obsession, most common compulsion was checking and washing, followed by breathing, movement, symmetry, repetitive asking, hoarding, mental compulsion. 3) Most common comorbid diagnosis was depression. Other axis-I diagnosis associated OCD were anxiety disorder, tic disorder, conduct and oppositional defiant disorder and psychosis. 4) Regarding psychiatric familial loadings, 17 patients(85%) had relatives with psychiatric disorders, OC-spectrum disorders(OCD or OCPD) were found in 9 patients(45%). 5) The majority of patients(75%) have received SSRI and antipsychotics treatment. The response rate above 'moderate improved" by CGI was 75%. 6) During follow-up period in outpatient clinic, five patients(25%) showed continuous complete remission, 10 patients (50%) did residual symptoms with chronic course. Conclusion : This seems to be the first systemic investigation of severe pediatric OCD patients in Korea. The children & adolescents with severe OCD in inpatient-setting showed the high comorbid rate, familial psychiatric loading, and combined pharmacotherapy with antipsychotics, As for symptoms, high rate of aggressive-sexual obsession and atypical compulsions like breathing and moving was reported in this study. Severe pediatric OCD patients, however, responded well to the combined SSRI and antipsychotics regimen.