• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.77-88
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• 2005

Scoria의 입자도를 달리하여 양돈사료내 첨가급여시 돼지의 성장효과, 사료이용성, 도체 특성 그리고 분중의 주요 오염물질인 질소와 인의 함량에 미치는 영향을 비교하기 위하여 시 험을 실시하였다. 대조구(기초사료)와 대조구 사료의 $3\%$ 수준을 500, 1,000, 1,700 ${\mu}m$로 제조된 scoria로 대체하여 배합된 사료로 나누어 급여한 처리 등 모두 4처리를 두어 143일간 사양시험을 실시하였는데 각 처리당 3반복(반복당 male 4, 거세돈 3두)으로 총 84두의 이유자돈을 완전임의 배치하였다. 시험종료 후 전두수를 축협공판장(등급판정소)에서 돼지등급판정 기준에 의해 도체등급을 조사하였고, 육색은 Chromameter를 사용하였으며, 분중의 질소와 인의 함량은 A.O.A.C 분석법 (1990)에 따라 분석하였다. 이러한 방법에 의해 얻어진 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 자돈기에는 scoria 첨가구 모두가 대조구에 비해 증체량이 낮았고, 사료요구율은 높았으며 육성기에는 scoria 입자도 $1,700\;{\mu}m$ 급여구가 증체량 및 사료효율이 가장 높았고, 비육기에서는 $1,000\;{\mu}m$ 입자도 첨가구가 일당증체량이 높고 사료요구율이 낮아지는 경향을 보였다. 그러나 전기간($0{\sim}143$일) 동안을 비교하면 scoria 입자도 $1,000\;{\mu}m$가 증체량 및 사료효율면에서 $1,700\;{\mu}m$ 보다 유리하였다. 2. 도체중은 모든 scoria 첨가구가 유의적 (P<0.05)으로 높았으나, scoria 입자도간 차이는 없었다. 그리고 등지방두께는 처리간 차이가 없었고, 도체등급에서 A+B 등급인 상등급 출현율은 대조구에 비해 scoria 첨가구가 월등히 증가하였으며, scoria 입자도간에는 $500\;{\mu}m$가 A등급 출현율이 가장 높았다. 3. 돼지고기의 육색은 명도(L값)의 경우는 대조구가 약간 높았으나 $1,000\;{\mu}m$ 및 $1,700\;{\mu}m$ 입자도와는 유의적인 차이가 없었으며, 적색도(a값)는 scoria 입자도 $1,000\;{\mu}m$ 급여구에서 가장 높게 나타났고, 황색도(b값)에서는 처리간 차이가 없었다. 4. 분중의 총질소 함량은 육성기에서 scoria 입자도 $1,000\;{\mu}m$ 급여구가, 비육기에서는 scoria 입자도 $1,700\;{\mu}m$ 급여가 가장 감소효과가 컸고, 인의 함량은 자돈기에서 scoria 입자도간 차이는 없었으나, 육성기와 비육기에는 각각 $1,700\;{\mu}m,\;1,000{\mu}m$의 scoria 입자도에서 배설량 감소효과가 낮았다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.67-73
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• 2008

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is the most economically important viral infectious disease in pig populations worldwide. This study was conducted to better understand the epidemic and dynamics of PRRS virus (PRRSV) on each farm and to evaluate the risk of PRRSV infection in Korea. Interviews with pig farmers were carried out to obtain PRRS vaccination programmes in 60 pig farms throughout Korea. Blood samples were also collected from the 59 pig farms to investigate outbreak patterns of each farm. Vaccination against PRRS was performed in 16.7% farms for breeding pigs and 8.3% of farms for nursery pigs. According to the seroepidemiological analysis, 56 (94.9%) out of 59 farms were considered to be affected by PRRSV infection. The results revealed that 68.9% of sows tested were seroconverted and interestingly, gilt herds had the highest seropositive rate (73%), suggesting that gilts may play a key role in PRRSV transmission in sow herds. Among the PRRS-affected piglet herds, 33 (55.9%), 14 (23.7%) and 6 (10.2%) farms were initially infected with PRRSV during the weaning, suckling and nursery period, respectively. It seems likely, therefore, that PRRSV infection predominantly occurs around the weaning period in piglet herds. Based on antibody seroprevalence levels in both sow and piglet groups, we were able to classify patterns of PRRSV infection per farm unit into 4 categories; category 1 (stable sow groups and non-infected piglet groups), category 2 (unstable sow groups and non-infected piglet groups), category 3 (stable sow groups and infected piglet groups), and category 4 (unstable sow groups and infected piglet groups). Our data suggested that 43 (72.9%) farms were analysed to belong to category 4, which is considered to be at high-risk for PRRS outbreak. Taken together, our information from this study will provide insight into the establishment of an effective control strategy for PRRS on the field.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제53권3호
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• pp.227-235
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• 2011

A total of 96 crossbred weanling barrows aged 21 days were randomly allocated to 32 pens of a new nursery to investigate the effects of antibiotics, phytogenics, and probiotics on intestinal growth and development. The animals were fed a set of three-phase basal diets containing 0.3% zinc oxide (CON) or the basal diets supplemented with 353 ppm of a combination of tiamulin, neomycin, chlortetracycline, and oxytetracycline (ANTI), 75 ppm triterpenoid saponin plus 150 ppm mixed saccharides (HERB; Sacchapin$^{(R)}$), or $1{\times}10^7$ brewer's yeasts plus $8{\times}10^7$ spores of each of Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis per kilogram feed (PROBIO; Yeasture Plus 2B$^{(R)}$) for five weeks. Thirty-two pigs representing as many pens were slaughtered at the end of the feeding trial, after which morphological measures and digestive enzyme activities of intestinal mucosa were determined. Weight gain and gain:feed of the pigs were not affected by the dietary treatments (TRT) during the overall feeding trial. Total intestinal length was greater in PROBIO than in ANTI (P<0.05). Wet mucosa weight of the duodenum was not affected by TRT. However, jejunal mucosa weight was greater in PROBIO than in any other group sum of mucosa weights of the duodenum and jejunum was greater (P<0.05) in PROBIO than in ANTI and HERB. The height and width of duodenal villus were not affected by TRT, but crypt depth decreased (P<0.05) in response to HERB and PROBIO vs CON. Specific activities of alkaline phosphatase, sucrase, maltase, lactase, and leucine aminopeptidase in the duodenum and jejunum were not changed by TRT. In conclusion, results suggest that the present dietary treatments have no effects on growth performance of weanling pigs and that of PROBIO enhances intestinal growth and development under a clean experimental setting.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.156-166
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• 2007

대두박은 가축사료에 사용되는 식물성 단백질원이다. 대두박은 대두에서 기름을 추출한 부산물로서 높은 단백질 함량과 낮은 섬유질 함량을 가지고 있어 양돈 사료에서 널리 이용되고 있다. 그러나 이러한 대두는 여러 종류의 항영양인자를 가지고 있어 소화율과 성장능력을 감소시키는 단점을 가지고 있다. 따라서 이러한 단점을 보완하기 위하여 열처리하는 방법, HP 100, HP 200 및 HP 300과 같이 미생물을 이용한 방법, 수용성 비단백질 구성성분을 제거하는 방법, 정제대두단백과 비단백태화합물 제거 등의 방법을 이용하고 있다. 대두를 적당히 열처리를 하면 대부분의 항영양인자가 파괴되어 성돈에서 피해가 없지만 어린돼지에서는 영양소 소화율을 감소시킨다. 그래서 자돈에서는 유제품과 유사한 사양능력을 가지는 농축대두단백이나 정제대두단백 같은 가공대두제품을 이용하여 급여해야 한다.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.27-32
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• 2009

We studied the seroprevalence of four respiratory pathogens in Korean swine farms located in Chungnam, Chungbuk, Gyeongnam and Gyeongbuk provinces during the period of spring of 2007 to winter of 2008. Serological tests were performed using commercial ELISA kits. A total of 530 serum samples were tested for the antibodies against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyo) and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP). Seroprevalence for four respiratory pathogens were estimated by ELISA-positive rates of the submitted samples. The overall seropositive rates of PRRSV, APP, M. hyo and PCV2 were 32.6%, 10.6%, 38.4% and 88.5%, respectively. By production stage, the seropositive rate for PRRSV was highest in nursery pig populations (46.2%). In contrast, the highest seropositive rates of APP and M. hyo were observed in sow and growing pigs. However, the seroprevalence of PCV2 was ranged from 85.7% to 89.6%, showing no significant difference among the production stages. In the seroprevalence by season, PRRSV, APP and M. hyo infections revealed typical seasonal patterns that the peaks of the seropositive rates were observed between early winter and late spring. In case of PCV2, no particular seasonal patterns were noticed. The pig herds in Gyeongbuk province where PMWS was endemic during the period of survey showed the highest seropositive rates for PRRSV (44.6%), M. hyo (47.5%), and PCV2 (92.7%). Seropositive rates for APP of four provinces were approximately 10%. These results might be valuable for control and prevention of the respiratory diseases and helpful to define strategies related to vaccine applications.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.587-591
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• 2004

Blood samples from 622 pigs of 44 farms which were sero-positive to Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyo) by ELISA method were collected from May 2003 to July 2004. And they were divided into 2 categories : M. hyo-vaccinated group (7 swine farms) and M. hyo-non-vaccinated group (37 swine farms). Then, each swine farm was analysed by sero-positive percentage per weeks of age. It was observed that the sero-positive percentage to M. hyo is directly proportional to weeks of age in the 44 swine farms that were selected. This meant that there has been a chronic infection of M. hyo in Korean swine herds and control of M. hyo infection did not have worked efficiently. In 7 M. hyo-vaccinated swine farms, there were no reliable patterns between sero-positive percentage to M. hyo and weeks of age. Although the swine farms have been used M. hyo vaccine, they had only little sero-positive percentage that was less than 50% at 6 to 11 weeks of age. This means a present vaccination program does not induce sufficiently a seroconversion expected. In 37 M. hyo-non-vaccinated swine farms, it was observed that sero-positive percentage was higher at above 15 weeks of age. This result showed that infection of M. hyo occurred commonly at between 7 and 12 weeks of age, at which pigs moved to the growing house. Because a risk of natural infection is severe at growing stage as well as nursery stage, it suggested that M. hyo vaccination at several weeks prior to the growing stage will give efficient effect to control the enzootic pneumonia.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.154-160
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• 2021

Objective: The effect of environmental enrichment on the behaviour of piglets in the nursery phase was evaluated. Methods: A total of 450 hybrid pigs (21 day old), including both females and uncastrated males, weighing approximately 6 kg, were distributed in a completely randomised design with 3 treatments and 3 replicates of 50 animals each. The treatments were: i) pen without environmental enrichment (control), ii) treatment consisting of continuous environmental enrichment (CEE) with rubber balls throughout the experimental period, and iii) treatment consisting of environmental enrichment with washed balls (EEWB) during the whole experimental period which were removed daily for washing. For the behavioural evaluation, 10 animals were randomly selected per replicate. The behavioural assessments were performed once a week, from 8 am to 6 pm, using images captured with a video camera. The data were submitted to non-parametric analyses, the means were compared using the Bonferroni test, and Person's correlations were also calculated. Results: A statistical difference (p = 0.001) was observed in the B5 (playful) behaviour; the animals in the EEWB treatment group had a higher frequency of this behaviour than animals in the control treatment group. The animals in the control group showed a higher frequency of B7 behaviour (lying down) (p = 0.026) than those in the EEWB and CEE treatment groups. The animals in the control group had a higher frequency of the B9 (belly nosing) behaviour than those in the EEWB group (p = 0.015). There was a tendency towards a higher frequency of behaviour B3 (walking in the pen) (p = 0.067) when the animals received the control treatment than treatments EEWB or CEE. Conclusion: The use of an enriching object improved the animal welfare and altered the correlation between the evaluated behaviours compared to the animals that did not have environmental enrichment.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.403-409
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• 2018

Objective: The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of a lipid-coated zinc oxide (ZnO) supplement Shield Zn (SZ) at the sub-pharmacological concentration on intestinal morphology and gene expression in weanling pigs, with an aim to gain insights into the mechanism of actions for SZ. Methods: Forty 22-day-old weanling pigs were fed a nursery diet supplemented with 100 or 2,500 mg Zn/kg with uncoated ZnO (negative control [NC] or positive control [PC], respectively), 100, 200, or 400 mg Zn/kg with SZ for 14 days and their intestinal tissues were taken for histological and molecular biological examinations. The villus height (VH) and crypt depth (CD) of the intestinal mucosa were measured microscopically following preparation of the tissue specimen; expression of the genes associated with growth and immune function was determined using the real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results: There was no difference in daily gain, gain:feed, and diarrhea score between the SZ group and either of NC and PC. The VH and VH:CD ratio were less for the SZ group vs NC in the jejunum and duodenum, respectively (p<0.05). The jejunal mucosal mRNA levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) and interleukin (IL)-10 regressed and tended to regress (p = 0.053) on the SZ concentration with a positive coefficient, respectively, whereas the IL-6 mRNA level regressed on the SZ concentration with a negative coefficient. The mRNA levels of IGF-I, zonula occludens protein-1, tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$, IL-6, and IL-10 did not differ between the SZ group and either of NC and PC; the occludin and transforming growth $factor-{\beta}1$ mRNA levels were lower for the SZ group than for PC. Conclusion: The present results are interpreted to suggest that dietary ZnO provided by SZ may play a role in intestinal mucosal growth and immune function by modulating the expression of IGF-I, IL-6, and IL-10 genes.

• 농업생명과학연구
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.163-168
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• 2012

본 연구의 목적은 강제환기가 적용되는 슬러리 돈사를 대상으로 돼지 생육 단계별 돈방 유형 측면과 계절적 조건에 따른 암모니아와 황화수소의 실내 농도를 측정 분석하여 정량화하는 데 있다. 임신/분만 돈방의 경우 봄철은 5.60(${\pm}2.48$) ppm과 178.4(${\pm}204.8$) ppb, 여름철은 2.51(${\pm}3.08$) ppm과 86.6(${\pm}112.5$) ppb, 가을철은 4.96(${\pm}2.84$) ppm과 182.3(${\pm}242.6$) ppb, 겨울철은 6.82(${\pm}3.42$) ppm과 206.3(${\pm}356.8$) ppb로, 자돈방의 경우 봄철은 7.18(${\pm}3.26$) ppm과 486.0(${\pm}190.2$) ppb, 여름철은 4.23(${\pm}2.95$) ppm과 206.4(${\pm}186.9$) ppb, 가을철은 7.02(${\pm}2.65$) ppm과 465.4(${\pm}156.8$) ppb, 겨울철은 9.25(${\pm}3.68$) ppm과 618.4(${\pm}298.3$) ppb로, 육성/비육 돈방의 경우 봄철은 9.26(${\pm}3.02$) ppm과 604.4(${\pm}186.8$) ppb, 여름철은 6.78(${\pm}3.88$) ppm과 312.5(${\pm}215.4$) ppb, 가을철은 9.34(${\pm}2.14$) ppm과 578.2(${\pm}248.1$) ppb, 겨울철은 14.65(${\pm}3.15$) ppm과 825.3(${\pm}316.9$) ppb로 분석되었다. 측정 결과 암모니아와 황화수소 모두 돼지 생육 단계별 돈사 유형 측면에서는 육성/비육 돈사>자돈사>임신/분만 돈사의 순서로 나타났고(p<0.05), 계절적 측면에서는 겨울>봄>가을>여름 순서로 조사되었으나 봄철과 가을철 데이터 간의 차이는 통계적으로 입증되지 않았다(p>0.05).

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.123-134
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• 2002

본 실험은 우리 나라에 무분별하게 시설되어 있는 무창자돈사의 환기시스템을 네 종류(NA : 천공비닐 입기구 $\rightarrow$ 지붕배기, NB : 천공비닐 입기구 $\rightarrow$ 측벽 배기, NC : 덕트천공 입기 $\rightarrow$ 측벽 배기 및 ND : 덕트천공 입기 $\rightarrow$ 지붕 배기)로 대별하여 적정 환기시스템을 정립하고자 환기 및 현장실험을 통하여 검증하고자 하였다. 실험은 겨울철과 여름철로 나누어 실시하였으며, 돈사 현장실험은 서울대학교 농업생명과학대학 부속동물목장 축산환경실의 실험돈사에서 겨울철(12월-2월)과 여름철(6월-8월)로 나누어 실시하였다. 1. 각 돈방에 공기가 입기될 수 있는 덕트이기 때문에 여름철 예비실험 결과 NC시스템은 각 돈방 전체에서 덕트 천공 아래(상부)의 공기속도는 7.0-8.08 m/s, 1.2 m (중앙)지점에서는 0.5 m/s 이상, 자돈체고(하부)에서는 0.2 m/s 이상 감지되어 다른 시스템에 비하여 우수하였다(p$<$0.05). 2. 최소환기 수준인 겨울철 예비실험 결과 NC 시스템은 NA, NB, ND와 달리 덕트 천공아래(상부)의 공기속도는 1 m/s 이상, 1.2 m(중앙) 지점에서는 0.5 m/s 이하, 자돈체고(하부)에서는 평균 0.07 m/s 정도 감지되었다. 이상의 실험결과를 종합해 볼 때 무창 자돈사의 환기시스템은 덕트를 통한 각 돈방의 개별 환기시스템이 적합한 것으로 판단되며, 배기시스템은 지붕배기보다는 측벽배기가 효율이 높은 것을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 자돈의 보온을 위한 보조열원에 있어서는 에너지 낭비를 줄일 수 있도록 과도한 열량의 소모를 막기 위한 조절기의 개발이 연계된 환기 제어시스템의 연구가 진행되어야 한다고 생각된다.