• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.26-37
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• 2012

Multi-dimensional hydrodynamic and water quality models are widely used to simulate the physical and biogeochemical processes in the surface water systems such as reservoirs and estuaries. Most of the models have adopted the Eulerian grid modeling framework, mainly because it can reasonably simulate physical dynamics and chemical species concentrations throughout the entire model domain. Determining the optimum grid cell size is important when using the Eulerian grid-based three-dimensional water quality models because the characteristics of species are assumed uniform in each of the grid cells and chemical species are represented by concentration (mass per volume). The objective of this study was to examine the effect of grid-size of a three dimensional hydrodynamic and water quality model (EFDC) on hydrodynamics and mass transport in the Saemangeum Reservoir. Three grid resolutions, respectively representing coarse (CG), medium (MG), and fine (FG) grid cell sizes, were used for a sensitivity analysis. The simulation results of numerical tracer showed that the grid resolution affects on the flow path, mass transport, and mixing zone of upstream inflow, and results in a bias of temporal and spatial distribution of the tracer. With the CG, in particular, the model overestimates diffusion in the mixing zone, and fails to identify the gradient of concentrations between the inflow and the ambient water.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.53-73
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• 2013

Prediction of prestressed concrete girder integral abutment bridge (IAB) load effect requires understanding of the inherent uncertainties as it relates to thermal loading, time-dependent effects, bridge material properties and soil properties. In addition, complex inelastic and hysteretic behavior must be considered over an extended, 75-year bridge life. The present study establishes IAB displacement and internal force statistics based on available material property and soil property statistical models and Monte Carlo simulations. Numerical models within the simulation were developed to evaluate the 75-year bridge displacements and internal forces based on 2D numerical models that were calibrated against four field monitored IABs. The considered input uncertainties include both resistance and load variables. Material variables are: (1) concrete elastic modulus; (2) backfill stiffness; and (3) lateral pile soil stiffness. Thermal, time dependent, and soil loading variables are: (1) superstructure temperature fluctuation; (2) superstructure concrete thermal expansion coefficient; (3) superstructure temperature gradient; (4) concrete creep and shrinkage; (5) bridge construction timeline; and (6) backfill pressure on backwall and abutment. IAB displacement and internal force statistics were established for: (1) bridge axial force; (2) bridge bending moment; (3) pile lateral force; (4) pile moment; (5) pile head/abutment displacement; (6) compressive stress at the top fiber at the mid-span of the exterior span; and (7) tensile stress at the bottom fiber at the mid-span of the exterior span. These established IAB displacement and internal force statistics provide a basis for future reliability-based design criteria development.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.393-410
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• 2015

Two dimensional numerical models and physical models have been developed to study the highly nonlinear interactions between waves and breakwaters, but several of these models consider the effects of the structural dynamic responses and the shape of the breakwater axis on the wave pressures. In this study, a multi-material Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) method is developed to simulate the nonlinear interactions between nonlinear waves and elastic seawalls on a coastal rubble mound breakwater, and is validated experimentally. In the experiment, a solitary wave is generated and used with a physical breakwater model. The wave impact is validated computationally using a breakwater - flume coupling model that replicates the physical model. The computational results, including those for the wave pressure and the water-on-deck, are in good agreement with the experimental results. A local breakwater model is used to discuss the effects of the structural dynamic response and different design parameters of the breakwater on wave loads, together with pressure distribution up the seawall. A large-scale breakwater model is used to numerically study the large-scale wave impact problem and the horizontal distribution of the wave pressures on the seawalls.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.305-317
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• 2018

Steel reinforced Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC) components have been proposed for seismic structural applications, for example in coupling beams, infill panels, joints, columns, and flexural members. The development of strain in the steel reinforcement of cementitious components has been shown to vary based on both the steel reinforcement ratio and the applied deformation history. Strain in the steel reinforcement of reinforced ECC components is an important structural response metric because ultimate failure is often by fracture of the steel reinforcement. A recently proposed bond-slip model has been successfully calibrated to cyclically tested reinforced ECC beams wherein the deformation history contained monotonically increasing cycles. This paper reports simulations of two-dimensional finite element models of reinforced ECC beams to determine the appropriateness and significance of altering a phenomenological bond-slip model based on the applied deformation history. The numerical simulations with various values of post-peak bond-slip softening stiffness are compared to experimental results. Varying the post-peak bond-slip softening stiffness had little effect on the cracking patterns and hysteretic response of the reinforced ECC flexural models tested, which consisted of two different steel reinforcement ratios subjected to two different deformation histories. Varying the post-peak bond-slip softening stiffness did, however, affect the magnitude of strain and the length of reinforcing bar that strain-hardened. Overall, a numerical model with a constant bond-slip model represented well various responses in reinforced ECC beams with multiple steel reinforcement ratios subjected to different deformation histories.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.245-262
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• 2000

The objective of this study is to analyze the deformational characteristics of a high-vacuum insulation panel that is evacuated to eliminate significant gas-phase conductance through its thickness. The panel is composed of a metal envelope and low thermal conductance spacers. The problem is very challenging because several nonlinearities are involved concurrently. Not only are various finite element models such as triangular, rectangular, beam and circular plate models used to simulate the panel, but also several finite element programs are used to solve the problem based on the characteristics of the finite element model. The numerical results indicate that the effect of the diameter of the spacer on the vertical deformation of the plate panel is negligibly small. The parameter that mainly influences the maximum sag is the spacing between the spacers. The maximum vertical deformation of the panel can be predicted for a practical range of the spacing between the spacers and the thickness of the plate. Compared with the numerical results obtained by the finite element models and the experimental tests, they have a good agreement. The results are represented in both tabular and graphical forms. In order to make the results useful, a curve fitting technique has been applied to predict the maximum deformation of the panel with various parameters. Moreover, the panel was suggested to be a "smart" structure based on thermal effect.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.28 no.7
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• pp.877-884
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• 2004

In this paper, structural analysis is performed to investigate the deformation of porous media in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). Structural deformation of air plate of the fuel cell causes the change in configuration and cross sectional area of the channel. The distributions of mass flow rate and pressure are major factors to decide the performance of a PEMFC. These factors are affected by channel configuration of air plate. Two kinds of numerical air plate models are suggested for flow analyses. Deformed porous media and undeformed porous media are considered for the two models. The Numerical flow analysis results between deformed porous media and undeformed porous media have some discrepancy in pressure distribution. The pressure and velocity distribution under a working condition are numerically calculated to predict the performance of the air plates. Pressure and velocity distributions are compared for two models. It is shown that structural deformation makes difference in flow analysis results.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.391-401
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• 2014

In an attempt to make a numerical modeling of the nailed walls with a view to assess the stability has been used. A convenient modeling which can provide answers to nearly situ conditions is of particular significance and can significantly reduce operating costs and avoid the risks arising from inefficient design. In the present study, a nailing system with a excavation depth of 8 meters has been modeled and observed by using the three constitutive behavioral methods; Mohr Coulomb (MC), hardening soil (HS) and hardening soil model with Small-Strain stiffness ensued from small strains (HSS). There is a little difference between factor of safety and the forces predicted by the three models. As extremely small lateral deformations exert effect on stability and the overall deformation of a system, the application of advanced soil model is essential. Likewise, behavioral models such as HS and HSS realize lower amounts of the heave of excavation bed and lateral deformation than MC model.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.39-47
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• 2017

In this paper, mode I fracture toughness of rock was determined by direct and indirect methods using Particle Flow Code simulation. Direct methods are compaction tension (CT) test and hollow centre cracked quadratic sample (HCCQS). Indirect methods are notched Brazilian disk (NBD) specimen, the semi-circular bend (SCB) specimen, hollow centre cracked disc (HCCD), the single edge-notched round bar in bending (SENRBB) specimen and edge notched disk (END). It was determined that which one of indirect fracture toughness values is close to direct one. For this purpose, initially calibration of PFC was undertaken with respect to data obtained from Brazilian laboratory tests to ensure the conformity of the simulated numerical models response. Furthermore, the simulated models in five introduced indirect tests were cross checked with the results from direct tests. By using numerical testing, the failure process was visually observed. Discrete element simulations demonstrated that the macro fractures in models are caused by microscopic tensile breakages on large numbers of bonded discs. Mode I fracture toughness of rock in direct test was less than other tests results. Fracture toughness resulted from semi-circular bend specimen test was close to direct test results. Therefore semi-circular bend specimen can be a proper test for determination of Mode I fracture toughness of rock in absence of direct test.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2020

The vehicle-bridge interaction (VBI) analysis might be cumbersome and computationally expensive in bridge engineering due to the necessity of solving large number of coupled system of equations. However, VBI analysis can provide valuable insights into the dynamic behavior of highway bridges under specific loading conditions. Hence, this paper presents a numerical study on the dynamic behavior of a conventional highway bridge under strong near-field and far-field earthquake motions considering the VBI effects. A recursive substructuring method, which enables solving bridge and vehicle equations of motion separately and suitable to be adapted to general purpose finite element softwares, was used. A thorough analysis that provides valuable information about the effect of various traffic conditions, vehicle velocity, road roughness and effect of soil conditions under far-field and near-field strong earthquake motions has been presented. A real-life concrete highway bridge was chosen for numerical demonstrations. In addition, sprung mass models of vehicles consist of conventional truck and car models were created using physical and dynamic properties adopted from literature. Various scenarios, of which the results may help to highlight the different aspects of the dynamic response of concrete highway bridges under strong earthquakes, have been considered.

• Journal of computational fluids engineering
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.25-32
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• 2012

This work was devoted to compare two different cavitation models to study the dependency of model constants. The cavitation model of Merkle et al.(2006) and Kunz et al.(2000) were used for the present computational study. The cavitation models were coupled with the incompressible unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes solver to indicate the vaporization and condensation processes. For this purpose, a preconditioning method was added as the pseudo-time term to solve the unsteady stiffness problems. For the validation of the numerical simulation, the computation was performed for the cavitating flow in a converging-diverging channel. The present results show that Merkle's cavitation model is independent to the model constants, and the higher numerical accuracy over Kunz's cavitation model.