• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2003년도 추계학술발표회
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• pp.435-437
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• 2003

In order to investigate processes and factors controlling the chemical and isotopic compositions of the Han River, seasonal studies were carried out. The North Han River was much lower in the concentrations of total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and major ions than the South Han River, but higher in $SiO_2$ concentration, $\delta$$^{34}$ $S_{so4}$ value and $^{87}$ Sr/$^{86}$ Sr ratio. This indicates that the chemical and isotopic compositions of the Han River were strongly controlled by the geology of their drainage basins: silicate rocks in the North Han River and carbonate rocks in the South Han River. The $\delta$$^{34}$ $S_{so4}$ values were relatively higher in the North Han River (5.90$\pm$1.46$\textperthousand$)) than in the South Han River (3.48$\pm$0.73$\textperthousand$). This implies that dissolved S $O_{4}$$^{2-}$ in the North Han River might be mostly derived from deposition of atmospheric sulfates, whereas in the South Han River from oxidation of sulfide minerals in the abandoned poly-metallic deposits and the coal-bearing sedimentary rocks distributed over the upstream as well as deposition of atmospheric sulfates. The $^{87}$ S $r^{86}$ Sr ratios in the North Han River were distinctly higher than those in the South Han River, reflecting water-rock interaction with different rock types.pes.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.256-260
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• 2009

This study used the extensive monitoring datasets of the Korea Ministry of Environment to examine trends in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in Han River raw water. To estimate the organic contents of water, we adopted allied parameters such as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) as substitutes for DOC. Spatial and temporal analyses were performed on monthly BOD and COD data from 36 monitoring stations (14 for Main Han River, 7 for North Han River and 15 for South Han River) measured from 1989 to 2007. The results of trend analysis indicated that, on the whole, water quality according to BOD showed a downward trend at more than 67% of monitoring stations (9 for Main Han River, 6 for North Han River and 9 for South Han River). However, the water quality of COD showed an upward trend at more than 78% of monitoring stations (8 for Main Han River, 7 for North Han River and 13 for South Han River). The upward trend of COD contrary to the BOD trend indicates that there has been an increase in recalcitrant organic matter in Han River water that is not detectable by means of BOD.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제15권s호
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• pp.1-32
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• 1972

In order to utilize for the prevention and preservation of the Han River from the environmental pollution the present studies were carried out to clarify the microflora and estimation of the water pollution levels of the Han River. In addition to the above regional and seasonal fluctuation of the phytoplankton was also examined. Samples of phytoplankton were collected from 6 stations in the South Han River during the period from December, 1971 to October, 1972. The results obtained during the present studies are as follows: 1. The phytoplankton samples collected from 6 stations, Yeoju, Hajapo-ri, Yangpyeong, Daruraegi, Giduwon and Paldang were identified and classified by Engler's classification system(1954). It resulted in 2 phylum, 2 classes, 7 orders, 10 families, 29 genera, 137 species, 1 sub-species, 49 varieties, 6 forma and 2 variety-forma. The total numbers of phytoplankton identified were 195 species, of which 7 families, 27 species, 26 varieties, 4 forma and 2 variety-forma are new to Korea, that of 54 species are first described in Korea. 2. In lower area of the Han River it is found 53 species from Paldang and in middle area it is found 114 species from Giduwon, 95 species from Daruraegi, 66 species from Yangpyeong, 71 species from Hajapori and 81 species from Yeoju. In standpoint of seasonal fluctuation of phytoplankton, the total numbers of the plankton is more abundant in summer than in winter season and it shows bimodal pattern. 3. As compared with previous data which obtained from 30 stations covering estuary to upper area, both South and North Han River, during the period from 1965-1972 it is shown that 10 species of the South Han River and 11 species of the North Han River are found throughout all seasons. Among the above species two are common in both area. In the other hand it is found that 9 species in spring season and 6 species in fall season in the South Han River and 10 species in spring, 23 species in summer, 4 species in fall and 15 species in winter season in the North Han River shows their seasonal fluctuation in this area. Among the seasonal occurrence of phytoplankton 10 species were consider to be indicator for the estimation of biological water pollution levels. 4. According to Fjerdingstad's water pollution level system (1963) the total numbers of 1, 230 species which have been collected from the Han River since 1965 includes 27 species of phytoplankton as indicator; 3 species of blue-green algae, 20 species of diatom, and 4 species of green-algae. 5. With 27 indicator species new estimation of water pollution level system was arranged for water pollution in the Han River. 6. The lower part of the central area of the Han River indicates mesosaprobic. In central area of the Han River shows mesosaprobic and oligosaprobic, but predominant in mesosaporobic. And it is indicated that mesosaprobic, oligosaprobic, and polysaprobic factors mixed up in the North Han River. Compare with their water pollution level in the South and North Han River, with author's new system, it is estimated that North Han River is more polluted than South Han River. 7. The reason why North Han River is more polluted suggested that the selfpurification action was limited by their circulation speed. The rapid speed of water in the North Han River is mainly caused by their topography and water-drainage from waterpower plant. In conclusion the central area of the Han River consist of mesosaprobe zone, as a part with oligosaprobe zone. But the presence of polysaprobe zone in the North Han River gives us many problems in future for the nationa development programme and natural conservation in this area.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제28권5B호
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• pp.505-514
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• 2008

임진강과 북한강은 남북한이 유역을 공유하고 있는 남북공유하천이다. 임진강에서는 4월5일댐과 황강댐 등이 건설되었거나 건설중에 있어 임진강하류의 용수공급에 지장을 초래하고 있다. 또한 북한강수계에서는 북한이 안변청년발전소로의 유역변경을 위해 임남댐을 건설하여 운영중에 있는등 하천의 이용을 둘러싼 갈등이 존재하고 있으며 이의 해결을 위하여 협력체계의 구축이 요구되는 상황이다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 국제공유하천의 갈등해소 이론을 바탕으로 보다 현실적인 접근방법을 기술적 대안으로 제시하였다. 이와 같은 접근 방법은 정치적 해결에 앞서 보다 합리적인 해결책 마련에 도움을 줄 것으로 기대된다. 또한 공동조사에 기반한 지속적이고 합리적 하천관리대안마련을 위하여 남북공유하천 관리위원회의 구성을 제안하였다.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.305-314
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• 2011

북한강 수계의 경우 북한이 임남댐을 개발하여 유역변경식으로 물을 이용하고 있어 하류지역에서 여러 가지 문제가 나타나고 있다. 따라서 남 북한이 공유하천을 효과적으로 관리하기 위해서는 수량이나 수질 등 다양한 분야에서의 협력이 절실히 요구되고 있다. 그러나 남 북공유하천에서 상 하류국가간 물이용의 공평성을 실현하기 위한 노력은 매우 미흡한 실정이다. 본 논문에서는 남북공유하천의 공평한 물이용의 판단기준이 되는 수리권을 검토하기 위해 북한의 임남댐에 의한 영향을 주요 분야별로 심도 있게 분석하였다. 분석결과, 한강유역의 용수공급은 1978년을 이수안전도 평가를 위한 기준갈수년으로 할 경우 임남댐으로 인해 379백만$m^3$/년의 공급부족이 발생하는 것으로 나타났다. 아울러 한강 수계의 발전용댐도 유입량 감소로 인하여 연간발전량이 234GWh/년 감소하게 되었고, 수질은 북한강 삼봉리 지점 기준 BOD 약 0.065 ppm 증가하는 것으로 분석되었다. 결과적으로 남북공유하천에서 북한의 절대영토주권주의에 입각한 불공평한 수자원 이용은 하류국가인 남한에 직 간접적으로 상당한 영향을 미치고 있음을 확인하였다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.71-80
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• 2010

We studied the nitrogen behavior and budget of Lake Paldang from March to December 2008. The particulate nitrogen (PN) concentrations ranged from 7 to 13% of the total nitrogen concentration (TN) in the stream inflows, the downstream outflow, and the lake water. The nitrate nitrogen ($NO_3-N$) concentration ranged from 67 to 78% of the TN. In the three rivers of Lake Paldang, Gyeongan River (In3 site) had the highest average of the TN, 5.037 mgN/L, but North Han River (In2 site) had the lowest average TN, 1.683 mgN/L. South Han River (In1 site) had the average TN of 2.399 mgN/L. In the dam discharge, TN showed the average 2.063 mgN/L. In the lake water, L4 site (Gyeongan River area) had the highest average TN, 3.781 mgN/L, but L3 site (North Han River) had the lowest average TN, 1.587 mgN/L. Total input of nitrogen loads to Lake Paldang was about 30,875 ton/year in 2008. Inflow rivers contributed 30,643 ton/year (South Han River: 18,111 ton/year (59%), North Han River: 11,333 ton/year (37%), and Gyeongan River: 1,199 ton/year (4%)). The atmospheric deposition had 135 ton/year, the nitrogen release from the bottom sediments had 88 ton/year, and macrophytes had 9 ton/year. Total output of nitrogen loads from Lake Paldang was about 31,256 ton/year. The downstream from dam contributed 29,877 ton/year, and the sediment deposition was 1,379 ton/year.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.89-97
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• 2020

North Han River is a very unique type of water system, where Hwacheon, Chuncheon, Soyanggang, Euiam and Cheongpyeong Dams are located consecutively. These dams are operated differently in the amount of discharge and release schedule according to their structure and purpose of use. They have different water quality characteristics depending on external pollutant inflow and internal mixing condition. Therefore, this study investigated the relationship between the upper dam and down stream river with respect to water quality indicators, such as water temperature, electrical conductivity, BOD, COD, TN and TP of the North Han River. The similarities and correlations representing the relationship were analyzed by Pearson's correlation r and t-test. The data was taken from the Ministry of Environment's water quality monitoring from 1999 to 2018. The results show that water temperature and electrical conductivity of the dam and river are similar and correlated. However, it turned out that there was no similarities and correlations in BOD, COD, TN and TP that are significantly affected by subaqueous reaction mechanism. The results of this study present the impact of the dam on the water quality of North Han River, which can be used as useful data for management of water quality.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제53권1호
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• pp.71-82
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• 2020

본 연구에서는 공유하천인 북한강 유역을 대상으로 북한 임남댐 운영에 따라 북한강 댐들의 하천유지유량 확보여부에 대해 평가하였다. WAMIS 자료 기준 1991. 01~2018. 12 기간 동안의 시자료, 일자료, 월자료의 댐 유입·유출량 자료를 기준으로 분석을 수행하였다. 시평균 자료를 이용한 물수지분석 결과를 살펴보면, 평화의댐-화천댐과 춘천댐-소양강댐-의암댐의 댐 방류량 기준 상류유역 유입량이 (-)값으로 산정되었으나 일평균이나 월평균에서는 합리적으로 추정되어 자료의 시간단위에 따라 댐유입량·방류량 물수지분석 결과가 달라질 수 있음을 확인하였다. 두 번째로 임남댐 운영 후에 화천댐 월평균 유입량이 크게 감소하는 것으로 나타나 임남댐 운영이 북한강 수계 댐에 큰 영향을 미치는 것을 확인하였다. 마지막으로 임남댐 운영으로 인한 북한강 수계 댐들의 유입량과 총방류량의 감소에 따른 하천유지유량 총부족량과 부족시간의 증가비율이 최대 +330%로 증가하는 것으로 나타나 임남댐 운영이 하천유지유량 부족의 주요 원인 중 하나로 분석되었다. 따라서 향후 중요성이 커지는 하천유지유량을 확보하는 다양한 방안 마련에 대한 연구가 필요하다.

• 생태와환경
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.457-465
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• 2008

The purpose of the study was to evaluate spatial and temporal dynamics of nutrients (TN, TP), organic pollution (BOD, COD), and ionic dynamics (electrical conductivity, EC) in the North Han-River, South Han-River, and merged downriver using the dataset of $1998{\sim}2007$, obtained from the MEK (Ministry of Environment, Korea). Accord. ing to interannual nutrient analysis, TN varied slightly in the North Han-River and South Han-River, but decreased in the merged downriver along with BOD. Longitudinal analysis in the water quality showed that BOD, COD, and nutrients had linear decreasing trend along the main axis of headwater-to-downriver. Concentrations of TP and TN in the North Han-River averaged $26.97{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$, $1.696mg\;L^{-1}$, respectively, which were minimum in the three watersheds, followed by South Han-River and then the merged downriver in order. Ratios of TN:TP in the watersheds were >40 in all the sites, indicating that nitrogen may be enough for periphyton or phytoplankton growth and phosphorus may be limited partially. After the North Han-River water is merged with South Han-River, the concentrations of BOD, COD, TN, and TP were similar to the values of $S6{\sim}S7$, respectively or a little bit higher, but increased abruptly in Site M4 (Fig. 3). Thus, mean values of all the water quality parameters in the reach of $M4{\sim}M7$ sites were greater than any other sites. Seasonal data analysis indicated that BOD and EC in the downstream ($S3{\sim}S7$) was greater in the premonsoon than two seasons of the monsoon and postmonsoon, and no significant differences in BOD between the three seasons were found in the upstream ($S1{\sim}S2$). Empirical models of COD in the merged downriver was predicted ($R^2=0.87$, p>0.01, slope = 0.84, intercept = -1.28) well by EC. These results suggest that EC to be measured easily in the field may be used for estimations of nutrients and organic matter pollutions in the merged downriver and these linear models are cost-effective for the monitoring of the parameters.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.282-290
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• 2017

A long-term resuspension of small particles, called persistent turbidity, is one of the most important water quality concerns in the dam reservoirs system located in North Han River. Persistent turbidity may incur aesthetic nuisance and harmful effect on the ecosystem health, in addition to elevated water treatment costs for the drinking water supply to the Seoul metropolitan area. These sufferings have been more intensified as the strength and frequency of rainfall events increase by climate change in the basin. This study was to analyze the effect of an extreme turbidity flow event that occurred in 2006 on the serial reservoirs system (Soyang-Uiam-Cheongpyung-Paldang) in North Han River. The CE-QUAL-W2 model was set up and calibrated for the river and reservoirs system using the field data obtained in 2006 and 2007. The results showed that Soyang Reservoir released turbid water, which was classified as the TSS concentration is greater than 25 mg/L, for 334 days with peak TSS of 264.1 mg/L after the extreme flood event (592.7 mm) occurred between July 10 and 18 of 2006. The turbid water departed from Soyang Reservoir reached at the most downstream Paldang Reservoir after about 20 days and sustained for 41 days, which was validated with water treatment plant data. Since the released water from Soyang Reservoir had low water temperature and high TSS, an underflow formed in the downstream reservoirs and vertically mixed at Paldang Reservoir due to dilution by the sufficient inflow from South Han River.